<div id="pf1" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="1"><div class="pc pc1 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/0a6778cd-bdd1-45ec-a638-8272f7b3631c/bg1.png"><div class="c x1 y1 w2 h2"><div class="t m0 x2 h3 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls12 ws1d">Revista Mexicana de<span class="ff2 ls13 ws7"> <span class="fc1 ws0">I</span></span><span class="ls0 ws1">ngeniería<span class="ff2 fc2 ls13 ws7"> <span class="ff3 fc1 ls1">Q</span></span><span class="ls14 ws2">uímica<span class="ff2 fs1 ls13 ws7"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x3 h4 y3 ff4 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7"><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h4 y4 ff4 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls15 ws7"><span class="fc4 sc0">CONTENIDO </span></div><div class="t m0 x3 h5 y5 ff5 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7"><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x5 h6 y6 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls12 ws7"><span class="fc4 sc0">V</span><span class="fc4 sc0">o</span><span class="fc4 sc0">l</span><span class="fc4 sc0">u</span><span class="fc4 sc0">men 8,</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> número 3, </span><span class="fc4 sc0">2009 / V</span><span class="fc4 sc0">o</span><span class="fc4 sc0">l</span><span class="fc4 sc0">u</span><span class="fc4 sc0">me 8, number 3, 2009</span><span class="ff5 ls13"><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x5 h4 y7 ff4 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7"><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h7 y8 ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7"><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y9 ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws1e"><span class="fc4 sc0">21</span><span class="fc4 sc0">3</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span><span class="blank _0"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">D</span><span class="fc4 sc0">e</span><span class="fc4 sc0">rivat</span><span class="fc4 sc0">i</span><span class="fc4 sc0">on a</span><span class="fc4 sc0">n</span><span class="fc4 sc0">d </span><span class="fc4 sc0">appl</span><span class="blank _1"></span><span class="fc4 sc0">ica</span><span class="fc4 sc0">t</span><span class="fc4 sc0">io</span><span class="fc4 sc0">n of </span><span class="fc4 sc0">the S</span><span class="fc4 sc0">t</span><span class="fc4 sc0">efa</span><span class="blank _1"></span><span class="fc4 sc0">n</span><span class="fc4 sc0">-Ma</span><span class="fc4 sc0">x</span><span class="fc4 sc0">w</span><span class="fc4 sc0">e</span><span class="fc4 sc0">l</span><span class="fc4 sc0">l</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> e</span><span class="fc4 sc0">qua</span><span class="fc4 sc0">t</span><span class="blank _1"></span><span class="fc4 sc0">i</span><span class="fc4 sc0">on</span><span class="fc4 sc0">s </span></div><div class="t m0 x5 h7 ya ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws1f"><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span><span class="blank _2"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">(D</span><span class="fc4 sc0">esa</span><span class="fc4 sc0">r</span><span class="fc4 sc0">roll</span><span class="fc4 sc0">o y a</span><span class="fc4 sc0">p</span><span class="fc4 sc0">lic</span><span class="fc4 sc0">ac</span><span class="fc4 sc0">i</span><span class="fc4 sc0">ón de</span><span class="blank _1"></span><span class="fc4 sc0"> la</span><span class="fc4 sc0">s </span><span class="fc4 sc0">ecua</span><span class="fc4 sc0">c</span><span class="fc4 sc0">i</span><span class="fc4 sc0">ones d</span><span class="fc4 sc0">e</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> S</span><span class="blank _1"></span><span class="fc4 sc0">t</span><span class="fc4 sc0">e</span><span class="fc4 sc0">f</span><span class="fc4 sc0">an-</span><span class="fc4 sc0">M</span><span class="fc4 sc0">a</span><span class="fc4 sc0">x</span><span class="fc4 sc0">w</span><span class="fc4 sc0">e</span><span class="fc4 sc0">ll)</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x5 h7 yb ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls4 ws7"><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span><span class="ff2 ls16 ws20"><span class="fc4 sc0">St</span><span class="fc4 sc0">e</span><span class="fc4 sc0">p</span><span class="fc4 sc0">hen W</span><span class="fc4 sc0">h</span><span class="fc4 sc0">i</span><span class="fc4 sc0">t</span><span class="fc4 sc0">a</span><span class="blank _1"></span><span class="fc4 sc0">ke</span><span class="fc4 sc0">r</span><span class="ff5 ls13 ws7"><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x5 h8 yc ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7"><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x5 h8 yd ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls17 ws21"><span class="fc4 sc0">Bio</span><span class="fc4 sc0">t</span><span class="fc4 sc0">ecno</span><span class="fc4 sc0">l</span><span class="fc4 sc0">og</span><span class="fc4 sc0">í</span><span class="fc4 sc0">a</span><span class="blank _0"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0"> /</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> Bi</span><span class="fc4 sc0">ot</span><span class="fc4 sc0">ec</span><span class="fc4 sc0">hno</span><span class="blank _0"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">log</span><span class="fc4 sc0">y</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x5 h7 ye ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls5 ws22"><span class="fc4 sc0">24</span><span class="fc4 sc0">5</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span><span class="blank _3"></span><span class="fc4 sc0">M</span><span class="fc4 sc0">o</span><span class="fc4 sc0">de</span><span class="fc4 sc0">l</span><span class="fc4 sc0">a</span><span class="fc4 sc0">do</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">d</span><span class="fc4 sc0">e</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> l</span><span class="fc4 sc0">a</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> bio</span><span class="fc4 sc0">d</span><span class="fc4 sc0">e</span><span class="fc4 sc0">g</span><span class="fc4 sc0">ra</span><span class="blank _1"></span><span class="fc4 sc0">dac</span><span class="fc4 sc0">i</span><span class="fc4 sc0">ó</span><span class="fc4 sc0">n</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">e</span><span class="fc4 sc0">n</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> biorr</span><span class="fc4 sc0">eac</span><span class="fc4 sc0">tores de l</span><span class="fc4 sc0">o</span><span class="fc4 sc0">d</span><span class="blank _1"></span><span class="fc4 sc0">o</span><span class="fc4 sc0">s</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">de</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> hidr</span><span class="fc4 sc0">oc</span><span class="fc4 sc0">arbur</span><span class="fc4 sc0">os to</span><span class="blank _1"></span><span class="fc4 sc0">ta</span><span class="fc4 sc0">les del</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">pe</span><span class="fc4 sc0">tró</span><span class="fc4 sc0">l</span><span class="fc4 sc0">e</span><span class="fc4 sc0">o</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x7 h7 yf ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls5 ws23"><span class="fc4 sc0">i</span><span class="fc4 sc0">n</span><span class="fc4 sc0">tem</span><span class="fc4 sc0">p</span><span class="fc4 sc0">er</span><span class="fc4 sc0">i</span><span class="fc4 sc0">z</span><span class="fc4 sc0">a</span><span class="fc4 sc0">d</span><span class="fc4 sc0">os</span><span class="blank _1"></span><span class="fc4 sc0"> e</span><span class="fc4 sc0">n</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> suel</span><span class="fc4 sc0">os y </span><span class="fc4 sc0">se</span><span class="fc4 sc0">dime</span><span class="fc4 sc0">nt</span><span class="fc4 sc0">os</span><span class="blank _1"></span><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y10 ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls5 ws24"><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span><span class="blank _4"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">(Bi</span><span class="fc4 sc0">ode</span><span class="fc4 sc0">gr</span><span class="fc4 sc0">ada</span><span class="fc4 sc0">t</span><span class="fc4 sc0">io</span><span class="blank _1"></span><span class="fc4 sc0">n </span><span class="fc4 sc0">m</span><span class="fc4 sc0">ode</span><span class="fc4 sc0">lin</span><span class="fc4 sc0">g o</span><span class="fc4 sc0">f</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">slu</span><span class="fc4 sc0">d</span><span class="fc4 sc0">g</span><span class="fc4 sc0">e</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">b</span><span class="fc4 sc0">i</span><span class="fc4 sc0">ore</span><span class="fc4 sc0">a</span><span class="blank _1"></span><span class="fc4 sc0">c</span><span class="fc4 sc0">tors o</span><span class="fc4 sc0">f</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">t</span><span class="fc4 sc0">o</span><span class="fc4 sc0">tal p</span><span class="fc4 sc0">e</span><span class="fc4 sc0">tro</span><span class="fc4 sc0">l</span><span class="fc4 sc0">e</span><span class="fc4 sc0">u</span><span class="fc4 sc0">m hydr</span><span class="blank _1"></span><span class="fc4 sc0">ocar</span><span class="fc4 sc0">bons w</span><span class="fc4 sc0">eat</span><span class="fc4 sc0">he</span><span class="fc4 sc0">ri</span><span class="fc4 sc0">n</span><span class="fc4 sc0">g</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">in </span><span class="fc4 sc0">s</span><span class="fc4 sc0">o</span><span class="fc4 sc0">il </span></div><div class="t m0 x7 h7 y11 ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws25"><span class="fc4 sc0">and se</span><span class="fc4 sc0">d</span><span class="fc4 sc0">i</span><span class="fc4 sc0">m</span><span class="fc4 sc0">e</span><span class="fc4 sc0">nts)</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x7 h8 y12 ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws26"><span class="fc4 sc0">S.A. </span><span class="fc4 sc0">Medi</span><span class="fc4 sc0">na-</span><span class="fc4 sc0">M</span><span class="fc4 sc0">o</span><span class="fc4 sc0">re</span><span class="fc4 sc0">no, S.</span><span class="blank _1"></span><span class="fc4 sc0"> H</span><span class="fc4 sc0">u</span><span class="fc4 sc0">e</span><span class="fc4 sc0">r</span><span class="fc4 sc0">t</span><span class="fc4 sc0">a</span><span class="fc4 sc0">-O</span><span class="fc4 sc0">c</span><span class="fc4 sc0">h</span><span class="fc4 sc0">o</span><span class="fc4 sc0">a</span><span class="fc4 sc0">, C.</span><span class="fc4 sc0">A. L</span><span class="blank _1"></span><span class="fc4 sc0">u</span><span class="fc4 sc0">cho-C</span><span class="fc4 sc0">o</span><span class="fc4 sc0">n</span><span class="fc4 sc0">s</span><span class="fc4 sc0">t</span><span class="fc4 sc0">a</span><span class="fc4 sc0">n</span><span class="fc4 sc0">t</span><span class="fc4 sc0">i</span><span class="fc4 sc0">n</span><span class="fc4 sc0">o, L</span><span class="fc4 sc0">.</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">Aguile</span><span class="blank _1"></span><span class="fc4 sc0">ra-</span><span class="fc4 sc0">V</span><span class="fc4 sc0">ázq</span><span class="fc4 sc0">u</span><span class="fc4 sc0">e</span><span class="fc4 sc0">z</span><span class="fc4 sc0">,</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> A.</span><span class="blank _1"></span><span class="fc4 sc0"> Jim</span><span class="fc4 sc0">é</span><span class="fc4 sc0">nez-</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 h8 y13 ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws27"><span class="fc4 sc0">G</span><span class="fc4 sc0">onzál</span><span class="fc4 sc0">ez y M. </span><span class="fc4 sc0">G</span><span class="fc4 sc0">u</span><span class="fc4 sc0">t</span><span class="fc4 sc0">i</span><span class="fc4 sc0">é</span><span class="fc4 sc0">r</span><span class="fc4 sc0">re</span><span class="fc4 sc0">z-R</span><span class="fc4 sc0">o</span><span class="fc4 sc0">j</span><span class="fc4 sc0">a</span><span class="fc4 sc0">s </span></div><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y14 ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls5 ws28"><span class="fc4 sc0">25</span><span class="fc4 sc0">9</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span><span class="blank _0"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">Cre</span><span class="fc4 sc0">c</span><span class="fc4 sc0">im</span><span class="fc4 sc0">i</span><span class="fc4 sc0">e</span><span class="fc4 sc0">n</span><span class="fc4 sc0">t</span><span class="fc4 sc0">o,</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">sobre</span><span class="fc4 sc0">v</span><span class="fc4 sc0">ive</span><span class="blank _1"></span><span class="fc4 sc0">n</span><span class="fc4 sc0">cia y ada</span><span class="fc4 sc0">p</span><span class="fc4 sc0">t</span><span class="fc4 sc0">a</span><span class="fc4 sc0">c</span><span class="fc4 sc0">i</span><span class="fc4 sc0">ó</span><span class="fc4 sc0">n</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">de </span><span class="ff2 ws29"><span class="fc4 sc0">Bi</span><span class="fc4 sc0">f</span><span class="fc4 sc0">i</span><span class="fc4 sc0">d</span><span class="fc4 sc0">o</span><span class="fc4 sc0">b</span><span class="fc4 sc0">a</span><span class="fc4 sc0">c</span><span class="fc4 sc0">t</span><span class="fc4 sc0">er</span><span class="blank _1"></span><span class="fc4 sc0">iu</span><span class="fc4 sc0">m</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> inf</span><span class="fc4 sc0">a</span><span class="fc4 sc0">n</span><span class="fc4 sc0">tis</span><span class="ff5 ls18 ws2a"><span class="fc4 sc0"> a</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> c</span><span class="blank _1"></span><span class="fc4 sc0">ond</span><span class="fc4 sc0">i</span><span class="fc4 sc0">c</span><span class="fc4 sc0">i</span><span class="fc4 sc0">o</span><span class="fc4 sc0">ne</span><span class="fc4 sc0">s </span><span class="fc4 sc0">ác</span><span class="fc4 sc0">id</span><span class="blank _1"></span><span class="fc4 sc0">a</span><span class="fc4 sc0">s</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y15 ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls9 ws2b"><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span><span class="blank _2"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">(Growth, </span><span class="fc4 sc0">survival and ada</span><span class="fc4 sc0">p</span><span class="fc4 sc0">t</span><span class="fc4 sc0">a</span><span class="fc4 sc0">tion of </span><span class="ff2 ls19 ws2c"><span class="fc4 sc0">Bif</span><span class="fc4 sc0">i</span><span class="fc4 sc0">d</span><span class="fc4 sc0">o</span><span class="fc4 sc0">b</span><span class="blank _1"></span><span class="fc4 sc0">a</span><span class="fc4 sc0">c</span><span class="fc4 sc0">te</span><span class="fc4 sc0">rium</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> inf</span><span class="fc4 sc0">a</span><span class="fc4 sc0">nt</span><span class="fc4 sc0">is</span><span class="blank _1"></span><span class="ff5 ls2 ws2d"><span class="fc4 sc0"> t</span><span class="fc4 sc0">o</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> ac</span><span class="fc4 sc0">idic co</span><span class="fc4 sc0">n</span><span class="fc4 sc0">d</span><span class="fc4 sc0">i</span><span class="fc4 sc0">tio</span><span class="fc4 sc0">ns)</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 h8 y16 ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 lsa ws2e"><span class="fc4 sc0">L</span><span class="fc4 sc0">.</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> Mayor</span><span class="fc4 sc0">ga-R</span><span class="fc4 sc0">e</span><span class="fc4 sc0">yes,</span><span class="blank _1"></span><span class="fc4 sc0"> P. </span><span class="fc4 sc0">Bust</span><span class="fc4 sc0">a</span><span class="fc4 sc0">m</span><span class="fc4 sc0">an</span><span class="fc4 sc0">te-</span><span class="fc4 sc0">C</span><span class="fc4 sc0">am</span><span class="fc4 sc0">i</span><span class="fc4 sc0">l</span><span class="fc4 sc0">o,</span><span class="blank _1"></span><span class="fc4 sc0"> A.</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> G</span><span class="fc4 sc0">u</span><span class="fc4 sc0">tiérrez-</span><span class="fc4 sc0">N</span><span class="fc4 sc0">a</span><span class="fc4 sc0">va,</span><span class="blank _1"></span><span class="fc4 sc0"> E. </span><span class="fc4 sc0">Barr</span><span class="fc4 sc0">anc</span><span class="fc4 sc0">o-</span><span class="fc4 sc0">Flor</span><span class="fc4 sc0">i</span><span class="blank _1"></span><span class="fc4 sc0">do </span><span class="fc4 sc0">y </span><span class="fc4 sc0">A. Azaol</span><span class="fc4 sc0">a</span><span class="fc4 sc0">-</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 h8 y17 ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1a ws7"><span class="fc4 sc0">Es</span><span class="fc4 sc0">pi</span><span class="fc4 sc0">no</span><span class="fc4 sc0">sa </span></div><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y18 ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1b ws2f"><span class="fc4 sc0">26</span><span class="fc4 sc0">5</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span><span class="blank _3"></span><span class="fc4 sc0">S</span><span class="fc4 sc0">t</span><span class="fc4 sc0">ati</span><span class="fc4 sc0">s</span><span class="fc4 sc0">tica</span><span class="fc4 sc0">l</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">a</span><span class="fc4 sc0">p</span><span class="fc4 sc0">p</span><span class="fc4 sc0">r</span><span class="fc4 sc0">oach t</span><span class="fc4 sc0">o</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">op</span><span class="fc4 sc0">t</span><span class="fc4 sc0">i</span><span class="fc4 sc0">m</span><span class="fc4 sc0">i</span><span class="fc4 sc0">za</span><span class="fc4 sc0">tio</span><span class="blank _1"></span><span class="fc4 sc0">n o</span><span class="fc4 sc0">f</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">e</span><span class="fc4 sc0">t</span><span class="fc4 sc0">ha</span><span class="fc4 sc0">n</span><span class="fc4 sc0">o</span><span class="fc4 sc0">l</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> fe</span><span class="fc4 sc0">rm</span><span class="fc4 sc0">ent</span><span class="blank _1"></span><span class="fc4 sc0">a</span><span class="fc4 sc0">tio</span><span class="fc4 sc0">n b</span><span class="fc4 sc0">y</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span><span class="ff2 ls19 ws30"><span class="fc4 sc0">Sac</span><span class="fc4 sc0">c</span><span class="fc4 sc0">har</span><span class="fc4 sc0">om</span><span class="fc4 sc0">yc</span><span class="blank _1"></span><span class="fc4 sc0">es c</span><span class="fc4 sc0">e</span><span class="fc4 sc0">r</span><span class="fc4 sc0">ev</span><span class="fc4 sc0">i</span><span class="fc4 sc0">s</span><span class="fc4 sc0">iae</span><span class="blank _1"></span><span class="ff5 ls1c ws31"><span class="fc4 sc0"> in</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> th</span><span class="fc4 sc0">e</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 h7 y19 ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 lsb ws32"><span class="fc4 sc0">presenc</span><span class="fc4 sc0">e</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> of </span><span class="fc4 sc0">V</span><span class="fc4 sc0">a</span><span class="fc4 sc0">lfor®</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> ze</span><span class="fc4 sc0">ol</span><span class="fc4 sc0">i</span><span class="fc4 sc0">t</span><span class="fc4 sc0">e N</span><span class="fc4 sc0">a</span><span class="fc4 sc0">A</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y1a ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 lsc ws33"><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span><span class="blank _5"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">(O</span><span class="fc4 sc0">pti</span><span class="fc4 sc0">m</span><span class="fc4 sc0">iza</span><span class="fc4 sc0">c</span><span class="fc4 sc0">i</span><span class="fc4 sc0">ón</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> esta</span><span class="blank _1"></span><span class="fc4 sc0">díst</span><span class="fc4 sc0">ica</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> de l</span><span class="fc4 sc0">a</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">fe</span><span class="fc4 sc0">rm</span><span class="fc4 sc0">entac</span><span class="fc4 sc0">i</span><span class="fc4 sc0">ó</span><span class="fc4 sc0">n</span><span class="blank _1"></span><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">eta</span><span class="fc4 sc0">nól</span><span class="fc4 sc0">ica</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> de </span><span class="ff2 ls1d ws34"><span class="fc4 sc0">S</span><span class="fc4 sc0">a</span><span class="fc4 sc0">cc</span><span class="fc4 sc0">h</span><span class="fc4 sc0">a</span><span class="fc4 sc0">r</span><span class="fc4 sc0">o</span><span class="fc4 sc0">my</span><span class="fc4 sc0">ces c</span><span class="fc4 sc0">e</span><span class="fc4 sc0">rev</span><span class="blank _1"></span><span class="fc4 sc0">i</span><span class="fc4 sc0">s</span><span class="fc4 sc0">i</span><span class="fc4 sc0">ae</span><span class="ff5 ls1e ws35"><span class="fc4 sc0"> en p</span><span class="fc4 sc0">r</span><span class="fc4 sc0">e</span><span class="fc4 sc0">s</span><span class="fc4 sc0">e</span><span class="fc4 sc0">n</span><span class="fc4 sc0">ci</span><span class="blank _0"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">a </span><span class="fc4 sc0">d</span><span class="fc4 sc0">e</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 h7 y1b ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 lsd ws36"><span class="fc4 sc0">zeol</span><span class="fc4 sc0">i</span><span class="fc4 sc0">t</span><span class="fc4 sc0">a Va</span><span class="fc4 sc0">lfor®</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> ze</span><span class="fc4 sc0">ol</span><span class="fc4 sc0">i</span><span class="fc4 sc0">t</span><span class="fc4 sc0">e </span><span class="fc4 sc0">NaA)</span><span class="blank _1"></span><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x7 h8 y1c ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 lsd ws36"><span class="fc4 sc0">G</span><span class="fc4 sc0">.</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">Inei-Sh</span><span class="fc4 sc0">i</span><span class="fc4 sc0">z</span><span class="fc4 sc0">u</span><span class="fc4 sc0">k</span><span class="fc4 sc0">a</span><span class="fc4 sc0">wa, H</span><span class="fc4 sc0">.</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> A. Ve</span><span class="blank _1"></span><span class="fc4 sc0">la</span><span class="fc4 sc0">sc</span><span class="fc4 sc0">o-Bedr</span><span class="fc4 sc0">án, </span><span class="fc4 sc0">G</span><span class="fc4 sc0">.</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">F. </span><span class="fc4 sc0">G</span><span class="fc4 sc0">u</span><span class="fc4 sc0">ti</span><span class="fc4 sc0">é</span><span class="fc4 sc0">r</span><span class="fc4 sc0">re</span><span class="blank _1"></span><span class="fc4 sc0">z-L</span><span class="fc4 sc0">ópe</span><span class="fc4 sc0">z an</span><span class="fc4 sc0">d H</span><span class="fc4 sc0">.</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> H</span><span class="fc4 sc0">e</span><span class="fc4 sc0">rná</span><span class="fc4 sc0">n</span><span class="fc4 sc0">de</span><span class="blank _1"></span><span class="fc4 sc0">z-S</span><span class="fc4 sc0">á</span><span class="fc4 sc0">n</span><span class="fc4 sc0">che</span><span class="fc4 sc0">z</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x5 h8 y1d ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7"><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x5 h8 y1e ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws27"><span class="fc4 sc0">Inge</span><span class="fc4 sc0">nier</span><span class="fc4 sc0">í</span><span class="fc4 sc0">a</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">de</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">p</span><span class="fc4 sc0">r</span><span class="fc4 sc0">oce</span><span class="fc4 sc0">s</span><span class="fc4 sc0">os /</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> Proc</span><span class="fc4 sc0">ess eng</span><span class="fc4 sc0">i</span><span class="fc4 sc0">nee</span><span class="fc4 sc0">r</span><span class="blank _1"></span><span class="fc4 sc0">i</span><span class="fc4 sc0">n</span><span class="fc4 sc0">g</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y1f ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls5 ws37"><span class="fc4 sc0">27</span><span class="fc4 sc0">1</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span><span class="blank _6"></span><span class="fc4 sc0">Loca</span><span class="fc4 sc0">liza</span><span class="fc4 sc0">c</span><span class="fc4 sc0">i</span><span class="fc4 sc0">ón d</span><span class="fc4 sc0">e</span><span class="blank _1"></span><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">una</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> pla</span><span class="fc4 sc0">n</span><span class="fc4 sc0">ta</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">i</span><span class="fc4 sc0">n</span><span class="fc4 sc0">d</span><span class="fc4 sc0">u</span><span class="fc4 sc0">s</span><span class="fc4 sc0">t</span><span class="fc4 sc0">ria</span><span class="fc4 sc0">l</span><span class="fc4 sc0">:</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">Re</span><span class="blank _1"></span><span class="fc4 sc0">vi</span><span class="fc4 sc0">sión cr</span><span class="fc4 sc0">ít</span><span class="fc4 sc0">ica</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">y </span><span class="fc4 sc0">a</span><span class="fc4 sc0">d</span><span class="fc4 sc0">ecua</span><span class="blank _1"></span><span class="fc4 sc0">c</span><span class="fc4 sc0">i</span><span class="fc4 sc0">ó</span><span class="fc4 sc0">n</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">de</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">los cri</span><span class="fc4 sc0">t</span><span class="fc4 sc0">er</span><span class="fc4 sc0">ios e</span><span class="fc4 sc0">m</span><span class="blank _1"></span><span class="fc4 sc0">plead</span><span class="fc4 sc0">os e</span><span class="fc4 sc0">n</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x7 h7 y20 ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1f ws38"><span class="fc4 sc0">e</span><span class="fc4 sc0">s</span><span class="fc4 sc0">t</span><span class="fc4 sc0">a</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> d</span><span class="fc4 sc0">eci</span><span class="fc4 sc0">si</span><span class="fc4 sc0">ón </span></div><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y21 ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 lse ws39"><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span><span class="blank _2"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">(P</span><span class="fc4 sc0">lant si</span><span class="fc4 sc0">te sele</span><span class="fc4 sc0">cti</span><span class="fc4 sc0">o</span><span class="fc4 sc0">n: Cri</span><span class="fc4 sc0">t</span><span class="fc4 sc0">ic</span><span class="fc4 sc0">a</span><span class="fc4 sc0">l</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">re</span><span class="fc4 sc0">vi</span><span class="fc4 sc0">e</span><span class="fc4 sc0">w</span><span class="blank _1"></span><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">a</span><span class="fc4 sc0">n</span><span class="fc4 sc0">d </span><span class="fc4 sc0">ade</span><span class="fc4 sc0">qua</span><span class="fc4 sc0">t</span><span class="fc4 sc0">i</span><span class="fc4 sc0">o</span><span class="fc4 sc0">n</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> criter</span><span class="fc4 sc0">i</span><span class="fc4 sc0">a</span><span class="blank _1"></span><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">used in this de</span><span class="fc4 sc0">cis</span><span class="fc4 sc0">i</span><span class="fc4 sc0">on)</span><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x7 h7 y22 ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls20 ws3a"><span class="fc4 sc0">J.R. M</span><span class="fc4 sc0">e</span><span class="fc4 sc0">dina, R.</span><span class="fc4 sc0">L. Romero y </span><span class="fc4 sc0">G.A. Pérez</span><span class="ff5 ls13 ws7"><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x5 h8 y23 ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7"><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x5 h8 y24 ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7"><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x5 h8 y25 ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7"><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x5 h8 y26 ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7"><span class="fc4 sc0"> </span></div></div><div class="c x8 y27 w3 h9"><div class="t m0 x9 ha y28 ff6 fs5 fc2 sc0 ls13 ws3">Revista<span class="blank"> </span>Mexic<span class="blank _1"></span>ana</div><div class="t m0 x2 ha y29 ff6 fs5 fc2 sc0 ls13 ws3">de<span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc3">I</span>ngenier<span class="blank _1"></span>´<span class="blank _3"></span>\u0131a<span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc3">Q</span><span class="ws4">u<span class="blank _6"></span>´<span class="blank _3"></span>\u0131mic<span class="blank _1"></span>a</span></div><div class="t m0 xa hb y2a ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls13"><span class="fc4 sc0">1</span></div></div><div class="c xb y2b w4 hc"><div class="t m0 xc hd y2c ff8 fs7 fc2 sc0 ls13 ws5">AcademiaMexicana<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>Investigaci´ony<span class="blank"> </span>Docenciaen<span class="blank"> </span>Ingenier´\u0131aQu´<span class="blank _1"></span>\u0131mica,A.C.</div><div class="t m0 xd hd y2d ff9 fs7 fc2 sc0 ls13 ws6">Volumen14,<span class="blank"> </span>N´umero1,<span class="blank"> </span>Abril<span class="blank"> </span>2015</div><div class="t m0 xc hd y2e ff8 fs7 fc2 sc0 ls13 ws5">ISSN<span class="blank"> </span>1665-2738</div><div class="t m0 xe he y2f ffa fs8 fc0 sc0 ls13"><span class="fc4 sc0">1</span></div></div><div class="t m0 xf hf y30 ffb fs9 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">V<span class="blank _7"></span>ol.<span class="blank"> </span>14,<span class="blank"> </span>No.<span class="blank"> </span>1<span class="blank"> </span>(2015)<span class="blank"> </span>167-204</div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y31 ffc fsa fc0 sc0 ls13 ws8">AN<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v1">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h10 y31 ffc fsa fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">ALISIS<span class="blank"> </span>DEL<span class="blank"> </span>DESEMPE<span class="blank _8"> </span><span class="v1">\u02dc</span></div><div class="t m0 x12 h11 y31 ffc fsa fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">NO<span class="blank"> </span>DE<span class="blank"> </span>CONTR<span class="blank _1"></span>OLADORES<span class="blank"> </span>LINEALES<span class="blank"> </span>SINT<span class="blank _1"></span>ONIZADOS</div><div class="t m0 x13 h11 y32 ffc fsa fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">EN<span class="blank"> </span>DIFERENTES<span class="blank"> </span>EST<span class="blank _9"></span>ADOS<span class="blank"> </span>EST<span class="blank _9"></span>A<span class="blank _6"></span>CIONARIOS<span class="blank"> </span>DEL<span class="blank"> </span>BIORREA<span class="blank _9"></span>CTOR<span class="blank"> </span>DE</div><div class="t m0 x14 h12 y33 ffc fsa fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">CHOLETTE<span class="blank"> </span>MEDIANTE<span class="blank"> </span>T<span class="blank _a"> </span><span class="v1">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x15 h12 y33 ffc fsa fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">ECNICAS<span class="blank"> </span>DE<span class="blank"> </span>DECISI<span class="blank _b"> </span><span class="v1">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x16 h11 y33 ffc fsa fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">ON<span class="blank"> </span>MUL<span class="blank _9"></span>TI-CRITERIO</div><div class="t m0 x14 h11 y34 ffc fsa fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">COMP<span class="blank _9"></span>ARA<span class="blank _9"></span>TIVE<span class="blank"> </span>PERFORMANCE<span class="blank"> </span>ANAL<span class="blank _3"></span>YSIS<span class="blank"> </span>OF<span class="blank"> </span>DIFFERENT<span class="blank"> </span>LINEAR</div><div class="t m0 x17 h11 y35 ffc fsa fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">CONTR<span class="blank _1"></span>OLLERS<span class="blank"> </span>TUNED<span class="blank"> </span>FOR<span class="blank"> </span>SEVERAL<span class="blank"> </span>CHOLETTE\u2019S<span class="blank"> </span>BIOREA<span class="blank _6"></span>CT<span class="blank _1"></span>OR<span class="blank"> </span>STEAD<span class="blank _6"></span>Y</div><div class="t m0 x14 h11 y36 ffc fsa fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">ST<span class="blank _9"></span>A<span class="blank _9"></span>TES<span class="blank"> </span>USING<span class="blank"> </span>MUL<span class="blank _3"></span>TI-CRITERIA<span class="blank"> </span>DECISION<span class="blank"> </span>MAKING<span class="blank"> </span>TECHNIQUES</div><div class="t m0 x10 h13 y37 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">A.