<div id="pf1" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="1"><div class="pc pc1 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/d09a909f-7938-44ec-842f-7a035ec905b5/bg1.png"><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">CONTROL I</div><div class="t m0 x2 h3 y2 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc1 ls0 ws1">Reporte de práctica</div><div class="t m0 x3 h4 y3 ff3 fs2 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws1">Instituto Tecnológico de</div><div class="c x4 y4 w2 h5"><div class="t m0 x5 h4 y5 ff3 fs2 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Veracruz</div></div><div class="t m0 x6 h6 y6 ff4 fs1 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws1"> DE FEBRERO DE 2014</div><div class="t m0 x7 h7 y7 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws1">INSTITUTO TECNOLÓGICO DE VERACRUZ</div><div class="t m0 x8 h7 y8 ff4 fs3 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y9 ff1 fs4 fc3 sc2 ls0">3</div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf2" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="2"><div class="pc pc2 w0 h0"><img class="bi xa ya w3 h9" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/d09a909f-7938-44ec-842f-7a035ec905b5/bg2.png"><div class="t m0 xb ha yb ff5 fs3 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1"> <span class="fc6 sc0"> </span> <span class="fc6 sc0"> </span> <span class="fc6 sc0"> </span><span class="fc6 sc0"> </span> <span class="ff6 fs5">Nombre del Catedrático:</span></div><div class="t m0 xb hb yc ff5 fs3 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1"> <span class="fc6 sc0"> </span> <span class="fc6 sc0"> </span> <span class="fc6 sc0"> </span><span class="fc6 sc0"> </span> <span class="blank _0"></span> <span class="ff7 fs5">Ing. Ge<span class="blank _1"> </span>rardo Antonio Cadena Morales</span></div><div class="t m0 xb hc yd ff5 fs3 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1"> <span class="fc6 sc0"> </span> <span class="fc6 sc0"> </span> <span class="fc6 sc0"> </span><span class="fc6 sc0"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 xb ha ye ff6 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1"> <span class="fc6 sc0"> </span> <span class="fc6 sc0"> </span> <span class="fc6 sc0"> </span> Materia:</div><div class="t m0 xb hd yf ff5 fs3 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1"> <span class="fc6 sc0"> </span> <span class="fc6 sc0"> </span> <span class="fc6 sc0"> </span><span class="fc6 sc0"> </span> <span class="blank _0"></span> <span class="fs5">Control I</span></div><div class="t m0 xb ha y10 ff7 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1"> <span class="fc6 sc0"> </span><span class="fc6 sc0"> </span> <span class="fc6 sc0"> </span><span class="fc6 sc0"> </span> <span class="fc6 sc0"> </span><span class="fc6 sc0"> </span> <span class="ff6 ws2">Semestre:</span></div><div class="t m0 xb hb y11 ff7 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1"> <span class="fc6 sc0"> </span><span class="fc6 sc0"> </span> <span class="fc6 sc0"> </span><span class="fc6 sc0"> </span> <span class="fc6 sc0"> </span><span class="fc6 sc0"> </span> 6to. Sexto</div><div class="t m0 xb ha y12 ff5 fs3 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1"> <span class="fc6 sc0"> </span> <span class="fc6 sc0"> </span> <span class="fc6 sc0"> </span><span class="fc6 sc0"> </span> <span class="ff6 fs5"> Nombre del Alumno:</span></div><div class="t m0 xc he y13 ff8 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls1">\uf0d8<span class="ff7 ls0 ws1">Samuel Juárez Ríos</span></div><div class="t m0 xc ha y14 ff6 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">Nombre de la práctica:</div><div class="t m0 xd hb y15 ff7 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1"> Ampli\ue61ecador Operacional en</div><div class="t m0 xd hb y16 ff7 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1"> Lazo abierto</div><div class="t m0 xc ha y17 ff6 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">Fecha de entrega:</div><div class="t m0 xc hb y18 ff7 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1"> 27 de Febrero de 2014</div><div class="t m1 xe hf y19 ff2 fs6 fc4 sc3 ls0 ws1">Samuel Juárez Rios</div><div class="t m0 xf h10 y1a ff3 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">Vo. Bo.</div><div class="t m0 x10 h11 y1b ff9 fs2 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws1">INSTITUTO TECNOLÓGICO DE </div><div class="t m0 x11 h11 y1c ff9 fs2 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws3">VERACRUZ</div><div class="t m0 x12 h12 y1d ff6 fs7 fc5 sc4 ls0 ws1">PRÁCTICA </div><div class="t m0 xe h12 y1e ff6 fs7 fc5 sc4 ls0 ws4">No.</div><div class="t m0 x13 h8 y1f ff1 fs4 fc3 sc2 ls0">3</div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf3" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="3"><div class="pc pc3 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi xb ya w4 h13" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/d09a909f-7938-44ec-842f-7a035ec905b5/bg3.png"><div class="t m0 x2 h14 y20 ff2 fs2 fc4 sc3 ls0 ws1">Práctica No. 3</div><div class="t m0 x14 h15 y21 ff2 fs8 fc4 sc3 ls0 ws1">Amplificador Operacional en Lazo Abierto</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y22 ffa fs1 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws5">Objetivo:<span class="ff5 fs3 ws1"> C<span class="ff2 fs5">omprender el funcionamiento de un amplificador operacional en lazo abierto.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y23 ffa fs1 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">Objetivo especí\ue60fco:<span class="ffb fs5"> <span class="ff2">simular en PROTEUS el circuito del amplificador en lazo abierto.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xb h17 y24 ffa fs1 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">Marco teórico:</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y25 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">Un amplificador<span class="blank _2"> </span> <span class="blank _2"> </span>operacional (comúnmente<span class="blank _2"> </span> <span class="blank _2"> </span>abreviado A.O., op-amp u OPAM),<span class="blank _2"> </span> <span class="blank _2"> </span>es<span class="blank _2"> </span> <span class="blank _2"> </span>un</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y26 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">dispositivo<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>electrónico<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>(normalmente<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>se<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>presenta<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>como<span class="blank _1"> </span> circuito<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>integrado<span class="blank _1"> </span>)<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>que<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>tiene<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>dos</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y27 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">entradas <span class="blank _1"> </span>y<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>una <span class="blank _1"> </span>salida.<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>La <span class="blank _1"> </span>salida<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>es <span class="blank _1"> </span>la<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>diferencia <span class="blank _1"> </span>de<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>las<span class="blank _1"> </span> dos<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>entradas<span class="blank _1"> </span> multiplicada<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>por <span class="blank _1"> </span>un<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>factor</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y28 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">(G) (ganancia):</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y29 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc3 ls2">V<span class="fs9 ls0 ws6">out</span><span class="ls0 ws1"> = G· (V+ \u2212 V\u2212)<span class="sc0"> el más conocido y comúnmente aplicado es el </span><span class="ws2">UA74<span class="blank _1"> </span>1</span><span class="sc0"> o </span><span class="ws2">LM741.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y2a ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">Originalmente<span class="blank _4"> </span> <span class="blank _4"> </span>los<span class="blank _4"> </span> <span class="blank _4"> </span>A.O.<span class="blank _4"> </span> <span class="blank _4"> </span>se<span class="blank _4"> </span> <span class="blank _4"> </span>empleaban<span class="blank _4"> </span> <span class="blank _4"> </span>para<span class="blank _4"> </span> <span class="blank _4"> </span>operaciones<span class="blank _4"> </span> <span class="blank _4"> </span>matemáticas<span class="blank _4"> </span> <span class="blank _4"> </span>(suma,<span class="blank _4"> </span> <span class="blank _4"> </span>resta,</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y2b ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">multiplicación, división,<span class="blank _1"> </span> etc.)<span class="blank _1"> </span> en <span class="blank _1"> </span>calculadoras <span class="blank _1"> </span>analógicas. <span class="blank _1"> </span>De <span class="blank _1"> </span>ahí <span class="blank _1"> </span>su nombre.<span class="blank _1"> </span> El <span class="blank _1"> </span>A.O.