<span class="blank"> </span>Rodr</div><div class="t m0 x14 h13 y38 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x14 h14 y37 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws9">\u0131guez-Mariano<span class="fsc lsf v2">2</span><span class="ws7">,<span class="blank"> </span>G.<span class="blank"> </span>Reynoso-Meza<span class="fsc lsf v2">3</span>,<span class="blank"> </span>D.E.<span class="blank"> </span>P<span class="blank _0"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x18 h15 y37 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsa">aramo-Calder<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x19 h14 y37 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws9">on<span class="fsc lsf v2">4</span><span class="ws7">,<span class="blank"> </span>E.<span class="blank"> </span>Ch<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1a h14 y37 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws9">avez-Conde<span class="fsc lsf v2">2</span><span class="ws7">,<span class="blank"> </span>M.A.<span class="blank"> </span>Garc</span></div><div class="t m0 x1b h13 y38 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x1b h14 y37 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws9">\u0131a-Alvarado<span class="fsc v2">5</span></div><div class="t m0 x15 h16 y39 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">y<span class="blank"> </span>J.<span class="blank"> </span>Carrillo-Ahumada<span class="blank"> </span><span class="fsc lsf v2">1<span class="ffd ls13">\u2217</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1c h17 y3a ffb fsc fc0 sc0 lsf">1<span class="ffe fsb ls13 ws7 v3">Universidad<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>P<span class="blank _9"></span>apaloapan,<span class="blank"> </span>Instituto<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>Qu´<span class="blank _d"></span>\u0131mica<span class="blank"> </span>Aplicada.<span class="blank _e"> </span>Cir<span class="blank _1"></span>cuito<span class="blank"> </span>Central<span class="blank"> </span>200,<span class="blank"> </span>colonia<span class="blank"> </span>P<span class="blank _9"></span>ar<span class="blank _1"></span>que<span class="blank"> </span>Industrial,</span></div><div class="t m0 x1d h18 y3b ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">T<span class="blank _6"></span>uxtepec,<span class="blank"> </span>Oax.,<span class="blank"> </span>M<span class="blank _c"> </span>´<span class="blank _f"></span>exico<span class="blank"> </span>68301.</div><div class="t m0 x1e h17 y3c ffb fsc fc0 sc0 lsf">2<span class="ffe fsb ls13 ws7 v3">Universidad<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>P<span class="blank _9"></span>apaloapan,<span class="blank"> </span>Instituto<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>Agr<span class="blank _1"></span>oingenier<span class="blank _1"></span>´<span class="blank _d"></span>\u0131a.<span class="blank _e"> </span>A<span class="blank _6"></span>v<span class="blank _6"></span>.<span class="blank _e"> </span>F<span class="blank _6"></span>err<span class="blank _6"></span>ocarril<span class="blank"> </span>s<span class="fff wsb">/</span>n,<span class="blank"> </span>Cd.<span class="blank _e"> </span>Universitaria,<span class="blank"> </span>Loma<span class="blank"> </span>Bonita,</span></div><div class="t m0 x1f h18 y3d ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">Oax.,<span class="blank"> </span>M<span class="blank _c"> </span>´<span class="blank _f"></span>exico<span class="blank"> </span>68400.</div><div class="t m0 x20 h17 y3e ffb fsc fc0 sc0 lsf">3<span class="ffe fsb ls13 ws7 v3">Pr<span class="blank _6"></span>ograma<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>P<span class="blank _9"></span>osgraduados<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>Ingenier<span class="blank _1"></span>´<span class="blank _d"></span>\u0131a<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>Pr<span class="blank _1"></span>oducci<span class="blank _c"> </span>´<span class="blank _f"></span>on<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>Sistemas<span class="blank"> </span>(PPGEPS).<span class="blank"> </span>P<span class="blank _9"></span>onti\ufb01cia<span class="blank"> </span>Universidad</span></div><div class="t m0 x21 h18 y3f ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">Cat<span class="blank _10"> </span>´<span class="blank _11"></span>olica<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>P<span class="blank _6"></span>ar<span class="blank _1"></span>an<span class="blank _10"> </span>´<span class="blank _11"></span>a<span class="blank"> </span>(PUCPR).<span class="blank"> </span>Inmaculada<span class="blank"> </span>Concepci<span class="blank _10"> </span>´<span class="blank _11"></span>on<span class="blank"> </span>1155(80215-901).<span class="blank _e"> </span>Curitiba<span class="blank"> </span>(PR),<span class="blank"> </span>Brasil.</div><div class="t m0 x20 h17 y40 ffb fsc fc0 sc0 lsf">4<span class="ffe fsb ls13 ws7 v3">Universidad<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>P<span class="blank _9"></span>apaloapan,<span class="blank"> </span>Instituto<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>Biotecnolog´<span class="blank _d"></span>\u0131a.<span class="blank _e"> </span>Cir<span class="blank _6"></span>cuito<span class="blank"> </span>Central<span class="blank"> </span>200,<span class="blank"> </span>Colonia<span class="blank"> </span>P<span class="blank _6"></span>ar<span class="blank _6"></span>que<span class="blank"> </span>Industrial,</span></div><div class="t m0 x22 h18 y41 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">T<span class="blank _6"></span>uxtepec,<span class="blank"> </span>Oax.,<span class="blank"> </span>M<span class="blank _c"> </span>´<span class="blank _f"></span>exico<span class="blank"> </span>C.P<span class="blank _3"></span>.<span class="blank"> </span>68301.</div><div class="t m0 x23 h19 y42 ffb fsc fc0 sc0 lsf">5<span class="ffe fsb ls13 ws7 v3">Departamento<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>Ingenier<span class="blank _1"></span>´<span class="blank _d"></span>\u0131a<span class="blank"> </span>Qu<span class="blank _1"></span>´<span class="blank _d"></span>\u0131mica<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>Bioqu´<span class="blank _d"></span>\u0131mica.<span class="blank _e"> </span>Instituto<span class="blank"> </span>T<span class="blank _9"></span>ecnol<span class="blank _10"> </span>´<span class="blank _11"></span>ogico<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>V<span class="blank _9"></span>eracruz.<span class="blank _e"> </span>A<span class="blank _6"></span>v<span class="blank _6"></span>.<span class="blank _e"> </span>Miguel<span class="blank _12"> </span><span class="v4">´</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x24 h18 y43 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">Angel<span class="blank"> </span>de</div><div class="t m0 x25 h18 y44 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">Quevedo<span class="blank"> </span>2779,<span class="blank"> </span>V<span class="blank _3"></span>eracruz,<span class="blank"> </span>V<span class="blank _9"></span>er<span class="blank _3"></span>.,<span class="blank"> </span>M<span class="blank _10"> </span>´<span class="blank _11"></span>exico<span class="blank"> </span>91860</div><div class="t m0 x26 h13 y45 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">Recibido<span class="blank"> </span>30<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>Abril<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>2014,<span class="blank"> </span>Aceptado<span class="blank"> </span>10<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>Marzo<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>2015</div><div class="t m0 x17 h1a y46 ffc fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">Resumen</div><div class="t m0 x17 h1b y47 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsc">En<span class="blank"> </span>este<span class="blank"> </span>trabajo<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>presenta<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>an<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x27 h1b y47 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsc">alisis<span class="blank"> </span>comparativ<span class="blank _6"></span>o<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>desempe<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">\u02dc</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h13 y47 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsc">no<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>diferentes<span class="blank"> </span>controladores<span class="blank"> </span>lineales</div><div class="t m0 x17 h13 y48 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsd">desarrollados<span class="blank"> </span>para<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>biorreactor<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>Cholette<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>sus<span class="blank"> </span>diferentes<span class="blank"> </span>modelos<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>estados<span class="blank"> </span>estacionarios.<span class="blank _13"> </span>Para</div><div class="t m0 x17 h15 y49 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wse">tal<span class="blank"> </span>\ufb01nalidad,<span class="blank _14"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>emplearon<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>reformularon<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank _15"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x29 h15 y49 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wse">\u0131ndices<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>desempe<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">\u02dc</span></div><div class="t m0 x2a h13 y49 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wse">no<span class="blank"> </span>IAE,<span class="blank"> </span>ISE,<span class="blank"> </span>IT<span class="blank _9"></span>AE,<span class="blank"> </span>ISU<span class="blank"> </span>e<span class="blank"> </span>IADU</div><div class="t m0 x17 h15 y4a ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsf">para<span class="blank"> </span>ev<span class="blank _6"></span>aluarlos<span class="blank"> </span>mediante<span class="blank"> </span>t<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x2b h15 y4a ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsf">ecnicas<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>decisi<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x1f h13 y4a ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsf">on<span class="blank"> </span>multi-criterio<span class="blank"> </span>utilizando<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>metodolog</div><div class="t m0 x2c h13 y4b ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x2c h13 y4a ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsf">\u0131a<span class="blank"> </span>PR<span class="blank _6"></span>OMETHEE.<span class="blank"> </span>Los</div><div class="t m0 x17 h15 y4c ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws10">resultados<span class="blank"> </span>demuestran<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>factibilidad<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>criterio<span class="blank"> </span>formulado<span class="blank"> </span>basado<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>concepto<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>distancia<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>desempe<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">\u02dc</span></div><div class="t m0 x2d h13 y4c ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">no;</div><div class="t m0 x17 h1b y4d ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws11">proporcionando<span class="blank _8"> </span>un<span class="blank _a"> </span>m<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x2e h1b y4d ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws12">etodo<span class="blank _8"> </span>sistem<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x2f h1b y4d ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws13">atico<span class="blank"> </span>para<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>e<span class="blank _1"></span>valuaci<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x30 h1b y4d ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws14">on<span class="blank _8"> </span>del<span class="blank _a"> </span>desempe<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">\u02dc</span></div><div class="t m0 x31 h13 y4d ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws13">no<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>controladores<span class="blank"> </span>lineales<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>sistemas</div><div class="t m0 x17 h13 y4e ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">estables<span class="blank"> </span>e<span class="blank"> </span>inestables<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>con<span class="blank"> </span>multiplicidad<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>estados<span class="blank"> </span>estacionarios.</div><div class="t m0 x17 h13 y4f ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws15">P<span class="blank _6"></span>alabr<span class="blank _1"></span>as<span class="blank"> </span>clave<span class="ffb">:<span class="blank _16"> </span>Biorreactor<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>Cholette,<span class="blank _15"> </span>multiplicidad<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>estados,<span class="blank _17"> </span>control<span class="blank"> </span>lineal,<span class="blank _15"> </span>estados<span class="blank"> </span>estacionarios,</span></div><div class="t m0 x17 h13 y50 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws9">PR<span class="blank _6"></span>OMETHEE.</div><div class="t m0 x17 h1a y51 ffc fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">Abstract</div><div class="t m0 x17 h13 y52 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws16">In<span class="blank"> </span>this<span class="blank"> </span>work<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>comparati<span class="blank _1"></span>ve<span class="blank"> </span>performance<span class="blank"> </span>analysis<span class="blank"> </span>of<span class="blank"> </span>di<span class="ff10 ws17">\ufb00</span>erent<span class="blank"> </span>linear<span class="blank"> </span>controllers<span class="blank"> </span>tuned<span class="blank"> </span>for<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank _6"></span>veral<span class="blank"> </span>Cholette´s</div><div class="t m0 x17 h13 y53 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws18">bioreactor<span class="blank"> </span>models<span class="blank"> </span>at<span class="blank"> </span>di<span class="ff10 ws17">\ufb00</span>erent<span class="blank"> </span>steady<span class="blank"> </span>states<span class="blank"> </span>was<span class="blank"> </span>realized.<span class="blank _16"> </span>T<span class="blank _9"></span>o<span class="blank"> </span>this<span class="blank"> </span>end<span class="blank"> </span>the<span class="blank"> </span>performance<span class="blank"> </span>indexes<span class="blank"> </span>IAE,<span class="blank"> </span>ISE,</div><div class="t m0 x17 h13 y54 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws19">IT<span class="blank _9"></span>AE,<span class="blank"> </span>ISU<span class="blank"> </span>and<span class="blank"> </span>IADU<span class="blank"> </span>were<span class="blank"> </span>tailored<span class="blank"> </span>for<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>multi-criteria<span class="blank"> </span>decision<span class="blank"> </span>techniques<span class="blank"> </span>(MCDM)<span class="blank"> </span>reformulation<span class="blank"> </span>using</div><div class="t m0 x17 h13 y55 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1a">PR<span class="blank _6"></span>OMETHEE<span class="blank"> </span>analysis.<span class="blank _18"> </span>The<span class="blank"> </span>results<span class="blank"> </span>show<span class="blank"> </span>the<span class="blank"> </span>feasibility<span class="blank"> </span>of<span class="blank"> </span>formulated<span class="blank"> </span>criteria<span class="blank"> </span>based<span class="blank"> </span>on<span class="blank"> </span>performance<span class="blank"> </span>distance</div><div class="t m0 x17 h13 y56 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1b">approach;<span class="blank"> </span>providing<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>method<span class="blank"> </span>for<span class="blank"> </span>e<span class="blank _1"></span>v<span class="blank _1"></span>aluating<span class="blank"> </span>the<span class="blank"> </span>performance<span class="blank"> </span>of<span class="blank"> </span>linear<span class="blank"> </span>controllers<span class="blank"> </span>used<span class="blank"> </span>on<span class="blank"> </span>stable<span class="blank"> </span>and<span class="blank"> </span>unstable</div><div class="t m0 x17 h13 y57 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">systems<span class="blank"> </span>with<span class="blank"> </span>multiple<span class="blank"> </span>steady<span class="blank"> </span>states.</div><div class="t m0 x17 h13 y58 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws9">K<span class="blank _1"></span>e<span class="blank _1"></span>ywor<span class="blank _6"></span>ds<span class="ffb ws7">:<span class="blank _e"> </span>Cholette\u2019<span class="blank _1"></span>s<span class="blank"> </span>bioreactor<span class="blank _6"></span>,<span class="blank"> </span>multiplicity<span class="blank"> </span>of<span class="blank"> </span>states,<span class="blank"> </span>linear<span class="blank"> </span>control,<span class="blank"> </span>steady<span class="blank"> </span>states,<span class="blank"> </span>PROMETHEE.</span></div><div class="t m0 x32 h1c y59 ffd fsd fc0 sc0 ls10">\u2217<span class="ffe fse ls13 ws7 v5">J.<span class="blank"> </span>Carrillo-Ahumada.<span class="blank _8"> </span>E-mail<span class="ffb ls11">:<span class="ff11 ls13 ws1c">jcarrillo@unpa.edu.mx;<span class="blank"> </span>jesuscarrillo18@yahoo.com</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1d y5a ffe fse fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">T<span class="blank _6"></span>el.<span class="blank _8"> </span>01<span class="blank"> </span>(287)<span class="blank"> </span>87<span class="blank"> </span>5<span class="blank"> </span>92<span class="blank"> </span>40<span class="blank"> </span>Ext.<span class="blank _8"> </span>230</div><div class="t m0 x33 h15 y5b ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">Publicado<span class="blank"> </span>por<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>Academia<span class="blank"> </span>Mexicana<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>In<span class="blank _6"></span>vestigaci<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x34 h13 y5b ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">on<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>Docencia<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>Ingenier</div><div class="t m0 x2c h13 y5c ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x2c h13 y5b ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">\u0131a<span class="blank"> </span>Qu</div><div class="t m0 x35 h13 y5c ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x35 h13 y5b ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">\u0131mica<span class="blank"> </span>A.C.<span class="blank _19"> </span>167</div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf2" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="2"><div class="pc pc2 w0 h0"><img class="bi x36 y5d w5 h1e" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/0a6778cd-bdd1-45ec-a638-8272f7b3631c/bg2.png"><div class="t m0 x37 h13 y5e ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">A.<span class="blank"> </span>Rodr<span class="blank _1"></span>´<span class="blank _d"></span>\u0131guez-Mariano<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>col.<span class="ff10 ls21">/</span><span class="ffb">Revista<span class="blank"> </span>Me<span class="blank _1"></span>xicana<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc3">I</span>ngenier</span></div><div class="t m0 x38 h13 y5f ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x38 h13 y5e ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">\u0131a<span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc3">Q</span>u</div><div class="t m0 x39 h13 y5f ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x39 h13 y5e ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">\u0131mica<span class="blank"> </span>V<span class="blank _3"></span>ol.<span class="blank"> </span>14,<span class="blank"> </span>No.<span class="blank"> </span>1<span class="blank"> </span>(2015)<span class="blank"> </span>167-204</div><div class="t m0 x0 h1f y60 ffc fs9 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws3b">1<span class="blank _1a"> </span>Intr<span class="blank _1"></span>oducci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x3a h20 y60 ffc fs9 fc0 sc0 ls13">on</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y61 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws3c">La<span class="blank _b"> </span>din<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x3b h13 y61 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws3d">amica<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>cualquier<span class="blank"> </span>proceso<span class="blank"> </span>lineal<span class="blank"> </span>o<span class="blank"> </span>linealizado</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y62 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws3e">controlado<span class="blank"> </span>con<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>algor</div><div class="t m0 x3c h13 y63 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x3c h13 y62 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws3e">\u0131tmo<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>control<span class="blank"> </span>lineal<span class="blank"> </span>puede</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y64 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws3f">ser<span class="blank"> </span>representado<span class="blank"> </span>por<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>espacio<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>estado<span class="blank"> </span>generalizado,</div><div class="t m0 x3 h18 y65 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws40">d<span class="blank"> </span>x</div><div class="t m0 x3 h21 y66 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws41">d<span class="blank"> </span>t<span class="blank _15"> </span><span class="ff10 ls22 v6">=</span><span class="ws42 v6">A<span class="blank"> </span>x<span class="blank _a"> </span><span class="ff10 ls23">+</span>B</span></div><div class="t m0 x3d h22 y67 ffb fsc fc0 sc0 lsf">1<span class="ffe fsb ls24 v7">w<span class="ff10 ls25">+<span class="ffe ls13">B</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xf h23 y67 ffb fsc fc0 sc0 lsf">2<span class="ffe fsb ls26 v7">u<span class="ffb ls13">(1)</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x3 h13 y68 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls27">y<span class="ff10 ls28">=</span><span class="ls13 ws43">C<span class="blank"> </span>x<span class="blank _a"> </span><span class="ff10 ls29">+</span><span class="ls2a">D<span class="ffb fsc lsf v8">1</span><span class="ls24">w<span class="ff10 ls29">+</span></span>D<span class="ffb fsc lsf v8">2</span><span class="ls2b">u</span></span><span class="ffb">(2)</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x3e h18 y69 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls2c">d<span class="ff12 ls13">\u03be</span></div><div class="t m0 x3e h24 y6a ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws41">d<span class="blank"> </span>t<span class="blank _15"> </span><span class="ff10 ls2d v6">=</span><span class="ff12 ws44 v6">\u03b1\u03be<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff10 ls2e">+</span><span class="ws45">\u03b2<span class="ffb fsc lsf v8">1</span><span class="ffe ls2f">r<span class="ff10 ls2e">+</span></span>\u03b2<span class="ffb fsc lsf v8">2</span><span class="ffe ls30">y</span><span class="ffb">(3)</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x3f h13 y6b ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls31">u<span class="ff10 ls2d">=<span class="ff12 ls13 ws46">\u03b3\u03be<span class="blank _b"> </span></span><span class="ls2e">+<span class="ff12 ls32">\u03b4<span class="ffb fsc lsf v8">1</span></span></span></span><span class="ls33">r<span class="ff10 ls34">+<span class="ff12 ls13 ws45">\u03b4<span class="ffb fsc lsf v8">2</span></span></span><span class="ls35">y<span class="ffb ls13">(4)</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h25 y6c ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws47">donde<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe ls36">x</span><span class="ffd ws48">\u2208<span class="blank"> </span><<span class="ffe fsc ls37 v2">n</span></span><span class="ws49">es<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>vector<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>estado<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>proceso,</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h26 y6d ff12 fsb fc0 sc0 ls38">\u03be<span class="ffd ls13 ws4a">\u2208<span class="blank"> </span><<span class="ffe fsc ls39 v2">k</span><span class="ffb ws3d">es<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>vector<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>estado<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>control,<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe ls3a">w</span></span>\u2208<span class="blank"> </span><<span class="ffe fsc ls3b v2">m</span><span class="ffb">es</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y6e ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws4b">el<span class="blank"> </span>vector<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>entradas<span class="blank"> </span>e<span class="blank _1"></span>x<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x2e h15 y6e ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws4c">ogenas<span class="blank _e"> </span>(se<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">\u02dc</span></div><div class="t m0 x40 h13 y6e ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws4b">nales<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>disturbio),</div><div class="t m0 x0 h25 y6f ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls3c">u<span class="ffd ls13 ws4d">\u2208<span class="blank"> </span><</span><span class="fsc ls3d v2">c</span><span class="ffb ls13 ws4e">es<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>vector<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">\u02dc</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x41 h25 y6f ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws4e">nales<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>control,<span class="blank _12"> </span><span class="ffe ls3e">y</span><span class="ffd ws4d">\u2208<span class="blank"> </span><<span class="ffe fsc v2">r</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y70 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws4f">es<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>vector<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>salidas<span class="blank"> </span>medidas<span class="blank"> </span>(retroalimentaci<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x42 h13 y70 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws4f">on<span class="blank"> </span>al</div><div class="t m0 x0 h25 y71 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws50">controlador)<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe ls3f">r</span><span class="ffd ws51">\u2208<span class="blank"> </span><<span class="ffe fsc ls40 v2">r</span></span>es<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>vector<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>puntos<span class="blank"> </span>de</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y72 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws52">consigna.<span class="blank _12"> </span>Las<span class="blank"> </span>matrices<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>sistema<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>lazo<span class="blank"> </span>abierto<span class="blank _e"> </span><span class="ffe ws9">A</span>,</div><div class="t m0 x0 h18 y73 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">B</div><div class="t m0 x43 h23 y74 ffb fsc fc0 sc0 lsf">1<span class="fsb ls41 v7">,<span class="ffe ls13">B</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x37 h23 y74 ffb fsc fc0 sc0 lsf">2<span class="fsb ls42 v7">,<span class="ffe ls43">C<span class="ffb ls44">,</span><span class="ls2a">D</span></span></span><span class="ls45">1<span class="fsb ls46 v7">y<span class="ffe ls2a">D</span></span><span class="ls47">2<span class="fsb ls13 ws53 v7">y<span class="blank"> </span>las<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>control<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff12 ws45">\u03b1<span class="ffb ls48">,</span>\u03b2</span></span></span></span>1<span class="fsb ls48 v7">,<span class="ff12 ls13 ws45">\u03b2</span></span><span class="ls49">2<span class="fsb ls48 v7">,<span class="ff12 ls4a">\u03b3</span>,<span class="ff12 ls13 ws45">\u03b4</span></span><span class="ls47">1<span class="fsb ls13 v7">y</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y75 ff12 fsb fc0 sc0 ls32">\u03b4<span class="ffb fsc ls4b v8">2</span><span class="ffb ls13 ws7">deben<span class="blank"> </span>ser<span class="blank"> </span>constantes<span class="blank"> </span>o<span class="blank"> </span>dependientes<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>tiempo.</span></div><div class="t m0 x44 h13 y76 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">El<span class="blank"> </span>sistema<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>lazo<span class="blank"> </span>cerrado<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>puede<span class="blank"> </span>escribir<span class="blank _6"></span>,</div><div class="t m0 x36 h18 y77 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws54">d<span class="blank"> </span>X</div><div class="t m0 x3 h24 y78 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws41">d<span class="blank"> </span>t<span class="blank _14"> </span><span class="ff10 ls4c v6">=<span class="ff13 ls4d">A<span class="ffe ls4e">X<span class="ff10 ls2e">+</span></span><span class="ls13 wsb">B<span class="ffb fsc lsf v8">1</span><span class="ffe ls24">w<span class="ff10 ls2e">+</span></span>B<span class="ffb fsc lsf v8">2</span><span class="ffe ls4f">r</span><span class="ffb">(5)</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x45 h13 y79 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls27">y<span class="ff10 ls2d">=<span class="ff13 ls13 wsb">C<span class="ffb fsc ls50 v8">1</span></span></span><span class="ls51">X<span class="ff10 ls2e">+<span class="ff13 ls2a">D<span class="ffb fsc ls13 ws55 v8">11<span class="blank"> </span></span></span></span><span class="ls24">w<span class="ff10 ls2e">+<span class="ff13 ls2a">D<span class="ffb fsc ls13 ws55 v8">12<span class="blank"> </span></span></span></span><span class="ls52">r<span class="ffb ls13">(6)</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x45 h13 y7a ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls31">u<span class="ff10 ls4c">=<span class="ff13 ls53">C<span class="ffb fsc ls50 v8">2</span></span></span><span class="ls51">X<span class="ff10 ls2e">+<span class="ff13 ls2a">D<span class="ffb fsc ls13 ws55 v8">21<span class="blank"> </span></span></span></span><span class="ls24">w<span class="ff10 ls2e">+<span class="ff13 ls2a">D<span class="ffb fsc ls13 ws55 v8">22<span class="blank"> </span></span></span></span><span class="ls54">r<span class="ffb ls13">(7)</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h27 y7b ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws56">donde<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe ls55">X<span class="ffd fsc ls56 v2">0</span><span class="ff10 ls57">=</span></span><span class="ls58">[<span class="ffe ls59">x<span class="ffd fsc ls5a v2">0</span><span class="ff12 ls5b">\u03be<span class="ffd fsc ls5c v2">0</span></span></span></span><span class="ws57">]<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>las<span class="blank"> </span>matrices<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>lazo<span class="blank"> </span>cerrado<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff13 ls2a">A</span>,</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y7c ff13 fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsb">B<span class="ffb fsc lsf v8">1</span><span class="ffb ls5d">,</span>B<span class="ffb fsc ls49 v8">2</span><span class="ffb ls5d">,</span>C<span class="ffb fsc lsf v8">1</span><span class="ffb ls5d">,</span>C<span class="ffb fsc lsf v8">2</span><span class="ffb ls5e">,</span><span class="ls2a">D</span><span class="ffb fsc ws55 v8">11<span class="blank"> </span></span><span class="ffb ls5d">,</span><span class="ls2a">D</span><span class="ffb fsc ws55 v8">12<span class="blank"> </span></span><span class="ffb ls5d">,</span><span class="ls2a">D</span><span class="ffb fsc ws58 v8">21<span class="blank"> </span></span><span class="ffb ls5f">y</span><span class="ls2a">D</span><span class="ffb fsc ws59 v8">22<span class="blank"> </span></span><span class="ffb ws5a">fueron<span class="blank"> </span>de\ufb01nidas</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y7d ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws5b">por<span class="blank"> </span>Garc</div><div class="t m0 x21 h13 y7e ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x21 h15 y7d ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws5c">\u0131a-Alvarado<span class="blank _1b"> </span>y<span class="blank _12"> </span>Ruiz-L<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x46 h13 y7d ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws5b">opez<span class="blank"> </span>(2010).<span class="blank _1c"> </span>Existen</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y7f ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws5d">varios<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x47 h15 y7f ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws5e">\u0131ndices<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>desempe<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">\u02dc</span></div><div class="t m0 x48 h13 y7f ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws5e">no<span class="blank"> </span>calculables<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>partir<span class="blank"> </span>de</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y80 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws5b">las<span class="blank"> </span>ecs.<span class="blank _1c"> </span>(5)-(7),<span class="blank _12"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>pueden<span class="blank"> </span>ser<span class="blank"> </span>ev<span class="blank _1"></span>aluados<span class="blank"> </span>con<span class="blank"> </span>una</div><div class="t m0 x0 h1b y81 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws5f">expresi<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x47 h13 y81 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws60">on<span class="blank"> </span>anal</div><div class="t m0 x45 h13 y82 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x45 h13 y81 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws60">\u0131tica<span class="blank"> </span>siempre<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>cuando<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>algoritmo</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y83 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws61">de<span class="blank"> </span>control<span class="blank"> </span>asegure<span class="blank"> </span>estabilidad<span class="blank"> </span>asint<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x49 h13 y83 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws61">otica<span class="blank"> </span>(Garc</div><div class="t m0 x4a h13 y84 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x4a h13 y83 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">\u0131a-</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y85 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws62">Alvarado<span class="blank _1d"> </span>y<span class="blank _1d"> </span>Ruiz-L<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x4b h15 y85 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws63">opez<span class="blank _1d"> </span>(2010),<span class="blank _1e"> </span>V<span class="blank _9"></span>arg<span class="blank _1"></span>as-Gonz<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x4c h13 y85 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws64">alez<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe">y</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y86 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws65">col.<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffb">(2013)).</span></div><div class="t m0 x44 h13 y87 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws66">Integral<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>cuadrado<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>error<span class="blank"> </span>como<span class="blank"> </span>serv<span class="blank _1"></span>o-control</div><div class="t m0 x0 h28 y88 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls60">w<span class="ff10 ls2d">=<span class="ffb ls13 ws67">0,<span class="blank"> </span></span></span><span class="ls61">r<span class="ff10 ls22">=</span><span class="ls62">K<span class="ffb ls63">(</span><span class="ls64">t<span class="ffb ls13 ws68">),<span class="blank"> </span></span><span class="ls65">e<span class="ff10 ls2d">=</span><span class="ls33">r<span class="ffd ls2e">\u2212</span><span class="ls66">y<span class="ffb ls13">,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x21 h29 y89 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws9">I<span class="fsc ls67 v8">e<span class="ff12 ls68">,<span class="ffe ls13 ws69">servo<span class="blank _18"> </span></span></span></span><span class="ff10 ls4c">=<span class="ff14 ls69 v9">Z</span></span><span class="ffd fsc va">\u221e</span></div><div class="t m0 x4b h17 y8a ffb fsc fc0 sc0 ls13">0</div><div class="t m0 x4d h2a y89 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls66">e<span class="ffd fsc ls6a vb">0</span><span class="ls13 ws41">Qed<span class="blank"> </span>t<span class="blank _e"> </span><span class="ff10 ls22">=</span><span class="ls62">K<span class="ffd fsc ls5c vb">0</span></span><span class="ff13 wsb">B<span class="ffd fsc vb">0</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x12 h2b y8b ffb fsc fc0 sc0 lsf">2<span class="ff13 fsb ls6b vc">P</span><span class="ffe ls6c v7">y</span><span class="ff13 fsb ls13 wsb vc">B</span><span class="ls50 v7">2</span><span class="ffe fsb ls6d vc">K<span class="ffb ls13">(8)</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 h13 y8c ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws6a">Integral<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>cuadrado<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>error<span class="blank"> </span>como<span class="blank"> </span>re<span class="blank _1"></span>gulador</div><div class="t m0 x0 h28 y8d ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls60">w<span class="ff10 ls6e">=</span><span class="ls62">K<span class="ffb ls63">(</span><span class="ls64">t<span class="ffb ls13 ws6b">),<span class="blank"> </span></span><span class="ls61">r<span class="ff10 ls2d">=<span class="ffb ls13 ws67">0,<span class="blank"> </span></span></span><span class="ls65">e<span class="ff10 ls2d">=</span><span class="ls33">r<span class="ffd ls2e">\u2212</span><span class="ls66">y<span class="ffb ls13">,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4e h2c y5a ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws9">I<span class="fsc ls67 v8">e<span class="ff12 ls13 ws6c">,<span class="ffe ws69">reg<span class="blank _18"> </span></span></span></span><span class="ff10 ls2d">=<span class="ff14 ls6f v9">Z</span></span><span class="ffd fsc va">\u221e</span></div><div class="t m0 x4f h17 y8e ffb fsc fc0 sc0 ls13">0</div><div class="t m0 x50 h2a y5a ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls66">e<span class="ffd fsc ls6a vb">0</span><span class="ls13 ws41">Qed<span class="blank"> </span>t<span class="blank _e"> </span><span class="ff10 ls22">=</span><span class="ls62">K<span class="ffd fsc ls5c vb">0</span></span><span class="ff13 wsb">B<span class="ffd fsc vb">0</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2f h2b y8f ffb fsc fc0 sc0 lsf">1<span class="ff13 fsb ls6b vc">P</span><span class="ffe ls6c v7">y</span><span class="ff13 fsb ls13 wsb vc">B</span><span class="ls50 v7">1</span><span class="ffe fsb ls70 vc">K<span class="ffb ls13">(9)</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x51 h13 y90 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws6a">Integral<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>cuadrado<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>error<span class="blank"> </span>como<span class="blank"> </span>re<span class="blank _1"></span>gulador</div><div class="t m0 x52 h28 y91 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">ante<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>pulso<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe ls60">w<span class="ff10 ls2d">=</span></span><span class="ff12 ws45">\u03b4</span><span class="ls63">(<span class="ffe ls64">t</span></span><span class="ws68">),<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe ls61">r<span class="ff10 ls4c">=</span></span><span class="ws67">0,<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe ls27">e<span class="ff10 ls4c">=</span><span class="ls2f">r<span class="ffd ls2e">\u2212</span><span class="ls13 ws9">y</span></span></span>,</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x53 h29 y92 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws9">I<span class="fsc ls67 v8">e<span class="ff12 ls71">,<span class="ffe ls13 ws6d">pul<span class="blank"> </span>so<span class="blank _e"> </span></span></span></span><span class="ff10 ls2d">=<span class="ff14 ls6f v9">Z</span></span><span class="ffd fsc va">\u221e</span></div><div class="t m0 x54 h17 y93 ffb fsc fc0 sc0 ls13">0</div><div class="t m0 x55 h2a y92 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws9">e<span class="ffd fsc ls6a vb">0</span><span class="ws41">Qed<span class="blank"> </span>t<span class="blank _e"> </span><span class="ff10 ls2d">=</span></span><span class="ffc">1<span class="ffd fsc ls5c vb">0</span><span class="ff13 wsb">B<span class="ffd fsc vb">0</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x56 h2d y94 ffb fsc fc0 sc0 lsf">1<span class="ff13 fsb ls13 wsb vc">P</span><span class="ffe ls13 ws6e v7">y<span class="blank"> </span>p<span class="blank"> </span></span><span class="ff13 fsb ls13 wsb vc">B</span><span class="v7">1</span><span class="ffc fsb ls72 vc">1<span class="ffb ls13">(10)</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x57 h16 y95 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">donde<span class="blank"> </span>1<span class="ffd fsc ls73 v2">0</span><span class="ff10 ls2d">=</span><span class="ws6f">[1<span class="blank"> </span>1<span class="blank _1f"> </span><span class="ffd ws70">·<span class="blank"> </span>·<span class="blank"> </span>·<span class="blank _1f"> </span></span>1].</span></div><div class="t m0 x51 h13 y96 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws71">Integral<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>cuadrado<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>control<span class="blank"> </span>como<span class="blank"> </span>serv<span class="blank _1"></span>o<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe ls74">w</span><span class="ff10">=</span></div><div class="t m0 x52 h28 y97 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws67">0,<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe ls61">r<span class="ff10 ls6e">=</span><span class="ls62">K</span></span><span class="ws9">(<span class="ffe ls64">t</span><span class="ws68">),<span class="blank"> </span></span><span class="ffe">u<span class="fsc ls75 v8">d</span><span class="ff10 ls4c">=</span><span class="ls76">u<span class="ffd ls2e">\u2212</span></span>u<span class="ffd fsc ls77 v8">\u221e</span></span>,</span></div><div class="t m0 x58 h2c y98 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws9">I<span class="fsc ls78 v8">u<span class="ff12 ls68">,<span class="ffe ls13 ws69">servo<span class="blank _18"> </span></span></span></span><span class="ff10 ls4c">=<span class="ff14 ls6f v9">Z</span></span><span class="ffd fsc va">\u221e</span></div><div class="t m0 x59 h17 y99 ffb fsc fc0 sc0 ls13">0</div><div class="t m0 x5a h2a y98 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws9">u<span class="ffd fsc vb">0</span></div><div class="t m0 x5b h2e y9a ffe fsc fc0 sc0 ls79">d<span class="fsb ls13 ws9 vc">Ru</span><span class="v7">d</span><span class="fsb ls13 ws41 vc">d<span class="blank"> </span>t<span class="blank _e"> </span><span class="ff10 ls22">=<span class="ffe ls62">K</span></span></span><span class="ffd ls5c v6">0</span><span class="ff13 fsb ls13 wsb vc">B</span><span class="ffd ls13 v6">0</span></div><div class="t m0 x5c h2b y9b ffb fsc fc0 sc0 ls49">2<span class="ff13 fsb ls13 wsb vc">P</span><span class="ffe lsf v7">u</span><span class="ff13 fsb ls13 wsb vc">B</span><span class="ls50 v7">2</span><span class="ffe fsb ls7a vc">K<span class="ffb ls13">(11)</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x51 h13 y9c ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws72">Integral<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>cuadrado<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>control<span class="blank"> </span>como<span class="blank"> </span>re<span class="blank _1"></span>gulador</div><div class="t m0 x52 h28 y9d ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls7b">w<span class="ff10 ls22">=</span><span class="ls62">K<span class="ffb ls63">(</span><span class="ls64">t<span class="ffb ls13 ws68">),<span class="blank"> </span></span><span class="ls61">r<span class="ff10 ls4c">=<span class="ffb ls13 ws67">0,<span class="blank"> </span></span></span><span class="ls13 ws9">u<span class="fsc ls75 v8">d</span><span class="ff10 ls4c">=</span><span class="ls76">u<span class="ffd ls2e">\u2212</span></span>u<span class="ffd fsc ls77 v8">\u221e</span><span class="ffb">,</span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x53 h2c y9e ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws9">I<span class="fsc ls78 v8">u<span class="ff12 ls7c">,<span class="ffe ls13 ws69">reg<span class="blank _18"> </span></span></span></span><span class="ff10 ls4c">=<span class="ff14 ls6f v9">Z</span></span><span class="ffd fsc va">\u221e</span></div><div class="t m0 x5d h17 y9f ffb fsc fc0 sc0 ls13">0</div><div class="t m0 x5e h2a y9e ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws9">u<span class="ffd fsc vb">0</span></div><div class="t m0 x5f h2e ya0 ffe fsc fc0 sc0 ls79">d<span class="fsb ls13 ws9 vc">Ru</span><span class="v7">d</span><span class="fsb ls13 ws41 vc">d<span class="blank"> </span>t<span class="blank _e"> </span><span class="ff10 ls22">=<span class="ffe ls62">K</span></span></span><span class="ffd ls5c v6">0</span><span class="ff13 fsb ls53 vc">B</span><span class="ffd ls13 v6">0</span></div><div class="t m0 x60 h2b ya1 ffb fsc fc0 sc0 lsf">1<span class="ff13 fsb ls13 wsb vc">P</span><span class="ffe v7">u</span><span class="ff13 fsb ls13 wsb vc">B</span><span class="ls50 v7">1</span><span class="ffe fsb ls7d vc">K<span class="ffb ls13">(12)</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x51 h13 ya2 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws72">Integral<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>cuadrado<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>control<span class="blank"> </span>como<span class="blank"> </span>re<span class="blank _1"></span>gulador</div><div class="t m0 x52 h28 ya3 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">ante<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>pulso<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe ls60">w<span class="ff10 ls2d">=</span></span><span class="ff12 ws45">\u03b4</span><span class="ls63">(<span class="ffe ls64">t</span></span><span class="ws68">),<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe ls61">r<span class="ff10 ls4c">=</span></span><span class="ws67">0,<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe ws9">u<span class="fsc ls75 v8">d</span><span class="ff10 ls4c">=</span><span class="ls76">u<span class="ffd ls2e">\u2212</span></span>u<span class="ffd fsc ls77 v8">\u221e</span></span>,</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x58 h29 ya4 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls63">I<span class="fsc ls78 v8">u<span class="ff12 ls71">,<span class="ffe ls13 ws6d">pul<span class="blank"> </span>so<span class="blank _e"> </span></span></span></span><span class="ff10 ls4c">=<span class="ff14 ls69 v9">Z</span><span class="ffd fsc ls13 va">\u221e</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x59 h17 ya5 ffb fsc fc0 sc0 ls13">0</div><div class="t m0 x5a h2a ya4 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws9">u<span class="ffd fsc vb">0</span></div><div class="t m0 x5b h2e ya6 ffe fsc fc0 sc0 ls79">d<span class="fsb ls13 ws9 vc">Ru</span><span class="v7">d</span><span class="fsb ls13 ws41 vc">d<span class="blank"> </span>t<span class="blank _e"> </span><span class="ff10 ls4c">=<span class="ffc ls7e">1</span></span></span><span class="ffd ls5c v6">0</span><span class="ff13 fsb ls13 wsb vc">B</span><span class="ffd ls13 v6">0</span></div><div class="t m0 x61 h2f ya7 ffb fsc fc0 sc0 lsf">1<span class="ff13 fsb ls13 wsb vc">P</span><span class="ffe ls13 ws73 v7">u<span class="blank"> </span>p<span class="blank"> </span></span><span class="ff13 fsb ls13 wsb vc">B</span><span class="v7">1</span><span class="ffc fsb ls7f vc">1<span class="ffb ls13">(13)</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x57 h16 ya8 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws74">donde<span class="blank"> </span>1<span class="ffd fsc ls80 v2">0</span><span class="ff10 ls81">=</span><span class="ws75">[1<span class="blank"> </span>1<span class="blank _1c"> </span><span class="ffd ws70">·<span class="blank _a"> </span>·<span class="blank"> </span>·<span class="blank _1c"> </span></span><span class="ws76">1].<span class="blank _17"> </span>Donde<span class="blank"> </span>las<span class="blank"> </span>matrices<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff13 ls82">P</span>se</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 ya9 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">calculan<span class="blank"> </span>con<span class="blank"> </span>las<span class="blank"> </span>siguientes<span class="blank"> </span>ecuaciones<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>Riccati,</div><div class="t m0 x62 h2a yaa ff13 fsb fc0 sc0 ls2a">A<span class="ffd fsc ls5c vb">0</span><span class="ls13 wsb">P<span class="ffe fsc ls83 v8">y</span><span class="ff10 ls2e">+</span>P<span class="ffe fsc ls6c v8">y</span><span class="ls84">A<span class="ffd ls2e">\u2212<span class="ffb ls63">(</span></span></span></span>A<span class="ffd fsc ls13 ws77 vb">\u2212<span class="ffb lsf">1</span></span><span class="ffb ls63">)</span><span class="ls13 wsb">C<span class="ffd fsc vb">0</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2c h30 yab ffb fsc fc0 sc0 ls50">1<span class="ffe fsb ls85 vc">Q<span class="ff13 ls13 wsb">C</span></span><span class="lsf v7">1</span><span class="fsb ls63 vc">(<span class="ff13 ls2a">A</span></span><span class="ffd ls13 ws77 v6">\u2212</span><span class="lsf v6">1</span><span class="fsb ls86 vc">)<span class="ff10 ls87">=<span class="ffb ls13 ws78">0<span class="blank"> </span>(14)</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x63 h2a yac ff13 fsb fc0 sc0 ls2a">A<span class="ffd fsc ls5c vb">0</span><span class="ls13 wsb">P<span class="ffe fsc ws79 v8">y<span class="blank"> </span>p<span class="blank _b"> </span></span><span class="ff10 ls2e">+</span>P<span class="ffe fsc ws7a v8">y<span class="blank"> </span>p<span class="blank"> </span></span><span class="ls84">A<span class="ffd ls2e">\u2212</span></span>C<span class="ffd fsc vb">0</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x35 h2b yad ffb fsc fc0 sc0 ls88">1<span class="ffe fsb ls85 vc">Q<span class="ff13 ls13 wsb">C</span></span><span class="ls89 v7">1</span><span class="ff10 fsb ls87 vc">=<span class="ffb ls13 ws78">0<span class="blank"> </span>(15)</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x62 h2a yae ff13 fsb fc0 sc0 ls2a">A<span class="ffd fsc ls5c vb">0</span><span class="ls13 wsb">P<span class="ffe fsc ls8a v8">u</span><span class="ff10 ls2e">+</span>P<span class="ffe fsc lsf v8">u</span><span class="ls84">A<span class="ffd ls2e">\u2212<span class="ffb ls63">(</span></span></span></span>A<span class="ffd fsc ls13 ws77 vb">\u2212<span class="ffb lsf">1</span></span><span class="ffb ls63">)</span><span class="ls13 wsb">C<span class="ffd fsc vb">0</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x64 h30 yaf ffb fsc fc0 sc0 lsf">2<span class="ffe fsb ls13 ws9 vc">R<span class="ff13 wsb">C</span></span><span class="v7">2</span><span class="fsb ls63 vc">(<span class="ff13 ls2a">A</span></span><span class="ffd ls13 ws77 v6">\u2212</span><span class="v6">1</span><span class="fsb ls86 vc">)<span class="ff10 ls87">=<span class="ffb ls13 ws78">0<span class="blank"> </span>(16)</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x63 h2a yb0 ff13 fsb fc0 sc0 ls2a">A<span class="ffd fsc ls5c vb">0</span><span class="ls13 wsb">P<span class="ffe fsc ws79 v8">u<span class="blank"> </span>p<span class="blank _b"> </span></span><span class="ff10 ls2e">+</span>P<span class="ffe fsc ws73 v8">u<span class="blank"> </span>p<span class="blank"> </span></span><span class="ls84">A<span class="ffd ls2e">\u2212</span></span>C<span class="ffd fsc vb">0</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x65 h2b yb1 ffb fsc fc0 sc0 lsf">2<span class="ffe fsb ls13 ws9 vc">R<span class="ff13 ls53">C</span></span><span class="ls89 v7">2</span><span class="ff10 fsb ls87 vc">=<span class="ffb ls13 ws78">0<span class="blank"> </span>(17)</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x66 h15 yb2 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7b">Es<span class="blank"> </span>conocido<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank _20"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x5f h15 yb2 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7b">\u0131ndices<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>desempe<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">\u02dc</span></div><div class="t m0 x67 h13 yb2 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7b">no<span class="blank"> </span>basados</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 yb3 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7c">en<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>integral<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>cuadrado<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>error<span class="blank"> </span>son<span class="blank"> </span>antagonistas</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 yb4 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7d">de<span class="blank _12"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x68 h15 yb4 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7e">\u0131ndices<span class="blank _12"> </span>de<span class="blank _1b"> </span>desempe<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">\u02dc</span></div><div class="t m0 x69 h13 yb4 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7f">no<span class="blank"> </span>basados<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>integral</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 yb5 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws80">del<span class="blank"> </span>cuadrado<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>control.<span class="blank _21"> </span>Un<span class="blank"> </span>control<span class="blank _22"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x6a h13 yb5 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">optimo</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 yb6 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws81">robusto<span class="blank"> </span>es<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>resultado<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>una<span class="blank"> </span>optimizaci<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x6b h13 yb6 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws81">on<span class="blank"> </span>multi-</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 yb7 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws82">objetiv<span class="blank _6"></span>os<span class="blank _23"> </span>(<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe ls63">I<span class="fsc ls13 ws83 v8">e<span class="ff12 ls68">,</span><span class="ws69">servo<span class="blank _c"> </span></span></span><span class="ff12 ls8b">,</span>I<span class="fsc ls13 ws83 v8">e<span class="ff12 ls7c">,</span><span class="ws69">r<span class="blank"> </span>eg<span class="blank _c"> </span></span></span><span class="ff12 ls8b">,</span>I<span class="fsc ls13 ws83 v8">e<span class="ff12 ls8c">,</span><span class="ws6d">pul<span class="blank"> </span>so<span class="blank"> </span></span></span><span class="ff12 ls8b">,</span>I<span class="fsc ls78 v8">u<span class="ff12 ls68">,<span class="ffe ls13 ws69">ser<span class="blank"> </span>vo<span class="blank _c"> </span></span></span></span><span class="ff12 ls8b">,</span><span class="ls13 ws9">I<span class="fsc ls78 v8">u<span class="ff12 ls7c">,<span class="ffe ls13 ws69">r<span class="blank"> </span>eg<span class="blank _c"> </span></span></span></span><span class="ff12 ls8b">,</span></span>I<span class="fsc ls78 v8">u<span class="ff12 ls71">,<span class="ffe ls13 ws6d">pul<span class="blank"> </span>so<span class="blank"> </span></span></span></span></span>)</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 yb8 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws84">que<span class="blank"> </span>balancea<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank _e"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x6c h13 yb8 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws84">\u0131ndices<span class="blank"> </span>antagonistas.<span class="blank _14"> </span>Al<span class="blank"> </span>minimizar</div><div class="t m0 x52 h1b yb9 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws85">los<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe ws9">I<span class="fsc ls8d v8">e</span></span><span class="ws86">se<span class="blank"> </span>minimiza<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>error<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>control<span class="blank"> </span>(desempe<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">\u02dc</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x6d h13 yb9 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">no),</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 yba ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws87">pero<span class="blank"> </span>al<span class="blank"> </span>minimizar<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe ws9">I<span class="fsc ls8e v8">u</span></span>aumenta<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>tolerancia<span class="blank"> </span>del</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 ybb ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws88">desempe<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">\u02dc</span></div><div class="t m0 x6e h15 ybb ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws89">no<span class="blank"> </span>ante<span class="blank"> </span>errores<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>modelaci<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x5c h13 ybb ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws89">on<span class="blank"> </span>pues<span class="blank"> </span>modera</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 ybc ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws8a">la<span class="blank _e"> </span>acci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x62 h13 ybc ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws4b">on<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>control<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>evita<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>estado<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>proceso</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 ybd ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws8b">salga<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>l</div><div class="t m0 x2a h13 ybe ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x2a h13 ybd ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws8b">\u0131mites<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>v<span class="blank _1"></span>alidez<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>modelo<span class="blank"> </span>(Garc</div><div class="t m0 x6f h13 ybe ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x6f h13 ybd ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">\u0131a-</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 ybf ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws8c">Alvarado<span class="blank _18"> </span>y<span class="blank _1b"> </span>Ruiz-L<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x70 h13 ybf ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws8d">opez<span class="blank"> </span>(2010),<span class="blank _12"> </span>Carrillo-Ahumada<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe">y</span></div><div class="t m0 x52 h1b yc0 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws8e">col.<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffb ws8f">(2011)<span class="blank _b"> </span>y<span class="blank _b"> </span>(2015),<span class="blank _b"> </span>V<span class="blank _9"></span>argas-Gonz<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x71 h13 yc0 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws90">alez<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe ws91">y<span class="blank"> </span>col.<span class="blank _18"> </span></span>(2013)).</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 yc1 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws92">Se<span class="blank"> </span>han<span class="blank"> </span>probado<span class="blank"> </span>distintos<span class="blank"> </span>m<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x72 h13 yc1 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws93">etodos<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>balanceo:</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 y5a ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws94">minimizando<span class="blank _a"> </span>la<span class="blank _8"> </span>m<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x6c h15 y5a ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws95">axima<span class="blank _a"> </span>relaci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x73 h13 y5a ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws96">on<span class="blank"> </span>Im<span class="ff12 ws45">/</span>Re<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>v<span class="blank _1"></span>alores</div><div class="t m0 x74 h13 y5b ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws97">168<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe ws9">www<span class="blank _6"></span>.rmiq.or<span class="blank _6"></span>g</span></div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf3" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="3"><div class="pc pc3 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x52 yc2 w6 h31" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/0a6778cd-bdd1-45ec-a638-8272f7b3631c/bg3.png"><div class="t m0 x13 h13 y5e ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">A.<span class="blank"> </span>Rodr<span class="blank _1"></span>´<span class="blank _d"></span>\u0131guez-Mariano<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>col.<span class="ff10 ls8f">/</span><span class="ffb">Revista<span class="blank"> </span>Me<span class="blank _1"></span>xicana<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc3">I</span>ngenier</span></div><div class="t m0 x75 h13 y5f ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x75 h13 y5e ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">\u0131a<span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc3">Q</span>u</div><div class="t m0 x31 h13 y5f ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x76 h13 y5e ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">\u0131mica<span class="blank"> </span>V<span class="blank _3"></span>ol.<span class="blank"> </span>14,<span class="blank"> </span>No.<span class="blank"> </span>1<span class="blank"> </span>(2015)<span class="blank"> </span>167-204</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 yc3 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws98">propios<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff13 ls90">A</span>(Garc</div><div class="t m0 x4f h13 yc4 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x4f h15 yc3 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws99">\u0131a-Alvarado<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>Ruiz-L<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x77 h13 yc3 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws99">opez<span class="blank"> </span>(2010));</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y90 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws9a">utilizando<span class="blank"> </span>frentes<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>Pareto<span class="blank"> </span>(Carrillo-Ahumada<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe">y<span class="blank"> </span>col.</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y91 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws9b">(2011)<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>(2015))<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>por<span class="blank"> </span>equilibrio<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>Nash<span class="blank"> </span>(V<span class="blank _9"></span>arg<span class="blank _1"></span>as-</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 yc5 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws9c">Gonz<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x37 h13 yc5 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws9d">alez<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe ws9e">y<span class="blank"> </span>col.<span class="blank _16"> </span><span class="ffb">(2013)).