<span class="blank _1"> </span> ideal <span class="blank _1"> </span>tiene</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y2c ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">una<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>ganancia<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>in<span class="blank _0"></span>finita,<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>una<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>im<span class="blank _0"></span>pedancia<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>de<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>en<span class="blank _0"></span>trada<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>infinita,<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>u<span class="blank _0"></span>n<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>ancho<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>de<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>banda<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>también</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y2d ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">infinito, una <span class="blank _1"> </span>impedancia de <span class="blank _1"> </span>salida nula, <span class="blank _1"> </span>un tiempo <span class="blank _1"> </span>de respuesta <span class="blank _1"> </span>nulo y <span class="blank _1"> </span>ningún ruido. <span class="blank _1"> </span>Como la</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y2e ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">impedancia de entrada es infinita también se dice que las corrientes de entrada son cero.</div><div class="t m0 xb h17 y2f ffa fs1 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws7">Antecedentes:</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y30 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">Un<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>a<span class="blank _1"> </span>mplificador<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>operacional<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>(op<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>am)<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>es<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>un<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>circuito<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>inte<span class="blank _1"> </span>grado<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>usado<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>para<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>amplificar<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>voltajes</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y31 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">de<span class="blank _8"> </span> <span class="blank _8"> </span>entrada<span class="blank _8"> </span> <span class="blank _8"> </span>de<span class="blank _8"> </span> <span class="blank _8"> </span>CA<span class="blank _8"> </span> <span class="blank _8"> </span>y<span class="blank _8"> </span> <span class="blank _8"> </span>CD<span class="blank _0"></span>.<span class="blank _8"> </span> <span class="blank _8"> </span>Internamente,<span class="blank _8"> </span> <span class="blank _8"> </span>los<span class="blank _8"> </span> <span class="blank _8"> </span>amplificadores<span class="blank _8"> </span> <span class="blank _8"> </span>operacionale<span class="blank _0"></span>s<span class="blank _8"> </span> <span class="blank _8"> </span>típicos<span class="blank _8"> </span> <span class="blank _8"> </span>están</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y32 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">constituidos por tres bloques fundamentales.</div><div class="t m0 x15 h16 y33 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">1.<span class="blank _9"> </span>Un<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>amplificador<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>diferencial<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>con<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>alta<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>impedancia<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>de<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>entrada<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>amortigua<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>o<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>previene<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>la</div><div class="t m0 x16 h16 y34 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">carga de la fuente de la señal.</div><div class="t m0 x15 h16 y35 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">2.<span class="blank _9"> </span>Un amplificador de alta ganancia eleva la señal de salida del a<span class="blank _0"></span>mplificador diferencial.</div><div class="t m0 x15 h16 y36 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">3.<span class="blank _9"> </span>Una<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>baja<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>impedancia<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>o<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>amortiguación<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>de<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>salida,<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>previene<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>la<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>carga<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>de<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>la<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>etapa<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>de</div><div class="t m0 x16 h16 y37 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">ganancia, por una carga externa al circuito.</div><div class="t m0 xb h17 y38 ffa fs1 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">Investigación preliminar:</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y39 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">Si no existe realimentación, la salida del A.O. será la resta de sus dos entradas multiplicada por</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y3a ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">un <span class="blank _1"> </span>factor.<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>Este<span class="blank _1"> </span> factor<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>suele<span class="blank _1"> </span> se<span class="blank _1"> </span>r <span class="blank _1"> </span>del<span class="blank _1"> </span> orde<span class="blank _1"> </span>n <span class="blank _1"> </span>de<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>100.000 <span class="blank _1"> </span>V.<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>debido <span class="blank _1"> </span>a<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>la <span class="blank _1"> </span>limitación<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>que<span class="blank _1"> </span> s<span class="blank _1"> </span>upone <span class="blank _1"> </span>no</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y3b ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">poder<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>entregar<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>más<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>tensión<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>de<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>la<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>que<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>hay<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>de<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>alimentación,<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>el<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>A.O.<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>estará<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>saturado<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>si<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>se<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>da</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y3c ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">este<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>caso.<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>Esto<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>será<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>ap<span class="blank _1"> </span>rovechado<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>para<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>su<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>uso<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>en<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>comparadores,<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>como<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>se<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>verá<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>más <span class="blank _6"> </span>adelante.</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y3d ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">Si<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>la<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>tensión<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>más<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>alta<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>es<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>la<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>aplicada<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>a<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>la<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>patilla<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>+<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>la<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>salida<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>será<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>Vs+,<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>mientras<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>que<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>si<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>la<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>t<span class="blank _1"> </span>ensión</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y3e ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">más alta es la del pin \u2013 la salida será alimentación Vs.</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y3f ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">Básicamente<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>el<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>A.O.<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>es<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>un<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>dispositivo<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>amplificador<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>de<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>la<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>diferencia<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>de<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>sus<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>dos<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>entradas,<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>con</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y40 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">una<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>alta<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>ganancia,<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>una<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>impedancia<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>de<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>entrada<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>muy<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>alta,<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>(mayor<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>a<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>1<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>mega<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>ohm)<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>y<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>una<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>baja</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y41 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">impedancia de salida (de 8 a 20 ohmios).</div><div class="t m1 xe hf y19 ff2 fs6 fc4 sc3 ls0 ws1">Samuel Juárez Rios</div><a class="l"><div class="d m2" style="border-style:none;position:absolute;left:367.000000px;bottom:571.200000px;width:98.600000px;height:13.700000px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.000001);"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf4" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="4"><div class="pc pc4 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi xb ya w4 h18" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/d09a909f-7938-44ec-842f-7a035ec905b5/bg4.png"><div class="t m0 xb h16 y42 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">Con<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>esta<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>característica<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>se<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>deduce<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>que<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>las<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>corrientes<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>de<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>e<span class="blank _1"> </span>ntrada<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>son<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>prácticamente<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>nulas<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>y</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y43 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">que<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _a"> </span>tiene<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>la<span class="blank _a"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>característica<span class="blank _a"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>de<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _a"> </span>poder<span class="blank _a"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>entregar<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _a"> </span>corriente<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _a"> </span>relativamente<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>alta<span class="blank _a"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>(ver<span class="blank _a"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>datos<span class="blank _a"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>del</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y44 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws2">fabricante).</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y45 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">Internamente<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>el<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>amplificador<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>Operacional<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>que<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>contiene<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>un<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>gran<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>número<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>de<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>transistores,</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y46 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">resistores, capacitores, etc.</div><div class="t m0 xb h17 y47 ffa fs1 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">Ganancia de voltaje en lazo abierto:</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y48 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">Esta<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _b"> </span>ganancia<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _a"> </span>es<span class="blank _a"> </span> <span class="blank _a"> </span>aquella<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _a"> </span>que<span class="blank _a"> </span> <span class="blank _a"> </span>tiene<span class="blank _a"> </span> <span class="blank _a"> </span>el<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="sc3">amplificador operacional<span class="blank _1"> </span></span> cuando<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _a"> </span>no<span class="blank _a"> </span> <span class="blank _a"> </span>existe<span class="blank _a"> </span> <span class="blank _a"> </span>ningún</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y49 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">camino de realimentación entre la salida y algu<span class="blank _0"></span>na de las dos entradas. </div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y4a ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">La<span class="blank _c"> </span> <span class="blank _c"> </span>ganancia<span class="blank _4"> </span> <span class="blank _c"> </span>del amplificador<span class="blank _1"> </span> en<span class="blank _c"> </span> <span class="blank _4"> </span>lazo<span class="blank _c"> </span> <span class="blank _c"> </span>abierto<span class="blank _c"> </span> <span class="blank _c"> </span>está<span class="blank _4"> </span> <span class="blank _c"> </span>dada<span class="blank _c"> </span> <span class="blank _c"> </span>por<span class="blank _c"> </span> <span class="blank _c"> </span>la<span class="blank _c"> </span> <span class="blank _c"> </span>siguiente<span class="blank _4"> </span> <span class="blank _c"> </span>fórmula:</div><div class="t m0 x17 h16 y4b ff2 fs5 fc4 sc3 ls0 ws1">AV = V<span class="fs9 ws6">sal</span><span class="ws2">/V<span class="fs9 ws6">ent</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y4c ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws2">Dónde:</div><div class="t m0 x15 h16 y4d ffc fs5 fc4 sc0 ls3">\uf0b7<span class="ff2 sc3 ls0 ws2">AV<span class="sc0 ws1"> = ganancia de tensión</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x15 h16 y4e ffc fs5 fc4 sc0 ls3">\uf0b7<span class="ff2 sc3 ls2">V<span class="fs9 ls0 ws6">sal<span class="sc0 ws1"> <span class="fs5">= tensión de salida</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x15 h16 y4f ffc fs5 fc4 sc0 ls3">\uf0b7<span class="ff2 sc3 ls2">V<span class="fs9 ls0 ws6">ent</span><span class="sc0 ls0 ws1"> = tensión de entrada</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y50 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">En<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>un <span class="sc3">amplificador operacional</span> ideal,<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>esta<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>ganancia<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>es<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>infinita.<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>Como<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>el<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>operacional<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>es<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>real,</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y51 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">su<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>ganancia<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>está<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>entre<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>20,000<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>y<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>200,000<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>(en<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>amplificador<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>operación<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>741C).