<span class="blank _1c"> </span>En<span class="blank"> </span>ninguno<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>casos</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1b yc6 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws9f">se<span class="blank"> </span>utiliza<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>informaci<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x50 h1b yc6 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws9f">on<span class="blank"> </span>total<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>todos<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank _b"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x78 h13 yc6 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws9f">\u0131ndices<span class="blank"> </span>de</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 yc7 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws88">desempe<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">\u02dc</span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h13 yc7 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">no.</div><div class="t m0 x44 h15 yc8 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsa0">Por<span class="blank"> </span>lo<span class="blank"> </span>general,<span class="blank _12"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>forma<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>sintonizaci<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x79 h13 yc8 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsa0">on<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>los</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 yc9 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsa1">par<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x23 h13 yc9 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsa2">ametros<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>controladores<span class="blank"> </span>PI(D)<span class="blank"> </span>lineales<span class="blank"> </span>para</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 yca ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsa3">un<span class="blank"> </span>sistema<span class="blank"> </span>no-lineal<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>efect<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x2b h13 yca ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsa3">uan<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>determinado</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 ycb ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsa4">estado<span class="blank"> </span>estacionario.<span class="blank _24"> </span>Este<span class="blank"> </span>tipo<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>controladores</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 ycc ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsa5">cuya<span class="blank"> </span>estructura<span class="blank"> </span>matem<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x2e h13 ycc ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsa5">atica<span class="blank"> </span>simple<span class="blank"> </span>proporciona<span class="blank"> </span>un</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 ycd ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsa6">adecuado<span class="blank _1e"> </span>desempe<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">\u02dc</span></div><div class="t m0 x7a h13 ycd ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsa7">no<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>sistema<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>lazo<span class="blank"> </span>cerrado</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 yce ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsa8">en<span class="blank"> </span>una<span class="blank"> </span>gran<span class="blank"> </span>variedad<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>aplicaciones<span class="blank"> </span>ase<span class="blank _1"></span>gurando<span class="blank"> </span>la</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 ycf ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsa9">reducci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x7b h13 ycf ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsaa">on<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>cero<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>error<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>estado<span class="blank"> </span>deseado<span class="blank"> </span>(Garc</div><div class="t m0 x4a h13 yd0 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x4a h13 ycf ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">\u0131a-</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 yd1 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsab">Alvarado<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe wsac">y<span class="blank"> </span>col.<span class="blank _12"> </span><span class="ffb">(2005))<span class="blank"> </span>pudiendo<span class="blank"> </span>ser<span class="blank"> </span>dise<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">\u02dc</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7c h13 yd1 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsac">nado<span class="blank"> </span>como</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 yd2 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 yd3 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsad">optimo<span class="blank"> </span>multi-objetiv<span class="blank _6"></span>o,<span class="blank _8"> </span>proporcionando<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>conjunto<span class="blank"> </span>de</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 yd4 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsae">especi\ufb01caciones<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>robustez<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>desempe<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">\u02dc</span></div><div class="t m0 x7d h13 yd4 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsae">no<span class="blank"> </span>(Bevrani</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 yd5 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws15">e<span class="blank"> </span>Hiyama<span class="blank"> </span>(2007),<span class="blank _15"> </span>Reynoso-Meza<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe">y<span class="blank"> </span>col.<span class="blank _4"> </span></span>(2013c)).</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 yd6 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsaf">Otros<span class="blank"> </span>desarrollos<span class="blank"> </span>han<span class="blank"> </span>empleado<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>control<span class="blank"> </span>PI(D)<span class="blank"> </span>con</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 yd7 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsb0">ponderaci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x4e h13 yd7 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsb1">on<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe wsb2">setpoint<span class="blank"> </span></span>(Sree<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>Chidambaram</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 yd8 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsb3">(2003a<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>b),<span class="blank _25"> </span>Carrillo-Ahumada<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe">y<span class="blank"> </span>col.<span class="blank _26"> </span></span>(2011));</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 yd9 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">as</div><div class="t m0 x1e h13 yda ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x1e h13 yd9 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws5b">\u0131<span class="blank"> </span>como<span class="blank"> </span>control<span class="blank"> </span>no-lineal<span class="blank"> </span>(Si<span class="blank _1"></span>varamakrishnan<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe">y<span class="blank"> </span>col</span>.</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 ydb ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">(2008)).</div><div class="t m0 x44 h15 ydc ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsb4">Cuando<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>aborda<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>problema<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>dise<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">\u02dc</span></div><div class="t m0 x7e h13 ydc ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsb4">no<span class="blank"> </span>como</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 ydd ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsb5">multi-objetiv<span class="blank _6"></span>o,<span class="blank"> </span>es<span class="blank"> </span>necesario<span class="blank"> </span>especi\ufb01car<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>intercambio</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 yde ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsd">de<span class="blank"> </span>prestaciones<span class="blank"> </span>deseado<span class="blank"> </span>entre<span class="blank"> </span>objetiv<span class="blank _6"></span>os<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>dise<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">\u02dc</span></div><div class="t m0 x7f h13 yde ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">no.</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 ydf ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsb6">Dichas<span class="blank"> </span>especi\ufb01caciones<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>suelen<span class="blank"> </span>considerar<span class="blank"> </span>mediante</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 ye0 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsb7">funciones<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>agregaci<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x3c h13 ye0 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsb7">on<span class="blank"> </span>antes<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>fase<span class="blank"> </span>de</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 ye1 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsb8">optimizaci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x80 h13 ye1 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsb9">on<span class="blank"> </span>(vectores<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>peso<span class="blank"> </span>por<span class="blank"> </span>ejemplo).<span class="blank _27"> </span>Una</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 ye2 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsba">alternativ<span class="blank _6"></span>a<span class="blank"> </span>es<span class="blank"> </span>considerar<span class="blank"> </span>por<span class="blank"> </span>separado<span class="blank"> </span>cada<span class="blank"> </span>uno<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>los</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 ye3 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsbb">objetiv<span class="blank _6"></span>os<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>dise<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">\u02dc</span></div><div class="t m0 x81 h15 ye3 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsbb">no<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>optimizarlos<span class="blank"> </span>simult<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x7c h13 ye3 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">aneamente.</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 ye4 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsbc">En<span class="blank"> </span>dicho<span class="blank"> </span>caso,<span class="blank _1f"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>suele<span class="blank"> </span>calcular<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>conjunto<span class="blank"> </span>de</div><div class="t m0 x0 h1b ye5 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsbd">soluciones,<span class="blank"> </span>llamadas<span class="blank"> </span>Pareto<span class="blank _12"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x3d h13 ye5 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsbd">optimas.<span class="blank _15"> </span>Se<span class="blank"> </span>habla<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>un</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 ye6 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsbe">conjunto<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>soluciones<span class="blank"> </span>debido<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>(generalmente)</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 ye7 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsbf">no<span class="blank _1f"> </span>e<span class="blank _1"></span>xistir<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x80 h15 ye7 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsc0">a<span class="blank"> </span>una<span class="blank"> </span>soluci<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x82 h13 ye7 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsc0">on<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>optimice<span class="blank"> </span>todos<span class="blank"> </span>los</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 ye8 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsc1">objetiv<span class="blank _6"></span>os<span class="blank _8"> </span>de<span class="blank _a"> </span>dise<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">\u02dc</span></div><div class="t m0 x3 h13 ye8 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsc2">no,<span class="blank"> </span>sino<span class="blank"> </span>varias<span class="blank"> </span>soluciones<span class="blank"> </span>con<span class="blank"> </span>distinto</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 ye9 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsc3">grado<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>compromiso<span class="blank"> </span>entre<span class="blank"> </span>objetiv<span class="blank _6"></span>os<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>con\ufb02icto.<span class="blank _1b"> </span>En</div><div class="t m0 x0 h1b yea ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws9f">tal<span class="blank"> </span>caso,<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>an<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x83 h13 yea ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws9f">alisis<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>intercambio<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>prestaciones</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 yeb ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsc4">se<span class="blank"> </span>realiza<span class="blank"> </span>sobre<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>conjunto<span class="blank"> </span>calculado,<span class="blank _15"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>una<span class="blank"> </span>f<span class="blank _1"></span>ase</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 yec ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsc5">de<span class="blank _1b"> </span>an<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x37 h15 yec ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsc6">alisis<span class="blank _1b"> </span>y<span class="blank _1b"> </span>selecci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x84 h13 yec ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsc7">on<span class="blank"> </span>multi-criterio<span class="blank"> </span>(MCD<span class="blank _1"></span>A<span class="ff10 ls91">/</span><span class="wsc8">M<span class="blank"> </span>por</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 yed ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsc9">sus<span class="blank"> </span>siglas<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>ingl<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x85 h13 yed ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsca">es).<span class="blank _16"> </span>Un<span class="blank"> </span>proceso<span class="blank"> </span>como<span class="blank"> </span>este<span class="blank _12"> </span>puede</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 yee ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wscb">resultar<span class="blank"> </span>bene\ufb01cioso<span class="blank"> </span>para<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>dise<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">\u02dc</span></div><div class="t m0 x46 h13 yee ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wscb">nador<span class="blank _6"></span>,<span class="blank _b"> </span>debido<span class="blank"> </span>al<span class="blank"> </span>grado</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 yef ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws10">de<span class="blank"> </span>in<span class="blank _6"></span>volucramiento<span class="blank"> </span>necesario<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>proceso<span class="blank"> </span>MCD<span class="blank _1"></span>A<span class="ff10 ls91">/</span>M</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 yf0 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wscc">(Bonissone<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe ws7">y<span class="blank"> </span>col.<span class="blank _e"> </span></span>(2009)).</div><div class="t m0 x44 h15 yf1 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wscd">Por<span class="blank"> </span>otro<span class="blank"> </span>lado,<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>reactores<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>agitaci<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x1d h13 yf1 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wscd">on<span class="blank"> </span>continua</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 ybb ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsc">tipo<span class="blank"> </span>tanque<span class="blank"> </span>(CSTR\u2019<span class="blank _6"></span>s<span class="blank"> </span>por<span class="blank"> </span>sus<span class="blank"> </span>siglas<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>ingl<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x86 h13 ybb ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsc">es)<span class="blank"> </span>han</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 ybc ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsce">sido<span class="blank"> </span>intenso<span class="blank"> </span>objeto<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>estudio<span class="blank"> </span>por<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>comunidad<span class="blank"> </span>de</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 ybd ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wscf">control<span class="blank"> </span>durante<span class="blank"> </span>las<span class="blank"> </span>pasadas<span class="blank"> </span>dos<span class="blank"> </span>decadas<span class="blank"> </span>(Liou<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>Chien</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 ybf ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsd0">(1991),<span class="blank _15"> </span>K<span class="blank _1"></span>umar<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>Kulkarni<span class="blank"> </span>(1994),<span class="blank _1d"> </span>Chidambaram<span class="blank"> </span>y</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 yf2 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws6f">Reddy<span class="blank"> </span>(1996),<span class="blank _17"> </span>Sree<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>Chidambaram<span class="blank"> </span>(2002,<span class="blank _1e"> </span>2003a</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 yc1 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsd1">y<span class="blank"> </span>b),<span class="blank _1d"> </span>Ibarra-Junquera<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>Rosu<span class="blank"> </span>(2007),<span class="blank _1d"> </span>Rajinikanth<span class="blank"> </span>y</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y5a ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsd2">Latha<span class="blank"> </span>(2012),<span class="blank"> </span>Ferramosca<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe wsd3">y<span class="blank"> </span>col.<span class="blank _12"> </span></span><span class="wsd4">(2013),<span class="blank"> </span>Ra<span class="ff10 ls92">\ufb00</span><span class="wsd5">o-Dur<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x87 h13 y5a ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">an</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 yc3 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws3d">y<span class="blank"> </span>col.<span class="blank _12"> </span><span class="ffb">(2014)).<span class="blank _1b"> </span>Desde<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>congreso<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>Amsterdam</span></div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 y90 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws72">reconociera<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">\u02dc</span></div><div class="t m0 x70 h15 y90 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws72">no<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>1957<span class="blank"> </span>las<span class="blank"> </span>tareas<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>dise<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">\u02dc</span></div><div class="t m0 x88 h13 y90 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws72">no<span class="blank"> </span>y</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y91 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsd6">control<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>reactores<span class="blank"> </span>como<span class="blank"> </span>actividades<span class="blank"> </span>fundamentales</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 yc5 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsc8">en<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>ingenier</div><div class="t m0 x2a h13 yf3 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x2a h13 yc5 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsc8">\u0131a<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>las<span class="blank"> </span>reacciones<span class="blank"> </span>qu</div><div class="t m0 x89 h13 yf3 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x89 h13 yc5 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsd1">\u0131micas,<span class="blank"> </span>muchas</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 yf4 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsb9">publicaciones<span class="blank"> </span>importantes<span class="blank"> </span>como<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>van<span class="blank"> </span>Heerden</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 yc7 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsd7">(1953)<span class="blank"> </span>referentes<span class="blank"> </span>al<span class="blank"> </span>comportamiento<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>multiplicidad</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 yf5 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wscd">se<span class="blank"> </span>han<span class="blank"> </span>realizado<span class="blank"> </span>para<span class="blank"> </span>reactores<span class="blank"> </span>con<span class="blank"> </span>mezclado<span class="blank"> </span>ideal<span class="blank"> </span>y</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 yf6 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws19">no<span class="blank"> </span>ideal.<span class="blank _25"> </span>En<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>trabajos<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>Lo<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>Cholette<span class="blank"> </span>(1978<span class="blank"> </span>y</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 yf7 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsd8">1983)<span class="blank"> </span>precisamente<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>hace<span class="blank"> </span>referencia<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>CSTR\u2019<span class="blank _6"></span>s</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 yf8 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsd9">con<span class="blank"> </span>mezclado<span class="blank"> </span>no<span class="blank"> </span>ideal<span class="blank"> </span>considerando<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>problema<span class="blank"> </span>de</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 yf9 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsda">multiplicidad<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>estados<span class="blank"> </span>para<span class="blank"> </span>sistemas<span class="blank"> </span>compuestos</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 yfa ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsdb">por<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe ls93">p</span><span class="wsdc">reactores.<span class="blank _28"> </span>Estos<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x8a h13 yfa ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsdd">ultimos<span class="blank"> </span>autores<span class="blank"> </span>describen<span class="blank"> </span>un</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 yfb ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsde">biorreactor<span class="blank _1d"> </span>de<span class="blank _15"> </span>agitaci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x5a h13 yfb ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsdf">on<span class="blank"> </span>continua<span class="blank"> </span>con<span class="blank"> </span>mezclado<span class="blank"> </span>no</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 yfc ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsd8">ideal<span class="blank"> </span>bajo<span class="blank"> </span>condiciones<span class="blank"> </span>operativ<span class="blank _6"></span>as<span class="blank"> </span>isot<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x8b h13 yfc ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wse0">ermicas,<span class="blank"> </span>donde</div><div class="t m0 x52 h1b yfd ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wse1">se<span class="blank"> </span>llev<span class="blank _6"></span>a<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>cabo<span class="blank"> </span>una<span class="blank"> </span>reacci<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x8c h1b yfd ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wse2">on<span class="blank _18"> </span>enzim<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x56 h13 yfd ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wse1">atica<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>forma</div><div class="t m0 x34 h32 yfe ffe fsc fc0 sc0 ls13 ws83">k<span class="ffb fsf ls94 vd">1</span>c</div><div class="t m0 x8d h33 yff ffb fsc fc0 sc0 ls13 ws83">(1<span class="ff10 ls95">+</span><span class="ffe">k</span><span class="fsf ls94 vd">2</span><span class="ffe">c</span>)<span class="fsf ls96 v4">2</span><span class="fsb v2">.</span></div><div class="t m0 x51 h15 y100 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wse3">Esta<span class="blank"> </span>forma<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>rapidez<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>reacci<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x8e h13 y100 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wse3">on<span class="blank"> </span>es</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 y101 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wse4">similar<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>una<span class="blank"> </span>funci<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x5e h13 y101 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wse4">on<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>Michaelis-Menten<span class="blank"> </span>para</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y102 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wse5">bajas<span class="blank"> </span>concentraciones<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>sustrato,<span class="blank _27"> </span>pero<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>altas</div><div class="t m0 x52 h1b y103 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wse6">concentraciones<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>incluye<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>modelo<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>par<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x6a h13 y103 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">ametro</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 y104 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wse7">de<span class="blank _15"> </span>inhibici<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x8f h13 y104 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wse8">on<span class="blank"> </span>(<span class="ffe ls66">k</span><span class="fsc lsf v8">2</span>).<span class="blank _13"> </span>Este<span class="blank"> </span>biorreactor<span class="blank _1"></span>,<span class="blank _1e"> </span>es<span class="blank"> </span>modelado</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 y105 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wse9">generalmente<span class="blank"> </span>por<span class="blank"> </span>una<span class="blank"> </span>ecuaci<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x90 h13 y105 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wse9">on<span class="blank"> </span>diferencial<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>una</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y106 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsea">algebraica<span class="blank"> </span>(Chidambaram<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>Reddy<span class="blank"> </span>(1996),<span class="blank _1e"> </span>Sree<span class="blank"> </span>y</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y107 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wseb">Chidambaram<span class="blank"> </span>(2002,<span class="blank _14"> </span>2003a<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>b,<span class="blank _1f"> </span>2005),<span class="blank _1f"> </span>Carrillo-</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y108 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsec">Ahumada<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe wsed">y<span class="blank"> </span>col.<span class="blank _29"> </span></span><span class="wsee">(2011),<span class="blank _22"> </span>Rajinikanth<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>Latha</span></div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 y109 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsef">(2012)),<span class="blank _28"> </span>aunque<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>algunos<span class="blank"> </span>casos<span class="blank _25"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x91 h13 y109 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsef">unicamente<span class="blank"> </span>se</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 y10a ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsf0">utiliza<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>concentraci<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x5a h13 y10a ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsf0">on<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>sustrato<span class="blank"> </span>(Jhunjhunwala</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y10b ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsf1">y<span class="blank"> </span>Chidambaram<span class="blank"> </span>(2001),<span class="blank _5"> </span>Sree<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>Chidambaram</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y10c ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsf2">(2002),<span class="blank _28"> </span>Si<span class="blank _1"></span>varamakrishnan<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe wsf3">y<span class="blank"> </span>col.<span class="blank _2a"> </span></span><span class="wsf4">(2008)).<span class="blank"> </span>Este</span></div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y10d ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsf5">sistema,<span class="blank _28"> </span>presenta<span class="blank"> </span>multiplicidad<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>estados<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>las</div><div class="t m0 x52 h1b y10e ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsf6">concentraciones<span class="blank _e"> </span>de<span class="blank _e"> </span>alimentaci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x73 h13 y10e ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsf7">on,<span class="blank"> </span>salida<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>sustrato</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y10f ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsf8">(algunos<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>ellos<span class="blank"> </span>estables<span class="blank"> </span>e<span class="blank"> </span>inestables)<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>gran</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 y110 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsf9">sensibilidad<span class="blank _b"> </span>ante<span class="blank _e"> </span>par<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x92 h15 y110 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsfa">ametros<span class="blank _b"> </span>de<span class="blank _e"> </span>bifurcaci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x93 h13 y110 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsd7">on<span class="blank"> </span>(Carrillo-</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y111 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsfb">Ahumada<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe wsfc">y<span class="blank"> </span>col.