<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>Este<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>tipo<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>de</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y52 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">configuración<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>se<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>utiliza<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>en<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>comparadores,<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>en<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>donde<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>lo<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>que<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>se<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>desea<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>e<span class="blank _1"> </span>s<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>saber<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>cuál <span class="blank _6"> </span>de<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>las<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>dos</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y53 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">entradas tiene mayor tensión.</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y54 ffa fs1 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">Terminales<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>de<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>entrada:<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span><span class="ff2 fs5">En<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>la<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>siguiente<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>figura<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>hay<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>dos<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>terminales<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>de<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>entrada<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>identificadas</span></div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y55 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">como<span class="blank _b"> </span> <span class="sc3 ls2">\u2013</span> <span class="blank _b"> </span>y<span class="blank _b"> </span> <span class="sc3 ws2">+</span>.<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>Se<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>denomina<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>terminales<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>de<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>entrada<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>diferencial<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>ya<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>que<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>el<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>voltaje<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>de<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>salida<span class="blank _a"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span><span class="sc3 ls2">V<span class="fsa ls0 v1">o</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y56 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">depende de la diferencia de voltaje entre <span class="blank _1"> </span>ellas, <span class="blank _1"> </span><span class="sc3 ls4">E<span class="fsa ls5 v1">d</span></span> y la ganancia del amplificador, <span class="blank _1"> </span><span class="sc3 ws2">A<span class="fsa ws8 v1">OL</span></span>. Como se</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y57 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">muestra<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>en<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>la<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>figura<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>(a)<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>la<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>terminal<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>de<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>salida<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>es<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>positiva<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>en<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>relación<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>con<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>la<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>tierra<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>cuando<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>la</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y58 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">entrada<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>(<span class="blank _1"> </span><span class="sc3 ws2">+</span>)<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>es<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>positiva<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>respecto<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>a<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>la<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>entrada<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>(<span class="blank _6"> </span><span class="sc3 ls6">-</span>)<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>o<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>mayor<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>que<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>ésta.<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>Cuando<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span><span class="sc3 ls4">E<span class="fsa ls0 ws8 v1">d</span></span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>está<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>invertida</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y59 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">como<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>la<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>figura<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>(b)<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>la<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>entrada<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>(<span class="blank _6"> </span><span class="sc3 ws2">+</span>)<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>es<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>negativa<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>respecto<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>a<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>la<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>entrada<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>negativa<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>(<span class="blank _7"> </span><span class="sc3 ls6">-</span>),<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>o<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>menor<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>que</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y5a ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">ésta y <span class="sc3 ws2">V<span class="fsa ws1 v1">o </span></span>se vuelve negativo con respeto a la entrada (<span class="sc3 ls6">-</span>).</div><div class="t m1 xe hf y19 ff2 fs6 fc4 sc3 ls0 ws1">Samuel Juárez Rios</div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf5" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="5"><div class="pc pc5 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x18 ya w5 h19" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/d09a909f-7938-44ec-842f-7a035ec905b5/bg5.png"><div class="t m0 xb h16 y5b ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">La polaridad de un voltaje </div><div class="t m1 x19 hf y5b ff2 fs6 fc4 sc3 ls7">V<span class="fsb ls0 v1">o</span></div><div class="t m0 x1a h1a y5c ff2 fsa fc4 sc0 ls8 ws1"> <span class="fs5 ls0 v2">de salida del </span></div><div class="t m1 x1b hf y5b ff2 fs6 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">extremo único</div><div class="t m0 x1c h16 y5b ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1"> depende de la polaridad de un </div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y5d ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">voltaje </div><div class="t m1 x1d hf y5d ff2 fs6 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws9">diferencial</div><div class="t m0 x1e h16 y5d ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1"> de entrada </div><div class="t m1 x1f hf y5d ff2 fs6 fc4 sc3 ls9">E<span class="fsb ls0 ws1 v1">d. </span></div><div class="t m0 x20 h16 y5d ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">Si la entrada (+) está arriba de la entrada (-), </div><div class="t m1 x21 hf y5d ff2 fs6 fc4 sc3 ls9">E<span class="fsb ls0 ws1 v1">d </span></div><div class="t m0 x22 h16 y5d ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1"> es positivo y </div><div class="t m1 xb hf y5e ff2 fs6 fc4 sc3 lsa">V<span class="fsb ls0 ws1 v1">o </span></div><div class="t m0 x23 h16 y5e ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">está por encima de la tierra en </div><div class="t m1 x1 hf y5e ff2 fs6 fc4 sc3 ls0 wsa">+Vs<span class="blank"> </span><span class="fsb ws1 v1">at </span></div><div class="t m0 x24 h16 y5e ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">. Si la entrada (+) se encuentra por debajo de la </div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y5f ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">entrada (-), </div><div class="t m1 x5 hf y5f ff2 fs6 fc4 sc3 ls9">E<span class="fsb ls0 v1">d</span></div><div class="t m0 x25 h16 y5f ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1"> es negativo y </div><div class="t m1 x26 hf y5f ff2 fs6 fc4 sc3 ls7">V<span class="fsb ls0 ws1 v1">o </span></div><div class="t m0 x27 h16 y5f ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">se encuentra por debajo de tierra en </div><div class="t m1 x28 hf y5f ff2 fs6 fc4 sc3 ls0 wsb">\u2013V<span class="blank"> </span><span class="fsb wsc v1">sat.