<span class="blank _2b"> </span><span class="ffb">(2014)).<span class="blank _2b"> </span>Por<span class="blank"> </span>estas<span class="blank"> </span>razones<span class="blank"> </span>ha</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y112 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsa3">resultado<span class="blank"> </span>ser<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>sistema<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>estudio<span class="blank"> </span>interesante<span class="blank"> </span>para</div><div class="t m0 x52 h1b y113 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsfd">el<span class="blank _12"> </span>dise<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">\u02dc</span></div><div class="t m0 x62 h13 y113 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsfe">no<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>di<span class="blank _1"></span>versos<span class="blank"> </span>esquemas<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>control<span class="blank"> </span>como<span class="blank"> </span>el</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y114 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsff">PI(D)<span class="blank"> </span>(Chidambaram<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>Reddy<span class="blank"> </span>(1996),<span class="blank _18"> </span>Jhunjhunwala</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y115 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws100">y<span class="blank"> </span>Chidambaram<span class="blank"> </span>(2001),<span class="blank"> </span>Sree<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>Chidambaram<span class="blank"> </span>(2002,</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y116 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws101">2003a,<span class="blank _1b"> </span>b<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>2005),<span class="blank _1b"> </span>Siv<span class="blank _6"></span>aramakrishanan<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe">y<span class="blank"> </span>col</span><span class="ws102">.<span class="blank"> </span>(2008),</span></div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y117 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws103">Carrillo-Ahumada<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe ws104">y<span class="blank"> </span>col.<span class="blank _1d"> </span><span class="ffb">(2011),<span class="blank"> </span>Rajinikanth<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>Latha</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 y118 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws105">(2012)),<span class="blank _1f"> </span>adem<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x94 h13 y118 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsb1">as<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>presenta<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>comportamiento</div><div class="t m0 x52 h1b y119 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws106">ca<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x34 h13 y119 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws107">otico<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>algunos<span class="blank"> </span>casos<span class="blank"> </span>(Ibarra-Junquera<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>Rosu</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y11a ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">(2007)).</div><div class="t m0 x51 h13 yb9 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws108">Por<span class="blank"> </span>lo<span class="blank"> </span>tanto,<span class="blank _1c"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>este<span class="blank"> </span>trabajo<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>plantea<span class="blank"> </span>un</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 yf1 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws109">an<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x34 h13 yf1 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws10a">alisis<span class="blank"> </span>multi-criterio<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>permita<span class="blank"> </span>utilizar<span class="blank"> </span>toda</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 ybb ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws10b">la<span class="blank _14"> </span>informaci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x95 h13 ybb ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws10c">on<span class="blank"> </span>para<span class="blank"> </span>observar<span class="blank"> </span>las<span class="blank"> </span>prestaciones<span class="blank"> </span>de</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 ybc ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws10d">las<span class="blank"> </span>funciones<span class="blank"> </span>objetiv<span class="blank _6"></span>o<span class="blank"> </span>(</div><div class="t m0 x96 h13 y11b ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x96 h15 ybc ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws10d">\u0131ndices<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>desempe<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">\u02dc</span></div><div class="t m0 x97 h13 ybc ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">no)</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 ybd ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws10e">antagonistas<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>div<span class="blank _6"></span>ersos<span class="blank _e"> </span>controladores<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>biorreactor</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 ybf ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws9b">de<span class="blank"> </span>Cholette<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>diferentes<span class="blank"> </span>estados<span class="blank"> </span>estacionarios.<span class="blank _1c"> </span>La</div><div class="t m0 x52 h1b yc0 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws10f">relev<span class="blank _6"></span>ancia<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>presente<span class="blank"> </span>an<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x98 h13 yc0 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws10f">alisis<span class="blank"> </span>comparativ<span class="blank _6"></span>o,<span class="blank _20"> </span>consiste</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 yc1 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws110">en<span class="blank"> </span>proporcionar<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>m<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x55 h15 yc1 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws111">etodo<span class="blank _12"> </span>sistem<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x99 h15 yc1 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws112">atico<span class="blank _12"> </span>de<span class="blank _1d"> </span>decisi<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x6f h13 yc1 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">on</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 y5a ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsdf">multi-criterio<span class="blank"> </span>para<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>e<span class="blank _1"></span>valuaci<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x90 h15 y5a ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws113">on<span class="blank _1d"> </span>del<span class="blank _1d"> </span>desempe<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">\u02dc</span></div><div class="t m0 x9a h13 y5a ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsdf">no<span class="blank"> </span>de</div><div class="t m0 x87 h13 y5b ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws114">www<span class="blank _6"></span>.rmiq.or<span class="blank _6"></span>g<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffb">169</span></div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf4" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="4"><div class="pc pc4 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x9b y11c w7 h31" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/0a6778cd-bdd1-45ec-a638-8272f7b3631c/bg4.png"><div class="t m0 x37 h13 y5e ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">A.<span class="blank"> </span>Rodr<span class="blank _1"></span>´<span class="blank _d"></span>\u0131guez-Mariano<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>col.<span class="ff10 ls21">/</span><span class="ffb">Revista<span class="blank"> </span>Me<span class="blank _1"></span>xicana<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc3">I</span>ngenier</span></div><div class="t m0 x38 h13 y5f ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x38 h13 y5e ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">\u0131a<span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc3">Q</span>u</div><div class="t m0 x39 h13 y5f ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x39 h13 y5e ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">\u0131mica<span class="blank"> </span>V<span class="blank _3"></span>ol.<span class="blank"> </span>14,<span class="blank"> </span>No.<span class="blank"> </span>1<span class="blank"> </span>(2015)<span class="blank"> </span>167-204</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 yc3 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws115">controladores<span class="blank"> </span>lineales<span class="blank"> </span>para<span class="blank"> </span>sistemas<span class="blank"> </span>con<span class="blank"> </span>multiplicidad</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y90 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws116">de<span class="blank"> </span>estados<span class="blank"> </span>estacionarios<span class="blank"> </span>estables<span class="blank"> </span>e<span class="blank"> </span>inestables.<span class="blank _22"> </span>Para</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y91 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws117">ello<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>han<span class="blank"> </span>reformulado<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank _1d"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x9c h15 y91 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws118">\u0131ndices<span class="blank _1d"> </span>de<span class="blank _15"> </span>desempe<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">\u02dc</span></div><div class="t m0 x4a h13 y91 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">no</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 yc5 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws119">con<span class="blank _6"></span>vencionales<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe ws9">I<span class="fsc ls97 v8">e</span></span><span class="ls98">e</span><span class="ffe ws9">I<span class="fsc ls99 v8">u</span></span><span class="ws11a">como<span class="blank"> </span>son<span class="blank"> </span>IAE,<span class="blank"> </span>ISE,<span class="blank"> </span>IT<span class="blank _6"></span>AE</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1b yc6 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws11b">e<span class="blank"> </span>IADU<span class="blank"> </span>para<span class="blank"> </span>su<span class="blank"> </span>ev<span class="blank _6"></span>aluaci<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x3d h13 yc6 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws11c">on<span class="blank"> </span>con<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>herramienta</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 yc7 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws11d">de<span class="blank _22"> </span>decisi<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x80 h13 yc7 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws11e">on<span class="blank"> </span>PR<span class="blank _6"></span>OMETHEE<span class="blank"> </span>(<span class="ffe">Prefer<span class="blank _6"></span>ence<span class="blank"> </span>Ranking</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 yf5 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws5a">Or<span class="blank _1"></span>ganization<span class="blank"> </span>Methods<span class="blank"> </span>for<span class="blank"> </span>Enrichement<span class="blank"> </span>Evaluations<span class="ffb">).</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 yf6 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws11f">El<span class="blank"> </span>resto<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>documento<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>divide<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>siguiente</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 yf7 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws120">forma:<span class="blank _2"> </span>La<span class="blank _14"> </span>Secci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x4f h15 yf7 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsb3">on<span class="blank"> </span>2,<span class="blank _25"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>presentan<span class="blank"> </span>las<span class="blank"> </span>t<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x9d h13 yf7 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">ecnicas</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y11d ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws121">de<span class="blank _15"> </span>decisi<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x9e h15 y11d ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws122">on<span class="blank"> </span>multi-criterio.<span class="blank _5"> </span>La<span class="blank"> </span>Secci<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x49 h13 y11d ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws122">on<span class="blank"> </span>3,<span class="blank _17"> </span>muestra</div><div class="t m0 x0 h1b y11e ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws123">las<span class="blank"> </span>generalidades<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>m<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x3c h1b y11e ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws124">etodo<span class="blank _1b"> </span>de<span class="blank _12"> </span>e<span class="blank _1"></span>v<span class="blank _1"></span>aluaci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x7c h1b y11e ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws125">on,<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x1f h13 y11e ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">\u0131ndices</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 yfa ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls9a">b<span class="ls13 v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x9f h15 yfa ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws126">asicos<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>desempe<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">\u02dc</span></div><div class="t m0 x84 h15 yfa ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws127">no,<span class="blank _1d"> </span>reformulaci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x2f h15 yfa ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws126">on<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank _15"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x78 h13 yfa ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws126">estos<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>el</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 yfb ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws128">enfoque<span class="blank"> </span>multicriterio.<span class="blank _16"> </span>En<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>Secci<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xa0 h13 yfb ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws129">on<span class="blank"> </span>4,<span class="blank _12"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>describe</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 yfc ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws12a">al<span class="blank"> </span>sistema<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>estudio<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>muestran<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>modelos</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 yfd ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws12b">linealizados<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>leyes<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>control<span class="blank"> </span>correspondientes.</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y11f ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws12c">En<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>Secci<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xa1 h13 y11f ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws12c">on<span class="blank"> </span>5,<span class="blank _16"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>presentan<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>resultados<span class="blank"> </span>y</div><div class="t m0 x0 h1b y120 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws12d">discusi<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x47 h1b y120 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws12e">on<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>\ufb01nalmente<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>Secci<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xa2 h13 y120 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws12e">on<span class="blank"> </span>6<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>muestran<span class="blank"> </span>las</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y121 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">conclusiones<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>este<span class="blank"> </span>trabajo.</div><div class="t m0 x0 h34 y122 ffc fs9 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws12f">2<span class="blank _1a"> </span>T<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xa3 h34 y122 ffc fs9 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws130">ecnicas<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>decisi<span class="blank _2c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xa4 h20 y122 ffc fs9 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws130">on<span class="blank"> </span>multi-</div><div class="t m0 xa5 h20 y123 ffc fs9 fc0 sc0 ls13">criterio</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y124 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws74">La<span class="blank"> </span>etapa<span class="blank"> </span>MCD<span class="blank _1"></span>A<span class="ff10 ls91">/</span>M<span class="blank"> </span>(Figueira<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe">y<span class="blank"> </span>col.<span class="blank _15"> </span></span>(2005))<span class="blank"> </span>consiste</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y125 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws131">en<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>an<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x4e h13 y125 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws131">alisis<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>conjunto<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>soluciones<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>la</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y126 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws132">posible<span class="blank _b"> </span>selecci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xa6 h15 y126 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws133">on<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>una<span class="blank"> </span>alternativ<span class="blank _6"></span>a<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>dise<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">\u02dc</span></div><div class="t m0 xa7 h15 y126 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws133">no<span class="blank"> </span>(la<span class="blank"> </span>m<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xa8 h13 y126 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">as</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y127 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsa0">preferente<span class="blank"> </span>desde<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>punto<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>vista<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>optimizador).</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y128 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws134">Por<span class="blank"> </span>lo<span class="blank"> </span>normal,<span class="blank"> </span>dicho<span class="blank"> </span>an<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xa9 h15 y128 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws134">alisis<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>selecci<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xaa h13 y128 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws134">on<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>desarrolla</div><div class="t m0 x0 h1b y129 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws135">en<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>conjunto<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>soluciones<span class="blank"> </span>Pareto<span class="blank _1e"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x77 h13 y129 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws136">optimas,<span class="blank"> </span>que</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y12a ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wse6">aproximan<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>frente<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>Pareto<span class="blank"> </span>(Miettinen,<span class="blank"> </span>(1998)).<span class="blank _e"> </span>La</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y12b ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws137">aproximaci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x33 h13 y12b ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws138">on<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>frentes<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>Pareto<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>f<span class="blank _1"></span>ase<span class="blank"> </span>MCD<span class="blank _1"></span>A<span class="ff10 ls91">/</span>D</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y12c ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsbc">para<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>ajuste<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>an<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x3a h13 y12c ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsbc">alisis<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>controladores<span class="blank"> </span>es<span class="blank"> </span>una</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y12d ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws139">herramienta<span class="blank"> </span>usada<span class="blank"> </span>ampliamente<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>ingenier</div><div class="t m0 x42 h13 y12e ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x42 h13 y12d ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws139">\u0131a<span class="blank"> </span>de</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y12f ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws13a">control<span class="blank"> </span>(Reynoso-Meza<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe ws7">y<span class="blank"> </span>col.<span class="blank _e"> </span></span>(2014)).</div><div class="t m0 x44 h13 y130 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws13b">Lo<span class="blank"> </span>anterior<span class="blank"> </span>no<span class="blank"> </span>es<span class="blank"> </span>una<span class="blank"> </span>tarea<span class="blank"> </span>trivial,<span class="blank _16"> </span>ya<span class="blank"> </span>que</div><div class="t m0 x0 h1b y131 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws13c">el<span class="blank _1f"> </span>an<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x37 h1b y131 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws13d">alisis<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>frente<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>Pareto<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>4<span class="blank"> </span>o<span class="blank"> </span>m<span class="blank _0"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xa8 h13 y131 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">as</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y132 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws13e">objetiv<span class="blank _6"></span>os<span class="blank"> </span>(como<span class="blank"> </span>lo<span class="blank"> </span>ser<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x3c h13 y132 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws13f">a<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>este<span class="blank"> </span>caso)<span class="blank"> </span>conllev<span class="blank _6"></span>a<span class="blank"> </span>a</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y133 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws140">un<span class="blank _14"> </span>an<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x3b h13 y133 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws141">alisis<span class="blank"> </span>multidimensional<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>soluciones.<span class="blank _2d"> </span>Por</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y134 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws142">un<span class="blank"> </span>lado,<span class="blank _4"> </span>mientras<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>visualizaci<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x7c h13 y134 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws142">on<span class="blank"> </span>podr</div><div class="t m0 xa8 h13 y135 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 xab h13 y134 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">\u0131a</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y136 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsad">considerarse<span class="blank"> </span>resuelta<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>2-3<span class="blank"> </span>dimensiones<span class="blank"> </span>para<span class="blank"> </span>apreciar</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y137 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws143">el<span class="blank"> </span>intercambio<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>prestaciones,<span class="blank _25"> </span>esto<span class="blank"> </span>no<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>logra</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y138 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws144">visualizar<span class="blank"> </span>adecuadamente<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>mayores<span class="blank"> </span>dimensiones.</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y139 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws145">Por<span class="blank"> </span>ello<span class="blank"> </span>es<span class="blank"> </span>crucial<span class="blank"> </span>contar<span class="blank"> </span>con<span class="blank"> </span>mecanismos<span class="blank"> </span>o</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y13a ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsb6">herramientas<span class="blank"> </span>para<span class="blank"> </span>analizar<span class="blank"> </span>datos<span class="blank"> </span>multidimensionales<span class="blank"> </span>y</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y13b ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">de<span class="blank"> </span>ser<span class="blank"> </span>posible<span class="blank"> </span>visualizarlos.</div><div class="t m0 x44 h13 ybb ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws146">Es<span class="blank"> </span>ampliamente<span class="blank"> </span>aceptado<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>herramientas<span class="blank"> </span>de</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 ybc ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws147">visualizaci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x80 h13 ybc ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws148">on<span class="blank"> </span>son<span class="blank"> </span>valiosas<span class="blank"> </span>para<span class="blank"> </span>analizar<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>conjunto</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 ybd ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws149">de<span class="blank"> </span>soluciones<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>tomar<span class="blank"> </span>decisiones<span class="blank"> </span>(Lotov<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>Miettinen</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 ybf ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsa4">(2008)).<span class="blank _24"> </span>Estas<span class="blank"> </span>herramientas<span class="blank"> </span>son<span class="blank"> </span>valiosas,<span class="blank _16"> </span>pues</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 yf2 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws14a">permiten<span class="blank"> </span>apreciar<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>intercambio<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>prestaciones<span class="blank"> </span>entre</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 yc1 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws13e">objetiv<span class="blank _6"></span>os<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>dise<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">\u02dc</span></div><div class="t m0 x85 h13 yc1 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws13e">no<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>impacto<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>uno<span class="blank"> </span>puede</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y5a ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws14b">tener<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>otros<span class="blank"> </span>(Bonissone<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe">y<span class="blank"> </span>col.<span class="blank _2e"> </span></span>(2009)).</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 yc3 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws14c">Para<span class="blank"> </span>dos<span class="blank"> </span>dimensiones<span class="blank"> </span>(y<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>algunas<span class="blank"> </span>ocasiones<span class="blank"> </span>para</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 y90 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws5b">tres)<span class="blank"> </span>es<span class="blank"> </span>relativ<span class="blank _6"></span>amente<span class="blank"> </span>sencillo<span class="blank"> </span>hacer<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>an<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x6b h13 y90 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws5b">alisis<span class="blank"> </span>con</div><div class="t m0 x52 h1b y91 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws14d">representaciones<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>2D<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>3D.<span class="blank"> </span>Sin<span class="blank"> </span>embargo,<span class="blank"> </span>para<span class="blank"> </span>m<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xac h13 y91 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">as</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 yc5 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsc9">dimensiones<span class="blank"> </span>es<span class="blank"> </span>dif</div><div class="t m0 x59 h13 yf3 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x59 h13 yc5 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsc9">\u0131cil.<span class="blank _1c"> </span>Herramientas<span class="blank"> </span>como<span class="blank"> </span>VIDEO</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 yc6 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws13f">de<span class="blank"> </span>K<span class="blank _1"></span>ollat<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>Reed<span class="blank"> </span>(2007)<span class="blank"> </span>emplean<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>sistema<span class="blank"> </span>de</div><div class="t m0 x52 h1b y13c ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws14e">coloraci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xad h1b y13c ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws14f">on<span class="blank _8"> </span>para<span class="blank _8"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">\u02dc</span></div><div class="t m0 xae h1b y13c ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws150">nadir<span class="blank"> </span>hasta<span class="blank"> </span>una<span class="blank"> </span>cuarta<span class="blank"> </span>dimensi<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x8e h13 y13c ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws104">on.