</span></div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y60 ff2 fs5 fc7 sc5 ls0 ws1">DETECTOR <span class="blank _d"></span> <span class="blank _e"> </span> NO INVERSOR<span class="blank _f"></span> <span class="blank _10"> </span> DE CRUCE POR CERO<span class="blank _11"></span> <span class="blank _12"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y61 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">El <span class="blank _1"> </span>amplificador<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>operacional <span class="blank _1"> </span>de<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>la <span class="blank _1"> </span>figura<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>de<span class="blank _1"> </span> abajo<span class="blank _1"> </span>, <span class="blank _1"> </span>funciona<span class="blank _1"> </span> como<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>comparador.<span class="blank _1"> </span> Su<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>entrada<span class="blank _1"> </span> (+)</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y62 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">contrasta<span class="blank _1"> </span> e<span class="blank _1"> </span>l <span class="blank _1"> </span>voltaje<span class="blank _6"> </span> </div><div class="t m1 x29 hf y62 ff2 fs6 fc4 sc3 ls9">E<span class="fsb ls0 ws1 v1">i<span class="blank _6"> </span> </span></div><div class="t m0 x2a h16 y62 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">con <span class="blank _6"> </span>un <span class="blank _1"> </span>voltaje<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>de<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>referencia<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>de<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span><span class="sc3">0<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>V<span class="blank _6"> </span> </span><span class="lsb">(</span><span class="sc3 ws2">V<span class="fsa ws1 v1">ref<span class="blank _6"> </span> </span><span class="ws1">=<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>0V</span></span>).<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>Cuando<span class="blank _6"> </span> </div><div class="t m1 x2b hf y62 ff2 fs6 fc4 sc3 ls9">E<span class="fsb ls0 ws1 v1">i<span class="blank _1"> </span> </span></div><div class="t m0 x2c h1a y63 ff2 fsa fc4 sc0 lsc ws1"> <span class="fs5 ls0 v2">es<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>mayor <span class="blank _6"> </span>que</span></div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y64 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc3 ls2">V<span class="fsa ls0 ws1 v1">ref,<span class="blank _7"> </span> </span><span class="ls0 ws2">V<span class="fsa lsd v1">0</span><span class="sc0 ws1"> <span class="blank _5"> </span>es<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>igual<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>a<span class="blank _5"> </span> </span>+V<span class="fsa ws1 v1">sat.<span class="blank _5"> </span> </span><span class="sc0 ws1">Esto<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>se<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>debe<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>a<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>que<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>el<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>voltaje<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>en<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>la<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>entrada<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>(<span class="blank _6"> </span></span></span>+<span class="sc0 ls0 ws1">)<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>es<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>más<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>positivo<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>que<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>el</span></div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y65 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">voltaje<span class="blank _b"> </span> <span class="blank _b"> </span>de<span class="blank _a"> </span> <span class="blank _b"> </span>entrada<span class="blank _b"> </span> <span class="blank _b"> </span>(<span class="sc3 ls6">-</span>).<span class="blank _b"> </span> <span class="blank _b"> </span>Por<span class="blank _b"> </span> <span class="blank _b"> </span>lo<span class="blank _b"> </span> <span class="blank _a"> </span>tanto,<span class="blank _b"> </span> <span class="blank _b"> </span>el<span class="blank _b"> </span> <span class="blank _b"> </span>signo<span class="blank _c"> </span> </div><div class="t m1 x2d hf y65 ff2 fs6 fc4 sc3 ls9">E<span class="fsb ls0 ws1 v1">d<span class="blank"> </span> <span class="blank _13"> </span> <span class="blank _14"> </span> </span></div><div class="t m0 x2e h16 y65 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">en<span class="blank _a"> </span> <span class="blank _b"> </span>la<span class="blank _b"> </span> <span class="blank _b"> </span>ecuación<span class="blank _a"> </span> <span class="blank _b"> </span>(1.0)<span class="blank _b"> </span> <span class="blank _b"> </span>es<span class="blank _b"> </span> <span class="blank _b"> </span>positivo.<span class="blank _b"> </span> <span class="blank _b"> </span>En</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y66 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">consecuencia, <span class="sc3 ws2">V<span class="fsa lsd v1">0</span><span class="ws1"> </span></span>es positivo de acuerdo con la ecuación (1.1). </div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y67 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">La polaridad de <span class="sc3 ls2">V<span class="fsa ls0 ws8 v1">o</span></span> indica si <span class="sc3 ls4">E<span class="fsa lse v1">i</span></span> está arriba o debajo de <span class="sc3 ws2">V<span class="fsa ws8 v1">ref</span></span>. La </div><div class="t m1 x2f hf y67 ff2 fs6 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">transición </div><div class="t m0 x30 h16 y67 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">de <span class="sc3 ls2">V<span class="fsa ls0 ws8 v1">o</span></span> señala cuándo <span class="sc3 ls4">E<span class="fsa ls0 v1">i</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y68 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">cruza la referencia y en qué dirección lo hace. Por ejemplo, cuando<span class="blank _1"> </span><span class="sc3"> V<span class="fsa ws8 v1">o</span></span> cambia de <span class="sc3 ws2">\u2013V<span class="fsa ws1 v1">sat </span></span>a <span class="sc3 ws2">+V<span class="fsa ws8 v1">sat</span></span> </div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y69 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">indica que <span class="sc3 ls4">E<span class="fsa ls0 ws8 v1">i</span></span> acaba de cruzar por cero en la dirección positiva. El circuito de la figura de arriba</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y6a ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">es, pues, un detector no inversor por cruce de cero.</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y6b ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">Simularemos<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m1 x1e hf y6b ff2 fs6 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws9">PROTEUS</div><div class="t m0 x31 h16 y6b ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1"> <span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>circuito<span class="blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m1 x32 hf y6b ff2 fs6 fc4 sc3 ls0 ws1">Detector<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>no<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>inversor<span class="blank _a"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>por<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _a"> </span>cruce<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>de<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _a"> </span>cero<span class="blank"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x33 h16 y6b ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">en<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>el<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>cual</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y6c ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">pondremos <span class="blank _1"> </span>una<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>alimentación<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>de <span class="blank _1"> </span>+15<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>V<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>en<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>la <span class="blank _1"> </span>terminal<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>de<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>alimentación <span class="blank _1"> </span>positiva<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>+V<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>y <span class="blank _1"> </span>-15<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>V<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>en</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y6d ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">la <span class="blank _6"> </span>entrada <span