<span class="blank"> </span>En</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 yf5 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws151">Lotov<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>Miettinen<span class="blank"> </span>(2008),<span class="blank"> </span>una<span class="blank"> </span>re<span class="blank _1"></span>visi<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x56 h15 yf5 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws152">on<span class="blank _b"> </span>de<span class="blank _b"> </span>t<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xaf h13 yf5 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws153">ecnicas<span class="blank"> </span>de</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 yf6 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws154">visualizaci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h13 yf6 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws9a">on<span class="blank"> </span>es<span class="blank"> </span>dada,<span class="blank"> </span>incluyendo<span class="blank"> </span>herramientas<span class="blank"> </span>como</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 yf7 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws139">mapas<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>decisi<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xae h15 yf7 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws139">on,<span class="blank _15"> </span>diagramas<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>estrella<span class="blank"> </span>(p<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x6a h13 yf7 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">etalos).</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 y11d ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws155">Posiblemente<span class="blank"> </span>para<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank _b"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xb0 h15 y11d ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws155">area<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>control<span class="blank"> </span>las<span class="blank"> </span>m<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xb1 h13 y11d ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws155">as<span class="blank"> </span>populares</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 y11e ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws156">son<span class="blank"> </span>diagramas<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>dispersi<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xb2 h13 y11e ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws157">on,<span class="blank"> </span>coordenadas<span class="blank"> </span>paralelas<span class="blank"> </span>de</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y13d ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws151">Inselberg<span class="blank"> </span>(1985<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>1998)<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>diagramas<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>ni<span class="blank _6"></span>vel<span class="blank"> </span>(Blasco</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 yfb ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">y<span class="blank"> </span>col.<span class="blank _e"> </span><span class="ffb">(2008),<span class="blank"> </span>Reynoso-Meza<span class="blank"> </span></span>y<span class="blank"> </span>col.<span class="blank _e"> </span><span class="ffb">(2013a)).</span></div><div class="t m0 x51 h13 yfc ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws158">Algunas<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>las<span class="blank"> </span>caracter</div><div class="t m0 xb3 h13 y13e ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 xb3 h13 yfc ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws159">\u0131sticas<span class="blank"> </span>deseadas<span class="blank"> </span>y</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 yfd ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsca">puntualizadas<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>Lotov<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>Miettinen<span class="blank"> </span>(2008)<span class="blank"> </span>para<span class="blank"> </span>los</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y11f ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">visualizadores<span class="blank"> </span>(en<span class="blank"> </span>general)<span class="blank"> </span>son:</div><div class="t m0 x52 h1a y13f ffc fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws15a">Persistencia.<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffb ws15b">La<span class="blank _28"> </span>informaci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xb4 h13 y13f ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws15c">on<span class="blank"> </span>relev<span class="blank _6"></span>ante<span class="blank"> </span>debe<span class="blank"> </span>ser</div><div class="t m0 x75 h15 y140 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">retenida<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>mente<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>dise<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">\u02dc</span></div><div class="t m0 x71 h13 y140 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws9">nador<span class="blank _6"></span>.</div><div class="t m0 x52 h1a y141 ffc fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws15d">Completitud.<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffb ws15e">T<span class="blank _6"></span>oda<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>informaci<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xb5 h13 y141 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws15e">on<span class="blank"> </span>relev<span class="blank _6"></span>ante<span class="blank"> </span>debe</div><div class="t m0 x75 h13 y142 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">ser<span class="blank"> </span>desplegada.</div><div class="t m0 x52 h1a y143 ffc fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws15f">Simplicidad.<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffb ws7">Debe<span class="blank"> </span>ser<span class="blank"> </span>entendible.</span></div><div class="t m0 x51 h15 y144 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws160">Es<span class="blank _20"> </span>posible<span class="blank _20"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">\u02dc</span></div><div class="t m0 xb6 h13 y144 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws161">nadir<span class="blank"> </span>aqu</div><div class="t m0 xb7 h13 y145 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 xb7 h13 y144 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws161">\u0131<span class="blank"> </span>caracter</div><div class="t m0 xb5 h13 y145 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 xb5 h13 y144 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws162">\u0131sticas<span class="blank"> </span>asociadas<span class="blank"> </span>a</div><div class="t m0 x52 h1b y146 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws163">herramientas<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>c<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xb8 h13 y146 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws163">omputo;<span class="blank _1e"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>visualizador<span class="blank"> </span>con<span class="blank"> </span>una</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 y147 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws164">adecuada<span class="blank"> </span>interfaz<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>usuario<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>sea<span class="blank"> </span>f<span class="blank _0"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xb9 h13 y147 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws164">acil<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>utilizar</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 y148 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">puede<span class="blank"> </span>ser<span class="blank"> </span>atractiv<span class="blank _6"></span>a<span class="blank"> </span>para<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>dise<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">\u02dc</span></div><div class="t m0 xba h13 y148 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws9">nador<span class="blank _6"></span>.</div><div class="t m0 x52 h20 y149 ffc fs9 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws165">3<span class="blank"> </span>Metodolog</div><div class="t m0 x5e h20 y14a ffc fs9 fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x5e h20 y149 ffc fs9 fc0 sc0 ls13">\u0131a</div><div class="t m0 x52 h35 y14b ffe fsa fc0 sc0 ls13 ws166">3.1<span class="blank _2f"> </span>Generalidades<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>m<span class="blank _0"> </span>´<span class="blank _30"></span>etodo<span class="blank"> </span>de</div><div class="t m0 x62 h35 y14c ffe fsa fc0 sc0 ls13 ws167">evaluaci<span class="blank"> </span>´<span class="blank _31"></span>on</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 y14d ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws168">Las<span class="blank"> </span>especi\ufb01caciones<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>desempe<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">\u02dc</span></div><div class="t m0 x71 h13 y14d ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws168">no<span class="blank"> </span>establecidas<span class="blank"> </span>en</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 y14e ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws169">el<span class="blank"> </span>proceso<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>dise<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">\u02dc</span></div><div class="t m0 x92 h13 y14e ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws169">no<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>sistema<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>control,</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 yb2 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws4e">proporcionan<span class="blank"> </span>una<span class="blank"> </span>medida<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>habilidad<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>puede</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 yb3 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsaf">lograr<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>lazo<span class="blank"> </span>cerrado<span class="blank"> </span>(Salgado<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe">y<span class="blank"> </span>col.<span class="blank _1e"> </span></span><span class="wsb1">(2007)).<span class="blank"> </span>Con</span></div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y14f ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws5b">el<span class="blank"> </span>sistema<span class="blank"> </span>lineal<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>lazo<span class="blank"> </span>cerrado,<span class="blank _12"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>ha<span class="blank"> </span>ev<span class="blank _1"></span>aluado<span class="blank"> </span>el</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 yb5 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws66">comportamiento<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>servosistema<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>re<span class="blank _1"></span>gulatorio<span class="blank"> </span>ya<span class="blank"> </span>que</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 yb6 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws4e">se<span class="blank"> </span>realizaron<span class="blank"> </span>cambios<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>escal<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x90 h13 yb6 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws4e">on<span class="blank"> </span>o<span class="blank"> </span>impulso<span class="blank"> </span>unitario</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 yb7 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws16a">en<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe ws16b">setpoint<span class="blank"> </span></span><span class="ws16c">y<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">\u02dc</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xbb h15 yb7 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws16c">nal<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>perturbaci<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xbc h13 yb7 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws16c">on<span class="blank"> </span>utilizando</div><div class="t m0 x52 h36 yb8 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws9">Simulink<span class="fsc ws16d v2">TM<span class="blank"> </span></span><span class="ws16e">en<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>dominio<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>frecuencia.<span class="blank _12"> </span>Adem<span class="blank _0"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xbd h13 yb8 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws71">as,<span class="blank"> </span>se</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 yb9 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws16f">ha<span class="blank"> </span>ev<span class="blank _6"></span>aluado<span class="blank"> </span>tambi<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x6c h15 yb9 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws16f">en<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>desempe<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">\u02dc</span></div><div class="t m0 x72 h13 yb9 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws16f">no<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>controlador<span class="blank"> </span>con</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 yba ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">el<span class="blank"> </span>sistema<span class="blank"> </span>no-lineal<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>dominio<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>tiempo.</div><div class="t m0 x51 h15 ybb ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws170">Posteriormente,<span class="blank _e"> </span>se<span class="blank _e"> </span>ev<span class="blank _6"></span>aluaron<span class="blank _e"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x61 h13 ybb ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws104">\u0131ndices<span class="blank"> </span>descritos</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 ybc ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws171">en<span class="blank"> </span>las<span class="blank"> </span>secciones<span class="blank"> </span>3.2<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>3.3<span class="blank"> </span>obteni<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x35 h13 ybc ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws171">endose<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>conjunto</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 ybd ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws172">de<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe ls9b">P</span><span class="ws173">vectores<span class="blank"> </span>compuestos<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe ls9c">Q</span>entidades<span class="blank"> </span>de</span></div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 ybf ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws174">desempe<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">\u02dc</span></div><div class="t m0 x6e h13 ybf ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws175">no<span class="blank"> </span>(</div><div class="t m0 x95 h13 y150 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x95 h15 ybf ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws175">\u0131ndices<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>desempe<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">\u02dc</span></div><div class="t m0 x35 h15 ybf ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws176">no).<span class="blank _4"> </span>Estos<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x6a h13 ybf ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">\u0131ndices</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 yc0 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws177">har<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xbe h13 yc0 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws178">an<span class="blank"> </span>referencia<span class="blank"> </span>al<span class="blank"> </span>error<span class="blank"> </span>o<span class="blank"> </span>al<span class="blank"> </span>esfuerzo<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>controlador</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y151 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsfe">ante<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>cambio<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>v<span class="blank _1"></span>alor<span class="blank"> </span>deseado<span class="blank"> </span>o<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>presencia</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 y5a ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsae">de<span class="blank"> </span>una<span class="blank"> </span>perturbaci<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x5d h13 y5a ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsae">on<span class="blank"> </span>(caso<span class="blank"> </span>servo<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>caso<span class="blank"> </span>re<span class="blank _1"></span>gulatorio</div><div class="t m0 x74 h13 y5b ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws97">170<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe ws9">www<span class="blank _6"></span>.rmiq.or<span class="blank _6"></span>g</span></div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf5" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="5"><div class="pc pc5 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y152 w8 h37" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/0a6778cd-bdd1-45ec-a638-8272f7b3631c/bg5.png"><div class="t m0 xa3 h13 y5e ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">A.<span class="blank"> </span>Rodr<span class="blank _1"></span>´<span class="blank _d"></span>\u0131guez-Mariano<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>col.<span class="ff10 ls8f">/</span><span class="ffb">Revista<span class="blank"> </span>Me<span class="blank _1"></span>xicana<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc3">I</span>ngenier</span></div><div class="t m0 x75 h13 y5f ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x75 h13 y5e ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">\u0131a<span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc3">Q</span>u</div><div class="t m0 x31 h13 y5f ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x76 h13 y5e ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">\u0131mica<span class="blank"> </span>V<span class="blank _3"></span>ol.<span class="blank"> </span>14,<span class="blank"> </span>No.<span class="blank"> </span>1<span class="blank"> </span>(2015)<span class="blank"> </span>167-204</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 yc3 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws179">respectiv<span class="blank _6"></span>amente).<span class="blank _21"> </span>Los<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe ls9d">P</span><span class="ws17a">vectores<span class="blank _25"> </span>conformar<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x87 h13 yc3 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">an</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y90 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws17b">matrices<span class="blank _1c"> </span>de<span class="blank _16"> </span>desempe<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">\u02dc</span></div><div class="t m0 xa9 h13 y90 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws17c">no<span class="blank"> </span>reinterpretadas<span class="blank"> </span>mediante</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y91 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsf5">un<span class="blank"> </span>enfoque<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>an<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x7a h13 y91 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsf5">alisis<span class="blank"> </span>multi-criterio<span class="blank"> </span>MCD<span class="blank _6"></span>A<span class="ff10 ls91">/</span>D<span class="blank"> </span>y</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 yc5 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1b">ev<span class="blank _6"></span>aluadas<span class="blank"> </span>con<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>metodolog</div><div class="t m0 x41 h13 y153 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x41 h36 yc5 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws17d">\u0131a<span class="blank"> </span>PR<span class="blank _6"></span>OMETHEE<span class="blank _b"> </span><span class="fsc ls9e v2">1</span>(Brans</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 yc6 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">y<span class="blank"> </span>col.<span class="blank _e"> </span><span class="ffb">(1984)).</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h38 y154 ffe fsa fc0 sc0 ls13 ws17e">3.2<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v1">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x3b h35 y154 ffe fsa fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">Indices<span class="blank"> </span>b<span class="blank _10"> </span>´<span class="blank _32"></span>asicos<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>desempe<span class="blank _10"> </span>\u02dc<span class="blank _32"></span>no</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y155 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws17f">Los<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x37 h15 y155 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws180">\u0131ndices<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>entidades<span class="blank"> </span>b<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xbf h15 y155 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws181">asicas<span class="blank _16"> </span>de<span class="blank _1c"> </span>desempe<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">\u02dc</span></div><div class="t m0 x4a h13 y155 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">no</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y156 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws182">considerados<span class="blank"> </span>para<span class="blank"> </span>este<span class="blank"> </span>trabajo<span class="blank"> </span>(T<span class="blank _6"></span>abla<span class="blank"> </span>1)<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>que</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y157 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws183">conforman<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>criterio<span class="blank"> </span>inicial<span class="blank"> </span>(Criterio-A)<span class="blank"> </span>han</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y158 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws184">sido<span class="blank"> </span>usados<span class="blank"> </span>extensamente<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>sintonizaci<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x4c h13 y158 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws184">on<span class="blank"> </span>de</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y159 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws4f">controladores.<span class="blank _14"> </span>Por<span class="blank"> </span>ejemplo,<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>integral<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>cuadrado</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y15a ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws185">del<span class="blank"> </span>error<span class="blank"> </span>(<span class="ffe">inte<span class="blank _1"></span>gr<span class="blank _1"></span>al<span class="blank"> </span>squar<span class="blank _1"></span>ed<span class="blank"> </span>err<span class="blank _6"></span>or<span class="ffb">,<span class="blank _12"> </span>ISE<span class="blank"> </span>por<span class="blank"> </span>sus<span class="blank"> </span>siglas</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y15b ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws186">en<span class="blank _b"> </span>ingl<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x47 h13 y15b ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws187">es)<span class="blank"> </span>(Shinskey<span class="blank"> </span>(1988),<span class="blank"> </span>Smith<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>Corripio<span class="blank"> </span>(1985),</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y15c ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws188">Morari<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe ws189">y<span class="blank"> </span>col.<span class="blank _15"> </span></span><span class="ws18a">(1988)<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>Salgado<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe ws189">y<span class="blank"> </span>col.<span class="blank _15"> </span></span><span class="ws18b">(2007)).<span class="blank"> </span>Otro</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y15d ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y15e ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws8b">\u0131ndice<span class="blank"> </span>discreto<span class="blank"> </span>basado<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>error<span class="blank"> </span>es<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>integral<span class="blank"> </span>del</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y15f ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws4e">cuadrado<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>error<span class="blank"> </span>ponderado<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>tiempo<span class="blank"> </span>(<span class="ffe ws9">inte<span class="blank _1"></span>gral</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y160 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws138">time<span class="blank"> </span>squar<span class="blank _1"></span>ed<span class="blank"> </span>err<span class="blank _6"></span>or<span class="ffb">,<span class="blank"> </span>ITSE<span class="blank"> </span>por<span class="blank"> </span>sus<span class="blank"> </span>siglas<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>ingl<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1f h13 y160 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws185">es).<span class="blank"> </span>El</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y161 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws18c">cual<span class="blank"> </span>penaliza<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>tiempo<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>con<span class="blank _6"></span>vergencia<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>estado</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y162 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws102">estacionario<span class="blank"> </span>(<span class="ffe ls9f ws18d">SSV<span class="blank _6"></span><span class="ffb ls13 ws102">)<span class="blank"> </span>(Carrasco<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>Salgado<span class="blank"> </span>(2009)).</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y163 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws18e">Adicionalmente<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>error<span class="blank"> </span>acumulativ<span class="blank _6"></span>o<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>penaliza</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y164 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws18f">la<span class="blank _18"> </span>acci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x3b h13 y164 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws89">on<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>seguimiento,<span class="blank"> </span>viene<span class="blank"> </span>dado<span class="blank"> </span>por<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>integral</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y165 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws190">del<span class="blank"> </span>valor<span class="blank"> </span>absoluto<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>error<span class="blank"> </span>(<span class="ffe">inte<span class="blank _6"></span>gral<span class="blank"> </span>absolute<span class="blank"> </span>err<span class="blank _6"></span>or<span class="ffb">,</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y166 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws191">IAE<span class="blank"> </span>por<span class="blank"> </span>sus<span class="blank"> </span>siglas<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>ingl<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x3d h13 y166 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws191">es)<span class="blank"> </span>(Duarte-Mermoud<span class="blank"> </span>y</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y167 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws192">Prieto<span class="blank"> </span>(2004)).<span class="blank _1d"> </span>Una<span class="blank"> </span>medida<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>determina<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>energ</div><div class="t m0 xa8 h13 y168 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 xab h13 y167 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">\u0131a</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y169 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws193">empleada<span class="blank"> </span>por<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>controlador<span class="blank"> </span>(esfuerzo<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>control),</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y16a ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws144">viene<span class="blank"> </span>representada<span class="blank"> </span>por<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>integral<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>cuadrado<span class="blank"> </span>de</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y16b ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsca">las<span class="blank"> </span>desviaciones<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">\u02dc</span></div><div class="t m0 x26 h13 y16b ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsca">nal<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>control<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>estado</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y16c ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws194">estacionario<span class="blank"> </span>(<span class="ffe">inte<span class="blank _1"></span>gr<span class="blank _1"></span>al<span class="blank"> </span>squar<span class="blank _1"></span>e<span class="blank"> </span>signal<span class="blank"> </span>contr<span class="blank _6"></span>ol<span class="blank"> </span>deviation<span class="ffb">,</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y16d ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsd3">ISU<span class="blank"> </span>por<span class="blank"> </span>sus<span class="blank"> </span>siglas<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>ingl<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x26 h13 y16d ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsd3">es)<span class="blank"> </span>(Salgado<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe">y<span class="blank"> </span>col.<span class="blank _12"> </span></span>(2007)).</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y16e ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws195">La<span class="blank _1f"> </span>e<span class="blank _1"></span>voluci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x33 h15 y16e ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws61">on<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>salida<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>controlador<span class="blank"> </span>vendr<span class="blank _0"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xc0 h13 y16e ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">a</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y16f ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws196">expresada<span class="blank"> </span>por<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>v<span class="blank _6"></span>alor<span class="blank"> </span>absoluto<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>las<span class="blank"> </span>variaciones</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 yc3 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsad">totales<span class="blank"> </span>TVU<span class="blank"> </span>(equiv<span class="blank _6"></span>alente<span class="blank"> </span>al<span class="blank"> </span>IADU)<span class="blank"> </span>(Alfaro<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>V<span class="blank _6"></span>ilanov<span class="blank _1"></span>a</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y90 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws197">(2012),<span class="blank"> </span>Reynoso-Meza<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe ws134">y<span class="blank"> </span>col.