class="blank _1"> </span>de<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>alimentación<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>negativa<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>\u2013V,<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>en<span class="blank _1"> </span> la<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>terminal<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>de<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>entrada<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>inversora<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>la<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>conectaremos</div><div class="t m1 xe hf y19 ff2 fs6 fc4 sc3 ls0 ws1">Samuel Juárez Rios</div><div class="t m1 x34 h1b y6e ff2 fsc fc4 sc3 lsf">E<span class="fsd ls0 v3">d</span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h1c y6f ff2 fse fc4 sc0 ls10 ws1"> <span class="fs1 ls0 v4">= voltaje en la entrada (+) \u2013 voltaje en la entrada (-)</span></div><div class="c x5 y70 w6 h1d"><div class="t m0 x35 h16 y71 ff2 fs5 fc7 sc0 ls0 ws1">Ecuación <span class="sc5 ws2">1.0</span></div></div><div class="t m1 x24 h1b y72 ff2 fsc fc4 sc3 ls11">V<span class="fsd ls0 v3">o</span></div><div class="t m0 x36 h3 y72 ff2 fs1 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1"> = Ed x A<span class="fse wsd v3">OL</span></div><div class="c x37 y73 w7 h1d"><div class="t m0 x38 h16 y74 ff2 fs5 fc7 sc0 ls0 ws1">Ecuación <span class="sc5 ws2">1.1</span></div></div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf6" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="6"><div class="pc pc6 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x39 y75 w8 h1e" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/d09a909f-7938-44ec-842f-7a035ec905b5/bg6.png"><div class="t m0 xb h16 y42 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">a<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>tierra<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>(GND)<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>y<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>en<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>la<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>terminal<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>de<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>entrada<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>no<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>inversora<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>(+)<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>un<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>generador<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>de<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>señales.<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>A</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y43 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">continuación simularemos y veremos resultados que arroja en el osciloscopio.</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y76 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc3 ls0 ws1">SIMULACIÓN EN PROTEUS: <span class="fc7 sc5">CIRCUITO <span class="blank _15"></span> <span class="blank _16"> </span> <span class="fc8 sc6">3A<span class="blank _17"></span> <span class="blank _9"> </span> <span class="fc7 sc5"> DETECTOR <span class="blank _18"></span> <span class="blank _19"> </span> NO INVERSOR<span class="blank _f"></span> <span class="blank _10"> </span> DE CRUCE POR CERO<span class="blank _11"></span> <span class="blank _12"> </span> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m1 xe hf y19 ff2 fs6 fc4 sc3 ls0 ws1">Samuel Juárez Rios</div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf7" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="7"><div class="pc pc7 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x39 ya w9 h18" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/d09a909f-7938-44ec-842f-7a035ec905b5/bg7.png"><div class="t m0 xb h16 y5b ff2 fs5 fc7 sc5 ls0 ws1">DETECTOR <span class="blank _d"></span> <span class="blank _e"> </span> INVERSOR<span class="blank _1a"></span> <span class="blank _1b"> </span> POR CRUCE DE CERO<span class="blank _11"></span> <span class="blank _12"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y77 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">La entrada (-) del amplificador operacional de <span class="blank _1"> </span>la figura de abajo, compara <span class="blank _7"> </span><span class="sc3 ls4">E<span class="fsa lse v1">i</span></span> con un voltaje<span class="blank _1"> </span> de</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y78 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">referencia<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>de<span class="blank _a"> </span> <span class="sc3">0<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>V</span> <span class="blank _b"> </span>(<span class="sc3 ws2">V<span class="fsa ws8 v1">ref</span></span> <span class="blank _b"> </span>=<span class="blank _b"> </span> <span class="sc3">0<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>V</span>).<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>Este<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>circuito<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>es<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>un<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>detector<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>inversor<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>de<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>cruce<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>por<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>cero.<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>Las</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y79 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">normas<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>de<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>onda<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>de<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="sc3 ls2">V<span class="fsa ls0 ws8 v1">o</span></span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>en<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>función<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>del<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>tie<span class="blank _1"> </span>mpo<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>y<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="sc3 ws2">V<span class="fsa ws8 v1">o</span></span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>en<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>función<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>de<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>tiempo<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>y<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span><span class="sc3 ls2">V<span class="fsa ls0 ws8 v1">o</span></span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>en<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>función<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="sc3 ls4">E<span class="fsa ls0 v1">i</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y7a ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">pueden explicarse mediante el siguiente resumen:</div><div class="t m0 x15 h16 y7b ffc fs5 fc4 sc0 ls3">\uf0b7<span class="ff2 ls0 ws1">Si Ei está por encima de <span class="sc3 ls2">V<span class="fsa ls0 ws8 v1">ref</span></span>. <span class="sc3 ws2">V<span class="fsa ws8 v1">o</span></span> es igual a <span class="sc3 ws2">\u2013V<span class="fsa ws8 v1">sat</span></span>.</span></div><div class="t m0 x15 h16 y7c ffc fs5 fc4 sc0 ls3">\uf0b7<span class="ff2 ls0 ws1">Cuando<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>Ei<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>cruza<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>la<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>referencia<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>y<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>pasa<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>por<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>positivo,<span class="blank _a"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span><span class="sc3 ws2">V<span class="fsa ws8 v1">o</span></span> <span class="blank _a"> </span>realiza<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>una<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>transición<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>hacia<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>lo</span></div><div class="t m0 xc h16 y7d ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">negativo y pasa de <span class="sc3 ws2">+V<span class="fsa ws8 v1">sat</span></span> a<span class="sc3"> \u2013 V<span class="fsa ws8 v1">sat</span></span>.</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y7e ff2 fs5 fc4 sc3 ls0 ws1">Resumen:<span class="blank _8"> </span> <span class="sc0">Si<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>la<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>señal<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>o<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>el<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>voltaje<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>que<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>se<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>van<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>a<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>monitorear<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>están<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>conectados<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>a<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>la<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>entrada</span></div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y7f ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">positiva<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>(+), <span class="blank _6"> </span>se<span class="blank _1"> </span> obtiene<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>un<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>comparador<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>no<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>inversor,<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>si<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>se<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>encuentran<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>conectados <span class="blank _1"> </span>a<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>la<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>entrada</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y80 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">(-), se obtiene un comparador inversor.</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y81 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">Cuando<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="sc3 ls2">V<span class="fsa ls0 ws8 v1">o</span></span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>=<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="sc3 ws2">+V<span class="fsa ws8 v1">sat</span></span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>la<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>señal<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>se<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>halla<span class="blank _5"> </span> </div><div class="t m1 x3a hf y81 ff2 fs6 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">por<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>encima</div><div class="t m0 x3b h16 y81 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1"> <span class="blank _5"> </span>de<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="sc3 ws2">V<span class="fsa ws8 v1">ref</span></span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>es<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>un<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>comparador<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>no<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>inversor<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>y<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>por</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y82 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">debajo de un <span class="sc3 ls2">V<span class="fsa ls0 ws8 v1">ref</span></span> es un comparador inversor.</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y83 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">Procederemos a simular el circuito antes mencionado conectado de la siguiente manera:</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y84 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">Alimentaremos<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>co<span class="blank _1"> </span>n<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>+15<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>V<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>en<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>la<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>terminal<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>de<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>alimentación<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>positiva<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>y<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>con<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>-15V<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>en<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>la<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>terminal</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y85 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">de<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>alimentación<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>negativa,<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>en<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>la<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>terminal<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>inversora<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>(-)<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>pondremos<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>un<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>generador<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>de<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>señales</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y86 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">(invertiremos<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>la<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>señal)<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>y<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>en<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>la<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>terminal<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>no<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>inversora<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>(+)<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>la<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>conectaremos<span class="blank _3"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>a<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>tierra<span class="blank _5"> </span> <span class="blank _3"> </span>(GND).</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y87 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">Analizaremos<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>por<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>medio<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>del<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>osciloscopio<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>su<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>comportamiento<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>y<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>veremos<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>los<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>resultados<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>que</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y88 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">arroja en las señales.</div><div class="t m1 xe hf y19 ff2 fs6 fc4 sc3 ls0 ws1">Samuel Juárez Rios</div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf8" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="8"><div class="pc pc8 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x15 ya wa h18" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/d09a909f-7938-44ec-842f-7a035ec905b5/bg8.png"><div class="t m0 xb h16 y5b ff2 fs5 fc4 sc3 ls0 ws1">SIMULACIÓN EN PROTEUS: <span class="fc7 sc5">CIRCUITO <span class="blank _15"></span> <span class="blank _16"> </span> <span class="fc8 sc6">3A<span class="blank _17"></span> <span class="blank _9"> </span> <span class="fc7 sc5"> DETECTOR <span class="blank _18"></span> <span class="blank _19"> </span> INVERSOR<span class="blank _1a"></span> <span class="blank _1b"> </span> DE CRUCE POR CERO<span class="blank _11"></span> <span class="blank _12"> </span> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x3c h16 y89 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0">Se</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y8a ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">realizó la simulación donde se puede observar que este circuito está comparando la señal de </div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y8b ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">entrada con el de salida donde se puede ver que <span class="sc3 ws2">V<span class="fsa ws1 v1">o </span></span>está por debajo de <span class="blank _1"> </span><span class="sc3 ls2">V<span class="fsa ls0 ws8 v1">ref</span></span> y por lo tanto <span class="sc3 ls2">V<span class="fsa ls0 ws8 v1">o</span></span> </div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y8c ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">está por debajo de <span class="sc3 ws2">V<span class="fsa ws8 v1">ref</span></span> y este nos indica que es un comparador inversor. </div><div class="t m1 xe hf y19 ff2 fs6 fc4 sc3 ls0 ws1">Samuel Juárez Rios</div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf9" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="9"><div class="pc pc9 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x39 y75 wb h1f" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/d09a909f-7938-44ec-842f-7a035ec905b5/bg9.png"><div class="t m0 xb h16 y5b ff2 fs5 fc7 sc5 ls0 ws1">DETECTOR DE NIVEL DE VOLTAJE POSITIVO Y NEGATIVO</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y5e ff2 fs5 fc2 sc7 ls0 ws1">Detectores de nivel NO INVERSOR POSITIVO</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y5f ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">En<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>la<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>figura<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>siguiente<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>se<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>aplica<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>un<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>voltaje<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>positivo<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>de<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>referencia,<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span><span class="sc3 ws2">V<span class="fsa ws8 v1">ref</span></span>,<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>a<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>una<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>de<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>las<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>terminales</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y8d ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">del<span class="blank"> </span> <span class="blank _1c"> </span>amplificador<span class="blank _1c"> </span> <span class="blank"> </span>operacional.