<span class="blank _20"> </span></span><span class="wsc3">(2013b)).<span class="blank _18"> </span>Y<span class="blank"> </span>\ufb01nalmente,</span></div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y91 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws4f">otro<span class="blank"> </span>indicador<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>sistema<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>control<span class="blank"> </span>es<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>tiempo</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 yc5 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws198">de<span class="blank"> </span>asentamiento<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>correspondiente<span class="blank"> </span>ancho<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>banda</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 yc6 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls63">(<span class="ffe lsa0">T<span class="fsc lsa1 v8">s</span></span><span class="ls13">).</span></div><div class="t m0 x52 h35 y170 ffe fsa fc0 sc0 ls13 ws199">3.3<span class="blank _2f"> </span>Reformulaci<span class="blank _10"> </span>´<span class="blank _32"></span>on<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank _1e"> </span>´<span class="blank _33"></span>\u0131ndices<span class="blank"> </span>b<span class="blank _10"> </span>´<span class="blank _32"></span>asicos<span class="blank"> </span>de</div><div class="t m0 x62 h35 y171 ffe fsa fc0 sc0 ls13 ws167">desempe<span class="blank"> </span>\u02dc<span class="blank _31"></span>no</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 y157 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws19a">Para<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>presente<span class="blank"> </span>an<span class="blank _0"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x54 h15 y157 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws19a">alisis<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>desempe<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">\u02dc</span></div><div class="t m0 x91 h13 y157 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws19a">no;<span class="blank _1d"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>criterio</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 y158 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws19b">de<span class="blank _27"> </span>decisi<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x28 h13 y158 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws19c">on<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>identi\ufb01que<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>menor<span class="blank"> </span>tiempo</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y159 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws19d">de<span class="blank"> </span>asentamiento,<span class="blank _14"> </span>menor<span class="blank"> </span>error<span class="blank"> </span>acumulativ<span class="blank _1"></span>o,<span class="blank _14"> </span>menor</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y15a ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws173">esfuerzo<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>control<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>una<span class="blank"> </span>energ</div><div class="t m0 x89 h13 y172 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x89 h13 y15a ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws173">\u0131a<span class="blank"> </span>m</div><div class="t m0 xc1 h13 y172 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 xc1 h13 y15a ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws173">\u0131nima<span class="blank"> </span>de</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y15b ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsf7">seguimiento<span class="blank"> </span>podr</div><div class="t m0 xc2 h13 y173 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 xc2 h13 y15b ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsf7">\u0131a<span class="blank"> </span>de\ufb01nir<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>mejor<span class="blank"> </span>controlador<span class="blank _6"></span>.<span class="blank _15"> </span>Sin</div><div class="t m0 x52 h1b y15c ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws19e">embargo,<span class="blank _8"> </span>m<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x31 h1b y15c ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws19f">ultiples<span class="blank"> </span>indicadores<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>desempe<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">\u02dc</span></div><div class="t m0 xaf h13 y15c ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws19f">no<span class="blank"> </span>pueden</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y15e ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws19">estar<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>con\ufb02icto<span class="blank"> </span>(Sun<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>Li<span class="blank"> </span>(2010)).<span class="blank _25"> </span>Es<span class="blank"> </span>importante</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y15f ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1a0">considerar<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>biorreactor<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>Cholette<span class="blank"> </span>como<span class="blank"> </span>sistema</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y160 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1a1">de<span class="blank"> </span>estudio<span class="blank"> </span>exhibe<span class="blank"> </span>inestabilidad,<span class="blank _16"> </span>multiplicidad<span class="blank"> </span>de</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 y161 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1a2">estados<span class="blank"> </span>estacionarios<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>comportamiento<span class="blank"> </span>ca<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xaf h13 y161 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1a2">otico<span class="blank"> </span>bajo</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y162 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1a3">condiciones<span class="blank"> </span>espec</div><div class="t m0 x5d h13 y174 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x5d h13 y162 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1a3">\u0131\ufb01cas<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>controladores<span class="blank"> </span>PI;<span class="blank"> </span>lo<span class="blank"> </span>cual</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y175 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1a4">es<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>comportamiento<span class="blank"> </span>dif</div><div class="t m0 x98 h13 y176 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x98 h13 y175 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws84">\u0131cil<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>predecir<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>penalizar</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 y164 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1a5">mediante<span class="blank _12"> </span>alg<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x95 h15 y164 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1a6">un<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xae h15 y164 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1a7">\u0131ndice<span class="blank _12"> </span>de<span class="blank _1d"> </span>desempe<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">\u02dc</span></div><div class="t m0 x56 h13 y164 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1a8">no<span class="blank"> </span>con<span class="blank _6"></span>vencional.</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y165 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1a9">Lo<span class="blank"> </span>anterior<span class="blank"> </span>sugiere<span class="blank"> </span>establecer<span class="blank"> </span>una<span class="blank"> </span>jerarqu</div><div class="t m0 x67 h13 y177 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x67 h13 y165 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1a9">\u0131a<span class="blank"> </span>anal</div><div class="t m0 x88 h13 y177 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 xc3 h13 y165 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">\u0131tica</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y166 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws191">(Dubois<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>Prade<span class="blank"> </span>(1988)<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>Dubois<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe">y<span class="blank"> </span>col.<span class="blank _2"> </span></span>(2013))</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 y167 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1aa">para<span class="blank"> </span>fundamentar<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>criterio<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>e<span class="blank _1"></span>valuaci<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xb1 h13 y167 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1aa">on<span class="blank"> </span>(criterio-</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y169 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1ab">B);<span class="blank"> </span>considerando<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>principio<span class="blank"> </span>f</div><div class="t m0 xc4 h13 y178 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 xc4 h13 y169 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1ab">\u0131sico<span class="blank"> </span>representativ<span class="blank _6"></span>o.</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y179 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws17d">Para<span class="blank"> </span>tal<span class="blank"> </span>\ufb01nalidad;<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>respuesta<span class="blank"> </span>al<span class="blank"> </span>sobre<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>bajo<span class="blank"> </span>impulso</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 y16b ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1ac">complementa<span class="blank _20"> </span>la<span class="blank _18"> </span>formulaci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x8c h13 y16b ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1a9">on<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>criterio<span class="blank"> </span>mediante<span class="blank"> </span>el</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 y16c ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1ad">tiempo<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>asentamiento<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe lsa0">T<span class="fsc lsa2 v8">s</span></span>y<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>n<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xc5 h13 y16c ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1ad">umero<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>transiciones</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y16d ffb fsb fc0 sc0 lsa3">(<span class="ffe ls13 ws1ae">N<span class="blank"> </span>t<span class="blank"> </span>s</span><span class="lsa4">,<span class="ffe ls13 ws1af">N<span class="blank _c"> </span>t<span class="blank"> </span>b</span><span class="ls13 ws1b0">)<span class="blank"> </span>alrededor<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>estado<span class="blank"> </span>estacionario<span class="blank"> </span></span><span class="ffe ls9f ws1b1">SSV<span class="blank"> </span></span><span class="ls13">de</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y16e ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1b2">la<span class="blank"> </span>salida<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>reactor<span class="blank _6"></span>.<span class="blank _1f"> </span>En<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>T<span class="blank _9"></span>abla<span class="blank"> </span>2<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>resume<span class="blank"> </span>dicho</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y16f ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">criterio.</div><div class="t m0 x2e h15 y17a ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1b3">T<span class="blank _6"></span>abla<span class="blank _8"> </span>1.<span class="blank _e"> </span>De\ufb01nici<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xc6 h15 y17a ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">on<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank _a"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x7f h15 y17a ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1b4">\u0131ndices<span class="blank _8"> </span>b<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xc7 h15 y17a ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">asicos<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>desempe<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">\u02dc</span></div><div class="t m0 xae h13 y17a ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">no<span class="blank"> </span>(Criterio-A).</div><div class="t m0 x9f h39 y17b ffc fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1b5">Indicador<span class="blank _8"> </span>b<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x83 h39 y17b ffc fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1b6">asico<span class="blank _34"> </span>Expresi<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x78 h1a y17b ffc fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1b7">on<span class="blank"> </span>Caracter</div><div class="t m0 x73 h1a y17c ffc fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x73 h1a y17b ffc fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">\u0131stica</div><div class="t m0 x13 h18 y17d ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1b8">I<span class="blank"> </span>S<span class="blank _a"> </span>E<span class="blank _35"> </span>J<span class="fsc ws83 v8">e<span class="ffb lsa5">1</span></span><span class="ff10">=</span></div><div class="t m0 x77 h32 y17e ffe fsc fc0 sc0 ls13">N</div><div class="t m0 x22 h3a y17f ff14 fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">X</div><div class="t m0 x22 h17 y180 ffe fsc fc0 sc0 lsa6">k<span class="ff10 ls13 ws1b9">=<span class="ffb">0</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xa7 h3b y17d ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls66">e<span class="ffb ls13 ws9">(</span><span class="lsa7">k<span class="ffb ls63">)<span class="fsc lsa8 vb">2</span><span class="ls13 ws7">Integral<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>error<span class="blank"> </span>cuadr<span class="blank _0"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x5c h13 y17d ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">atico</div><div class="t m0 x7b h18 y181 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1b8">I<span class="blank"> </span>T<span class="blank _2c"> </span>S<span class="blank _a"> </span>E<span class="blank _36"> </span>J<span class="fsc ws83 v8">e<span class="ffb lsa9">2</span></span><span class="ff10">=</span></div><div class="t m0 xc8 h32 y182 ffe fsc fc0 sc0 ls13">N</div><div class="t m0 x49 h3a y183 ff14 fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">X</div><div class="t m0 x49 h17 y184 ffe fsc fc0 sc0 lsa6">k<span class="ff10 ls13 ws1b9">=<span class="ffb">0</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7c h3c y181 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1ba">ke<span class="ffb ls63">(</span><span class="lsaa">k<span class="ffb ls63">)<span class="fsc lsab vb">2</span><span class="ls13 ws7">Integral<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>tiempo<span class="blank"> </span>por<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>error<span class="blank"> </span>cuadr<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xc9 h13 y181 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">atico</div><div class="t m0 x13 h18 y185 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1bb">I<span class="blank _c"> </span>A<span class="blank"> </span>E<span class="blank _37"> </span>J<span class="fsc ls67 v8">e<span class="ffb lsa9">3</span></span><span class="ff10">=</span></div><div class="t m0 x49 h32 y186 ffe fsc fc0 sc0 ls13">N</div><div class="t m0 xaa h3a y187 ff14 fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">X</div><div class="t m0 x27 h3d y188 ffe fsc fc0 sc0 lsa6">k<span class="ff10 ls13 ws1b9">=<span class="ffb lsac">1<span class="ffd fsb lsad ve">|</span></span></span><span class="fsb ls13 ws9 ve">r</span><span class="lsae vf">k</span><span class="ffd fsb ls2e ve">\u2212<span class="ffe ls66">y</span></span><span class="lsaf vf">k</span><span class="ffd fsb lsb0 ve">|<span class="ffb ls13 ws7">Integral<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>v<span class="blank _6"></span>alor<span class="blank"> </span>absoluto<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>error</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x13 h18 y189 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1b8">I<span class="blank"> </span>S<span class="blank _38"> </span>U<span class="blank _39"> </span>J<span class="fsc ls78 v8">u<span class="ffb lsa9">1</span></span><span class="ff10">=</span></div><div class="t m0 x12 h32 y18a ffe fsc fc0 sc0 ls13">N</div><div class="t m0 xa0 h3a y18b ff14 fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">X</div><div class="t m0 x2f h17 y18c ffe fsc fc0 sc0 lsa6">k<span class="ff10 ls13 ws1b9">=<span class="ffb">0</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x22 h3b y189 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws9">(<span class="ffe">u</span><span class="ls63">(<span class="ffe lsa7">k</span><span class="lsb1">)<span class="ffd ls2e">\u2212<span class="ffe lsb2">u<span class="fsc ls13 ws1bc v8">s<span class="blank"> </span>s<span class="blank"> </span></span></span></span></span></span>)<span class="fsc lsb3 vb">2</span><span class="ws7">Integral<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>salida<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>control<span class="blank"> </span>cuadr<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x6b h13 y189 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">atica</div><div class="t m0 xa3 h18 y18d ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws40">T<span class="blank _2c"> </span>V<span class="blank"> </span>U<span class="blank _3a"> </span>J<span class="fsc ls78 v8">u<span class="ffb lsa9">2</span></span><span class="ff10">=</span></div><div class="t m0 xaa h32 y18e ffe fsc fc0 sc0 ls13">N</div><div class="t m0 x12 h3a y18f ff14 fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">X</div><div class="t m0 xa4 h3e y190 ffe fsc fc0 sc0 lsa6">k<span class="ff10 ls95">=<span class="ffb lsac">1<span class="ffd fsb ls13 ws1bd ve">|<span class="ffe ws9">u</span></span></span></span><span class="lsae vf">k</span><span class="ffd fsb ls34 ve">\u2212<span class="ffe ls13 ws9">u</span></span><span class="vf">k<span class="ffd ls13 ws77">\u2212<span class="ffb lsf">1</span><span class="fsb lsb4 v7">|<span class="ffb ls13 ws7">Integral<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>v<span class="blank _6"></span>ariaci<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xb4 h13 y18d ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">on<span class="blank"> </span>total<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>control</div><div class="t m0 x21 h13 y191 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 lsa0">T<span class="fsc lsb5 v8">s</span><span class="ls9f ws1be">SSV<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff10 ls2d">=</span></span><span class="ffb ls13 ws9">10%<span class="ff12 lsb6">,</span></span><span class="ls9f ws1be">SSV<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff10 ls2d">=</span></span><span class="ffb ls13 ws9">5%<span class="ff12 lsb6">,</span></span><span class="ls9f ws1be">SSV<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff10 ls2d">=</span></span><span class="ffb ls13 ws7">2%<span class="blank _3b"> </span>T<span class="blank _1"></span>iempo<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>asentamiento<span class="blank"> </span>(2<span class="blank"> </span>%<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>este<span class="blank"> </span>trabajo)</span></div><div class="t m0 x17 h3f y192 ffb fsd fc0 sc0 lsb7">1<span class="fse ls13 ws7 v5">V<span class="blank _6"></span>isual<span class="blank"> </span>PROMETHEE<span class="blank"> </span>(http:<span class="ff10 ws1bf">//<span class="ffb ws1c0">www<span class="blank _6"></span>.promethee-gaia.net<span class="ff10 lsb8">/</span>software.html)</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x87 h13 y5b ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws114">www<span class="blank _6"></span>.rmiq.or<span class="blank _6"></span>g<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffb">171</span></div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf6" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="6"><div class="pc pc6 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y193 w9 h40" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/0a6778cd-bdd1-45ec-a638-8272f7b3631c/bg6.png"><div class="t m0 x37 h13 y5e ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">A.<span class="blank"> </span>Rodr<span class="blank _1"></span>´<span class="blank _d"></span>\u0131guez-Mariano<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>col.<span class="ff10 ls21">/</span><span class="ffb">Revista<span class="blank"> </span>Me<span class="blank _1"></span>xicana<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc3">I</span>ngenier</span></div><div class="t m0 x38 h13 y5f ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x38 h13 y5e ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">\u0131a<span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc3">Q</span>u</div><div class="t m0 x39 h13 y5f ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x39 h13 y5e ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">\u0131mica<span class="blank"> </span>V<span class="blank _3"></span>ol.<span class="blank"> </span>14,<span class="blank"> </span>No.<span class="blank"> </span>1<span class="blank"> </span>(2015)<span class="blank"> </span>167-204</div><div class="c x0 y194 wa h41"><div class="t m0 xa h42 y195 ff15 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7"><span class="fc4 sc0">A.</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">Rodr</span><span class="fc4 sc0">´</span><span class="blank _d"></span><span class="fc4 sc0">\u0131guez-Mariano</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">y</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">col.</span><span class="ff16 lsb9"><span class="fc4 sc0">/</span></span><span class="ff17"><span class="fc4 sc0">Re</span><span class="fc4 sc0">vista</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">Me</span><span class="blank _1"></span><span class="fc4 sc0">xicana</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">de</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc3"><span class="fc4 sc0">I</span></span><span class="fc4 sc0">ngenier</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7d h42 y196 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13"><span class="fc4 sc0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x7d h42 y195 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7"><span class="fc4 sc0">\u0131a</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc3"><span class="fc4 sc0">Q</span></span><span class="fc4 sc0">u</span></div><div class="t m0 x9d h42 y196 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13"><span class="fc4 sc0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x9d h42 y195 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7"><span class="fc4 sc0">\u0131mica</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">V</span><span class="blank _3"></span><span class="fc4 sc0">ol.</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">14,</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">No.</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">1</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">(2015)</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">xxx-xxx</span></div><div class="t m0 x80 h43 y197 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1c1">T<span class="blank _6"></span>abla<span class="blank _a"> </span>2.<span class="blank _e"> </span>Conformaci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x2b h43 y197 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">on<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>criterio<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>ev<span class="blank _6"></span>aluaci<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xca h42 y197 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">on<span class="blank"> </span>(Criterio-B).</div><div class="t m0 x7 h44 y198 ff18 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x7 h45 y199 ff18 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">Indice<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>desempe<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">\u02dc</span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h45 y199 ff18 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1c2">no<span class="blank _3c"> </span>Expresi<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x48 h44 y199 ff18 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1c3">on<span class="blank"> </span>Caracter</div><div class="t m0 x76 h44 y19a ff18 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x76 h44 y199 ff18 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13">\u0131stica</div><div class="t m0 xcb h46 y19b ff15 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1c4">J<span class="fs11 ws1c5 v8">em<span class="ff17 lsba">1</span></span>J<span class="fs11 ws1c5 v8">em<span class="ff17 lsbb">1</span></span><span class="ff16 lsbc">=</span><span class="ff17 fs11 v2">1</span></div><div class="t m0 xcc h47 y19c ff15 fs11 fc0 sc0 lsbd">T<span class="fs12 ls13 vd">s</span></div><div class="t m0 xcd h47 y19d ff15 fs11 fc0 sc0 ls13">N</div><div class="t m0 xce h48 y19e ff19 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13">X</div><div class="t m0 xce h49 y19f ff15 fs11 fc0 sc0 lsbe">k<span class="ff16 ls13 ws1c6">=<span class="ff17">1</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x3d h4a y19b ff15 fs10 fc0 sc0 lsbf">e<span class="ff17 ls13 ws1c4">(</span><span class="lsc0">k<span class="ff17 lsc1">)<span class="fs11 lsc2 v2">2</span><span class="ls13 ws1c4">Energ</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xcf h42 y1a0 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 xcf h42 y19b ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">\u0131a<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>seguimiento<span class="blank"> </span>promediada<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff15 lsc3">T<span class="fs11 ls13 v8">s</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xcb h4b y1a1 ff15 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1c4">J<span class="fs11 ws1c5 v8">em<span class="ff17 lsc4">2</span></span>J<span class="fs11 ws1c5 v8">em<span class="ff17 lsbb">2</span></span><span class="ff16 lsc5">=</span><span class="fs11 lsc6 v10">t</span><span class="fs12 ws1c7 vb">sam<span class="blank"> </span>p</span></div><div class="t m0 xd0 h47 y1a2 ff15 fs11 fc0 sc0 lsc7">T<span class="fs12 ls13 vd">s</span></div><div class="t m0 xd1 h47 y1a3 ff15 fs11 fc0 sc0 ls13">N</div><div class="t m0 x3a h48 y1a4 ff19 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13">X</div><div class="t m0 xd2 h49 y1a5 ff15 fs11 fc0 sc0 lsbe">k<span class="ff16 ls13 ws1c6">=<span class="ff17">1</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xd3 h4c y1a1 ff15 fs10 fc0 sc0 lsc0">k<span class="ff17 lsc8">[</span><span class="lsc9">f<span class="ff17 lsc1">(</span></span>k<span class="ff1a lsca">,</span><span class="lscb">T<span class="fs11 lscc v8">s</span><span class="ff17 ls13 ws1c4">)]</span><span class="lsbf">e<span class="ff17 ls13 ws1c4">(</span></span></span>k<span class="ff17 ls13 ws1c4">)<span class="fs11 lscd v2">2</span>Caracter</span></div><div class="t m0 x8d h42 y1a6 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x57 h42 y1a1 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">\u0131stica<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>con<span class="blank _1"></span>ver<span class="blank _1"></span>gencia<span class="blank"> </span>al<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff15 lsce ws1c8">SSV<span class="blank _3"></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xcb h46 y1a7 ff15 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1c4">J<span class="fs11 ws1c5 v8">em<span class="ff17 lscf">3</span></span>J<span class="fs11 ws1c5 v8">em<span class="ff17 lsbb">3</span></span><span class="ff16 lsbc">=</span><span class="ff17 fs11 v2">1</span></div><div class="t m0 xcc h47 y1a8 ff15 fs11 fc0 sc0 lsbd">T<span class="fs12 ls13 vd">s</span></div><div class="t m0 xcd h47 y1a9 ff15 fs11 fc0 sc0 ls13">N</div><div class="t m0 xce h48 y1aa ff19 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13">X</div><div class="t m0 xce h4d y1ab ff15 fs11 fc0 sc0 lsbe">k<span class="ff16 ls13 ws1c6">=<span class="ff17 lsd0">1<span class="ff1b fs10 lsd1 v11">|</span></span></span><span class="fs10 ls13 ws1c4 v11">e<span class="ff17 lsc1">(<span class="ff15 lsc0">k</span><span class="ls13">)<span class="ff1b lsd2">|</span><span class="ws7">Error<span class="blank"> </span>acumulativ<span class="blank _6"></span>o<span class="blank"> </span>promediado<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff15 lsc3">T<span class="fs11 ls13 v8">s</span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xcb h46 y1ac ff15 fs10 fc0 sc0 lsbf">J<span class="fs11 ls13 ws1c5 v8">um<span class="ff17 lsd3">1</span></span><span class="ls13 ws1c4">J<span class="fs11 ws1c5 v8">um<span class="ff17 lsd4">1</span></span><span class="ff16 lsbc">=</span><span class="ff17 fs11 v2">1</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4b h47 y1ad ff15 fs11 fc0 sc0 lsc7">T<span class="fs12 ls13 vd">s</span></div><div class="t m0 xcc h47 y1ae ff15 fs11 fc0 sc0 ls13">N</div><div class="t m0 x50 h48 y1af ff19 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13">X</div><div class="t m0 xd1 h49 y1b0 ff15 fs11 fc0 sc0 lsbe">k<span class="ff16 ls13 ws1c6">=<span class="ff17">0</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xce h4a y1ac ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1c4">(<span class="ff15 lsd5">u</span>(<span class="ff15 lsc0">k</span><span class="lsd6">)<span class="ff1b lsd7">\u2212<span class="ff15 lsd8">u<span class="fs11 ls13 ws1c9 v8">s<span class="blank"> </span>s<span class="blank"> </span></span></span></span></span>)<span class="fs11 lsd9 v2">2</span><span class="ws7">Esfuerzo<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>control<span class="blank"> </span>promediado<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff15 lscb">T<span class="fs11 ls13 v8">s</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xcb h4e y1b1 ff15 fs10 fc0 sc0 lsbf">J<span class="fs11 ls13 ws1c5 v8">um<span class="ff17 lsda">2</span></span><span class="ls13 ws1c4">J<span class="fs11 ws1c5 v8">um<span class="ff17 lsd4">2</span></span><span class="ff16 lsdb">=<span class="ff17 lsdc v0">(</span></span><span class="ws1ca">N<span class="blank"> </span>t<span class="blank"> </span>s<span class="blank _a"> </span><span class="ff16 lsdd">+</span><span class="ws1cb">N<span class="blank _c"> </span>t<span class="blank"> </span>b<span class="ff17 lsde v0">)</span><span class="ff19 v12">v</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x82 h48 y1b2 ff19 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13">u</div><div class="t m0 x82 h48 y1b3 ff19 fs10 fc0 sc0 lsdf">t<span class="ff17 ls13 v13">1</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h4f y1b4 ff15 fs10 fc0 sc0 lscb">T<span class="fs11 ls13 v8">s</span></div><div class="t m0 xbf h47 y1b5 ff15 fs11 fc0 sc0 ls13">N</div><div class="t m0 x2b h48 y1b6 ff19 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13">X</div><div class="t m0 x2b h49 y1b7 ff15 fs11 fc0 sc0 lsbe">k<span class="ff16 ls13 ws1c6">=<span class="ff17">0</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xd4 h4a y1b1 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1c4">(<span class="ff15 lsd5">u</span>(<span class="ff15 lsc0">k</span><span class="lse0">)<span class="ff1b lsd7">\u2212<span class="ff15 lsd8">u<span class="fs11 ls13 ws1c9 v8">s<span class="blank"> </span>s<span class="blank"> </span></span></span></span><span class="lsc1">)<span class="fs11 lse1 v2">2</span></span></span><span class="ws7">Norma<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>tendencia<span class="blank"> </span>oscilatoria<span class="blank"> </span>(bifurcaci<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xd5 h42 y1b1 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">on<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>Hopf)</div><div class="t m0 xcb h46 y1b8 ff15 fs10 fc0 sc0 lsbf">J<span class="fs11 ls13 ws1c5 v8">um<span class="ff17 lse2">3</span></span><span class="ls13 ws1c4">J<span class="fs11 ws1c5 v8">um<span class="ff17 lsd4">3</span></span><span class="ff16 lse3">=</span></span>J<span class="fs11 ls13 ws1c5 v8">um<span class="ff17 lse4">1<span class="ls13 v10">1</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x3a h48 y1b9 ff19 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13">v</div><div class="t m0 x3a h48 y1ba ff19 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13">u</div><div class="t m0 x3a h48 y1bb ff19 fs10 fc0 sc0 lsdf">t<span class="ff17 ls13 v13">1</span></div><div class="t m0 x2e h4f y1bc ff15 fs10 fc0 sc0 lscb">T<span class="fs11 ls13 v8">s</span></div><div class="t m0 x41 h47 y1bd ff15 fs11 fc0 sc0 ls13">N</div><div class="t m0 x1 h48 y1be ff19 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13">X</div><div class="t m0 x1 h4d y1bf ff15 fs11 fc0 sc0 lsbe">k<span class="ff16 ls13 ws1c6">=<span class="ff17 lsd0">1<span class="ff1b fs10 lsd1 v11">|</span></span></span><span class="fs10 ls13 ws1c4 v11">u</span><span class="lse5 v14">k</span><span class="ff1b fs10 lsd7 v11">\u2212<span class="ff15 ls13 ws1c4">u</span></span><span class="v14">k<span class="ff1b lse6">\u2212<span class="ff17 lse7">1</span><span class="fs10 ls13 v7">|</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xd6 h42 y1b8 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1c4">Energ</div><div class="t m0 xd7 h42 y1c0 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 xd7 h42 y1b8 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">\u0131a<span class="blank"> </span>representativ<span class="blank _6"></span>a<span class="blank"> </span>entre<span class="blank"> </span>acciones<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>control</div><div class="t m0 xd8 h43 y1c1 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1cc"><span class="fc4 sc0">No</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">obstante,</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">la</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">aplicaci</span><span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0"><span class="fc4 sc0">´</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xd9 h42 y1c1 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1cd"><span class="fc4 sc0">on</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">de</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">la</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">metodolog</span></div><div class="t m0 xa9 h42 y1c2 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13"><span class="fc4 sc0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x2e h42 y1c1 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1cd"><span class="fc4 sc0">\u0131a</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">no</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">se</span></div><div class="t m0 xda h42 y1c3 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1ce"><span class="fc4 sc0">restringe</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">a</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">este</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">tipo</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">de</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">sistemas.