<span class="blank _1c"> </span> <span class="blank _1c"> </span>Esto<span class="blank"> </span> <span class="blank _1c"> </span>quiere<span class="blank"> </span> <span class="blank _1c"> </span>decir<span class="blank _1c"> </span> <span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank _1c"> </span> <span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank _1c"> </span> <span class="blank _1c"> </span>amplificador<span class="blank"> </span> <span class="blank _1c"> </span>operacional<span class="blank _1c"> </span> <span class="blank"> </span>está</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y8e ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">conectado<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>como<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>un<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>comparador<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>para<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>registrar<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>el<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>voltaje<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>positivo.<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>Si<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>el<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>voltaje<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span><span class="sc3 ls4">E<span class="fsa lse v1">i</span></span>,<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>que<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>se<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>va<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>a</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y8f ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">detectar,<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>se<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>aplica<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>a<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>la<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>terminal<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>positiva<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>(+)<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>del<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>amplificador<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>operacional,<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>el<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>resultado<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>es<span class="blank _3"> </span> </div><div class="t m1 x3c hf y8f ff2 fs6 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws9">un</div><div class="t m1 xb hf y90 ff2 fs6 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">detector no<span class="blank _1"> </span> inversor <span class="blank _1"> </span>de nivel<span class="blank _1"> </span> positivo.</div><div class="t m0 x6 h16 y90 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1"> Su <span class="blank _1"> </span>operación <span class="blank _1"> </span>se indica<span class="blank _1"> </span> mediante <span class="blank _1"> </span>las formas<span class="blank _1"> </span> de<span class="blank _1"> </span> onda de</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y91 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">la figura<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>de abajo<span class="blank _1"> </span> a).<span class="blank _1"> </span> Cuando<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span><span class="sc3 ls4">E<span class="fsa ls0 ws8 v1">i</span></span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>está <span class="blank _1"> </span>por <span class="blank _1"> </span>encima <span class="blank _1"> </span>de <span class="blank _1"> </span><span class="sc3 ls2">V<span class="fsa ls0 ws8 v1">ref</span></span>,<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="sc3 ls2">V<span class="fsa ls0 ws8 v1">o</span></span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>es <span class="blank _1"> </span>igual <span class="blank _1"> </span>a<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="sc3 ws2">+V<span class="fsa ws8 v1">sat</span></span>.<span class="blank _1"> </span> Cuando<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span><span class="sc3 ls4">E<span class="fsa ls0 ws8 v1">i</span></span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>está <span class="blank _1"> </span>por</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y92 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">debajo de <span class="sc3 ws2">V<span class="fsa ws8 v1">ref</span></span>, <span class="sc3 ls2">V<span class="fsa ls0 ws8 v1">o</span></span> es igual a <span class="sc3 ws2">\u2013V<span class="fsa ws8 v1">sat</span></span>.</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y93 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">Si<span class="blank _7"> </span> <span class="sc3 ls4">E<span class="fsa lse v1">i</span></span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>se<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>aplica<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>a<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>la<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>entrada<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>inversora<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>como<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>en<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>la<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>figura<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>de<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>abajo<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>b),<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>e<span class="blank _1"> </span>l<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>circuito<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>es<span class="blank _1"> </span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>un<span class="blank _6"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>detector</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y94 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">inversor de nivel positivo. Su operación puede resumirse en la siguiente afirmación: </div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y95 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">Cuando <span class="sc3 ls4">E<span class="fsa ls0 ws8 v1">i</span></span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>es <span class="blank _1"> </span>mayor que<span class="blank _1"> </span><span class="sc3"> V<span class="fsa ws8 v1">ref</span></span>, <span class="sc3 ls2">V<span class="fsa ls0 ws8 v1">o</span></span> <span class="blank _1"> </span>es igual <span class="blank _1"> </span>a <span class="blank _1"> </span><span class="sc3 ws2">\u2013V<span class="fsa ws8 v1">sat</span></span>. Esta<span class="blank _1"> </span> acción del <span class="blank _1"> </span>circuito se<span class="blank _1"> </span> ve c<span class="blank _1"> </span>on más c<span class="blank _1"> </span>laridad</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y96 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">si se observa la gráfica de <span class="sc3 ls4">E<span class="fsa ls0 ws8 v1">i</span></span> y <span class="sc3 ls2">V<span class="fsa ls0 ws8 v1">ref</span></span> en función de tiempo.</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y97 ff2 fs5 fc4 sc3 ls0 ws1">SIMULACIÓN EN PROTEUS: <span class="fc7 sc5">CIRCUITO <span class="blank _15"></span> <span class="blank _16"> </span> <span class="fc8 sc6">3B<span class="blank _1d"></span> <span class="blank _1e"> </span> <span class="fc7 sc5"> DETECTOR DE NIVEL POSITIVO<span class="blank _1f"></span> <span class="blank _20"> </span> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m1 xe hf y19 ff2 fs6 fc4 sc3 ls0 ws1">Samuel Juárez Rios</div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pfa" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="a"><div class="pc pca w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x39 ya wb h20" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/d09a909f-7938-44ec-842f-7a035ec905b5/bga.png"><div class="t m0 xb h16 y5b ff2 fs5 fc2 sc7 ls0 ws1">Detectores de nivel INVERSOR NEGATIVO</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y5d ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">El circuito siguiente es un detector inversor de nivel negativo. Este circuito detecta cuando la </div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y5e ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">señal de entrada <span class="sc3 ls4">E<span class="fsa ls0 ws8 v1">i</span></span> es mayor que <span class="sc3 ws2">\u2013V<span class="fsa ws8 v1">ref</span></span>, <span class="sc3 ls2">V<span class="fsa ls0 ws8 v1">o</span></span> es igual a <span class="sc3 ws2">\u2013V<span class="fsa ws8 v1">sat</span></span> y cuando <span class="sc3 ls4">E<span class="fsa lse v1">i</span></span> es mayor que <span class="sc3 ws2">\u2013V<span class="fsa ws8 v1">ref</span></span>, <span class="sc3 ws2">V<span class="fsa ws8 v1">o</span></span> es</div><div class="t m0 xb h16 y5f ff2 fs5 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws1">igual a <span class="sc3 ws2">+V<span class="fsa ws8 v1">sat</span></span>.</div><div class="t m1 xe hf y19 ff2 fs6 fc4 sc3 ls0 ws1">Samuel Juárez Rios</div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div>
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