</span><span class="blank _1f"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">Y</span><span class="blank _6"></span><span class="fc4 sc0">a</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">que</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">puede</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">ser</span></div><div class="t m0 xda h42 y1c4 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1cf"><span class="fc4 sc0">aplicable</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">a</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">cualquier</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">tipo</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">de</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">sistemas</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">de</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">control</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">con</span></div><div class="t m0 xda h43 y1c5 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1d0"><span class="fc4 sc0">diferentes</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0"><span class="fc4 sc0">´</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xcb h43 y1c5 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7"><span class="fc4 sc0">\u0131ndices</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">y</span><span class="ff16 lse8"><span class="fc4 sc0">/</span></span><span class="ws1d1"><span class="fc4 sc0">o</span><span class="blank _8"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">par</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0"><span class="fc4 sc0">´</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xdb h43 y1c5 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7"><span class="fc4 sc0">ametros</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">de</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">desempe</span><span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0"><span class="fc4 sc0">\u02dc</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4d h42 y1c5 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13"><span class="fc4 sc0">no.</span></div><div class="t m0 xd8 h43 y1c6 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1d2"><span class="fc4 sc0">En</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">el</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">Ap</span><span class="blank _0"> </span><span class="v0"><span class="fc4 sc0">´</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xdc h42 y1c6 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1d2"><span class="fc4 sc0">endice</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">A</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">se</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">encuentran</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">los</span></div><div class="t m0 xda h42 y1c7 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1d3"><span class="fc4 sc0">planteamientos</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">que</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">justi\ufb01can</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">la</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">presente</span></div><div class="t m0 xda h50 y1c8 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1d4"><span class="fc4 sc0">reformulaci</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0"><span class="fc4 sc0">´</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xdd h42 y1c8 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1d5"><span class="fc4 sc0">on</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">y</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">conforman</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">el</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">criterio</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">aplicado</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">dentro</span></div><div class="t m0 xda h42 y1c9 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1d6"><span class="fc4 sc0">de</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">la</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">metodolog</span></div><div class="t m0 xde h42 y1ca ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13"><span class="fc4 sc0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xde h42 y1c9 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1d6"><span class="fc4 sc0">\u0131a</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">PR</span><span class="blank _1"></span><span class="fc4 sc0">OMETHEE.</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">Un</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">problema</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">de</span></div><div class="t m0 xda h43 y1cb ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1d7"><span class="fc4 sc0">e</span><span class="fc4 sc0">v</span><span class="blank _6"></span><span class="fc4 sc0">aluaci</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0"><span class="fc4 sc0">´</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe h43 y1cb ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1d8"><span class="fc4 sc0">on</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">multi-objeti</span><span class="fc4 sc0">v</span><span class="blank _6"></span><span class="fc4 sc0">o,</span><span class="blank _1b"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">mediante</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">la</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">utilizaci</span><span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0"><span class="fc4 sc0">´</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xce h42 y1cb ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1d8"><span class="fc4 sc0">on</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">de</span></div><div class="t m0 xda h42 y1cc ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7"><span class="fc4 sc0">las</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">g</span><span class="fc4 sc0">anancias</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">del</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">controlador</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">obtenidas</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff15 ws1d9"><span class="fc4 sc0">a</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">priori</span><span class="blank"> </span></span><span class="fc4 sc0">es,</span></div><div class="t m0 xdf h51 y1cd ff1c fs10 fc0 sc0 lse9"><span class="fc4 sc0">J</span><span class="ff18 lsc1"><span class="fc4 sc0">(</span><span class="ff1d lsea"><span class="fc4 sc0">\u03b8</span></span><span class="fc4 sc0">)</span><span class="ff1d fs11 lseb v8"><span class="fc4 sc0">\u03b8</span><span class="ff1b ls13 ws1da"><span class="fc4 sc0">\u2208<</span><span class="ff15 fs12 lsec v4"><span class="fc4 sc0">n</span></span></span></span><span class="ff16 lsed"><span class="fc4 sc0">=</span><span class="ff17 lsee"><span class="fc4 sc0">[</span><span class="ff15 lsbf"><span class="fc4 sc0">J</span></span><span class="fs11 lse7 v8"><span class="fc4 sc0">1</span></span><span class="ls13 ws1c4"><span class="fc4 sc0">(</span><span class="ff1d lsef"><span class="fc4 sc0">\u03b8</span></span><span class="fc4 sc0">)</span></span><span class="ff1a lsf0 ws1db"><span class="fc4 sc0">,.</span><span class="fc4 sc0">..,</span><span class="blank"> </span></span><span class="ff15 ls13 ws1c4"><span class="fc4 sc0">J</span><span class="fs11 lsf1 v8"><span class="fc4 sc0">m</span></span></span><span class="lsc1"><span class="fc4 sc0">(</span><span class="ff1d lsef"><span class="fc4 sc0">\u03b8</span></span><span class="ls13 ws1dc"><span class="fc4 sc0">)]</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff1b ws1dd"><span class="fc4 sc0">\u2208</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0"><</span><span class="ff15 fs11 lsf2 v2"><span class="fc4 sc0">m</span></span></span><span class="fc4 sc0">(18)</span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h52 y1ce ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1de"><span class="fc4 sc0">donde</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff1d lsef"><span class="fc4 sc0">\u03b8</span></span><span class="ff1b ws1dd"><span class="fc4 sc0">\u2208</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0"><</span><span class="ff15 fs11 lsf3 v15"><span class="fc4 sc0">n</span></span></span><span class="ws1df"><span class="fc4 sc0">se</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">de\ufb01ne</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">como</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">el</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">v</span><span class="fc4 sc0">ector</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">de</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">decisi</span><span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0"><span class="fc4 sc0">´</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe0 h42 y1ce ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13"><span class="fc4 sc0">on,</span></div><div class="t m0 xda h42 y1cf ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1e0"><span class="fc4 sc0">que</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">con</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">respecto</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">a</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">las</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">ecuaciones</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">del</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">controlador</span></div><div class="t m0 xda h42 y1d0 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1e1"><span class="fc4 sc0">lineal</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">(ecs.</span><span class="blank _15"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">(3)-(4))</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">son</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff1a lsf4"><span class="fc4 sc0">\u03b1</span></span><span class="lsf5"><span class="fc4 sc0">,</span></span><span class="ff1a ws1e2"><span class="fc4 sc0">\u03b2</span></span><span class="fs11 lse7 v8"><span class="fc4 sc0">1</span></span><span class="lsf5"><span class="fc4 sc0">,</span></span><span class="ff1a ws1e2"><span class="fc4 sc0">\u03b2</span></span><span class="fs11 lse7 v8"><span class="fc4 sc0">2</span></span><span class="lsf6"><span class="fc4 sc0">,</span><span class="ff1a lsf7"><span class="fc4 sc0">\u03b3</span></span><span class="lsf5"><span class="fc4 sc0">,</span><span class="ff1a lsf8"><span class="fc4 sc0">\u03b4</span></span><span class="fs11 lsf9 v8"><span class="fc4 sc0">1</span></span><span class="lsfa"><span class="fc4 sc0">y</span></span></span></span><span class="ff1a ws1e2"><span class="fc4 sc0">\u03b4</span></span><span class="fs11 lse7 v8"><span class="fc4 sc0">2</span></span><span class="ws1e3"><span class="fc4 sc0">;</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">y</span><span class="blank _18"> </span><span class="ff1c lsfb"><span class="fc4 sc0">J</span></span><span class="lsc1"><span class="fc4 sc0">(</span><span class="ff1d lsea"><span class="fc4 sc0">\u03b8</span></span></span><span class="fc4 sc0">)</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xda h52 y1d1 ff1b fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1dd"><span class="fc4 sc0">\u2208</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0"><</span><span class="ff15 fs11 lsfc v15"><span class="fc4 sc0">m</span></span><span class="ff17 ws1e4"><span class="fc4 sc0">como</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">el</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">v</span><span class="fc4 sc0">ector</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">de</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">objeti</span><span class="blank _1"></span><span class="fc4 sc0">v</span><span class="fc4 sc0">os</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">que</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">en</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">este</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">caso</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">son</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xda h42 y1d2 ff15 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1c4"><span class="fc4 sc0">I</span><span class="fs11 lsfd v8"><span class="fc4 sc0">e</span></span><span class="ff17 lsfe"><span class="fc4 sc0">e</span></span><span class="fc4 sc0">I</span><span class="fs11 lse7 v8"><span class="fc4 sc0">u</span></span><span class="ff17"><span class="fc4 sc0">.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xda h53 y1d3 ff15 fs13 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7"><span class="fc4 sc0">3.4</span><span class="blank _13"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">Enfoque</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">multi-criterio</span></div><div class="t m0 xda h42 y1d4 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1e5"><span class="fc4 sc0">El</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">enfoque</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">desde</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">el</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">punto</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">de</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">vista</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">PR</span><span class="blank _1"></span><span class="fc4 sc0">OMETHEE</span></div><div class="t m0 xda h42 y1d5 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1e6"><span class="fc4 sc0">(Brans</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff15 ws1e7"><span class="fc4 sc0">y</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">col.</span><span class="blank _1c"> </span><span class="ff17"><span class="fc4 sc0">(1984)</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">y</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">Behzadian</span><span class="blank"> </span></span><span class="fc4 sc0">y</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">col.</span><span class="blank _22"> </span></span><span class="fc4 sc0">(2009));</span></div><div class="t m0 xda h42 y1d6 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1e8"><span class="fc4 sc0">considera</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">un</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">conjunto</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">\ufb01nito</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff15 lsff"><span class="fc4 sc0">A</span></span><span class="fc4 sc0">de</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">alternati</span><span class="fc4 sc0">v</span><span class="fc4 sc0">as</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">a</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">ser</span></div><div class="t m0 xa4 h42 y1c1 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1e9"><span class="fc4 sc0">e</span><span class="fc4 sc0">v</span><span class="blank _6"></span><span class="fc4 sc0">aluadas</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">mediante</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">un</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">conjunto</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">de</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">criterios</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff15 ls100"><span class="fc4 sc0">C</span></span><span class="fc4 sc0">(ec.</span></div><div class="t m0 xa4 h42 y1c3 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1ea"><span class="fc4 sc0">(19)).</span><span class="blank _e"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">Donde</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">el</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">objeti</span><span class="blank _1"></span><span class="fc4 sc0">v</span><span class="blank _1"></span><span class="fc4 sc0">o</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">es</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">maximizar</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">las</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">g</span><span class="fc4 sc0">anancias</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">o</span></div><div class="t m0 xa4 h42 y1c4 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1eb"><span class="fc4 sc0">minimizar</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">los</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">costos,</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">partiendo</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">de</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">relaciones</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">binarias</span></div><div class="t m0 xa4 h42 y1c5 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1ec"><span class="fc4 sc0">de</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">preferencia</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff15 ls101"><span class="fc4 sc0">P</span><span class="fs11 ls102 v8"><span class="fc4 sc0">j</span></span></span><span class="ws1c4"><span class="fc4 sc0">(</span><span class="ff15 lsd8"><span class="fc4 sc0">a</span><span class="fs11 ls103 v8"><span class="fc4 sc0">x</span></span><span class="ff1a lsca"><span class="fc4 sc0">,</span></span><span class="ls13"><span class="fc4 sc0">a</span><span class="fs11 ls102 v8"><span class="fc4 sc0">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="fc4 sc0">).</span><span class="blank _4"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">En</span><span class="blank _15"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">este</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">caso</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">el</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">criterio</span></div><div class="t m0 xa4 h42 y1d7 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1ed"><span class="fc4 sc0">considerado</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">viene</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">dado</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">por</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">el</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">criterio-B</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">(T</span><span class="blank _6"></span><span class="fc4 sc0">abla</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">2).</span><span class="blank _b"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">La</span></div><div class="t m0 xa4 h42 y1d8 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13"><span class="fc4 sc0">metodolog</span></div><div class="t m0 x4c h42 y1d9 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13"><span class="fc4 sc0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x4c h43 y1d8 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1ee"><span class="fc4 sc0">\u0131a</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">PR</span><span class="blank _1"></span><span class="fc4 sc0">OMETHEE</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">se</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">resume</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">a</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">continuaci</span><span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0"><span class="fc4 sc0">´</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xbb h42 y1d8 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13"><span class="fc4 sc0">on</span></div><div class="t m0 xa4 h42 y1da ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7"><span class="fc4 sc0">en</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">la</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">Fig.</span><span class="blank _b"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">1.</span></div><div class="t m0 xc6 h42 y1db ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1ef"><span class="fc4 sc0">Atendiendo</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">a</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">esta</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">metodolog</span></div><div class="t m0 xe1 h42 y1dc ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13"><span class="fc4 sc0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xe1 h43 y1db ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1f0"><span class="fc4 sc0">\u0131a;</span><span class="blank _5"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">el</span><span class="blank _16"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">an</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0"><span class="fc4 sc0">´</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x5e h42 y1db ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13"><span class="fc4 sc0">alisis</span></div><div class="t m0 xa4 h43 y1dd ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1f1"><span class="fc4 sc0">del</span><span class="blank _15"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">desempe</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0"><span class="fc4 sc0">\u02dc</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xd6 h42 y1dd ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1f2"><span class="fc4 sc0">no</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">multi-criterio</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">de</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">las</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff15 ls104"><span class="fc4 sc0">A</span></span><span class="ws1c4"><span class="fc4 sc0">alternati</span><span class="fc4 sc0">v</span><span class="fc4 sc0">as</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xa4 h42 y1de ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1f3"><span class="fc4 sc0">(controladores</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">in</span><span class="blank _1"></span><span class="fc4 sc0">v</span><span class="blank _1"></span><span class="fc4 sc0">olucrados),</span><span class="blank _2d"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">requiere</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">de</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">la</span></div><div class="t m0 xa4 h43 y1df ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1f4"><span class="fc4 sc0">asignaci</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0"><span class="fc4 sc0">´</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x15 h42 y1df ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1f5"><span class="fc4 sc0">on</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">de</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">los</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">pesos</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff15 ls105"><span class="fc4 sc0">w</span><span class="fs11 ls106 v8"><span class="fc4 sc0">j</span></span></span><span class="fc4 sc0">y</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">funciones</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">preferenciales</span></div><div class="t m0 xa4 h42 y1e0 ff15 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls107"><span class="fc4 sc0">P</span><span class="fs11 ls108 v8"><span class="fc4 sc0">j</span></span><span class="ff17 ls13 ws1f6"><span class="fc4 sc0">para</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">cada</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">criterio</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">componente</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">dentro</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">del</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">criterio-B.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xa4 h42 y1e1 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1f7"><span class="fc4 sc0">Esta</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">es</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">una</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">tarea</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">dependiente</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">de</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">las</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">consideraciones</span></div><div class="t m0 xa4 h42 y1e2 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1f8"><span class="fc4 sc0">del</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">e</span><span class="fc4 sc0">v</span><span class="blank _6"></span><span class="fc4 sc0">aluador</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">(Sarraf</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff15 ws1f9"><span class="fc4 sc0">y</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">col.</span><span class="blank _16"> </span></span><span class="fc4 sc0">(2013)).</span><span class="blank _16"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">No</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">obstante;</span></div><div class="t m0 xa4 h43 y1e3 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1fa"><span class="fc4 sc0">la</span><span class="blank _18"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">formulaci</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0"><span class="fc4 sc0">´</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe2 h42 y1e3 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1fb"><span class="fc4 sc0">on</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">del</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">criterio</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">anteriormente</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">presentado</span></div><div class="t m0 xa4 h43 y1e4 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1fc"><span class="fc4 sc0">(Criterio-B),</span><span class="blank _22"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">efect</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0"><span class="fc4 sc0">´</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe3 h43 y1e4 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1fd"><span class="fc4 sc0">ua</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">una</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">transformaci</span><span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0"><span class="fc4 sc0">´</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x63 h42 y1e4 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1fd"><span class="fc4 sc0">on</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">en</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">la</span></div><div class="t m0 xa4 h43 y1e5 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1fe"><span class="fc4 sc0">matriz</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">de</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">decisi</span><span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0"><span class="fc4 sc0">´</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xc0 h42 y1e5 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1fe"><span class="fc4 sc0">on</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">como</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">se</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">ha</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">efectuado</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">para</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">otras</span></div><div class="t m0 xa4 h42 y1e6 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13"><span class="fc4 sc0">metodolog</span></div><div class="t m0 x4c h42 y1e7 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13"><span class="fc4 sc0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x4c h42 y1e6 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1ff"><span class="fc4 sc0">\u0131as</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">multi-criterio</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">como</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">lo</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">es</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">T</span><span class="fc4 sc0">OPSIS</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">(Y</span><span class="blank _3"></span><span class="fc4 sc0">oon</span></div><div class="t m0 xa4 h42 y1e8 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws200"><span class="fc4 sc0">y</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">Hw</span><span class="fc4 sc0">ang</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">(1995)).</span><span class="blank _3d"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">En</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">este</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">caso,</span><span class="blank _1f"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">las</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">distancias</span></div><div class="t m0 xa4 h43 y1e9 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws201"><span class="fc4 sc0">de</span><span class="blank _12"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">desempe</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0"><span class="fc4 sc0">\u02dc</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x42 h54 y1e9 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws202"><span class="fc4 sc0">no</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff15 ls109"><span class="fc4 sc0">d</span><span class="fs11 ls102 v8"><span class="fc4 sc0">j</span></span></span><span class="lsc1"><span class="fc4 sc0">(</span><span class="ff15 lsd8"><span class="fc4 sc0">a</span><span class="fs11 ls10a v8"><span class="fc4 sc0">x</span></span><span class="ff1b ls10b"><span class="fc4 sc0">\u2212</span></span><span class="ls13 ws1c4"><span class="fc4 sc0">a</span><span class="fs11 ls102 v8"><span class="fc4 sc0">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="ws203"><span class="fc4 sc0">);</span><span class="blank _1e"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">son</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">transformadas</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">(v</span><span class="fc4 sc0">er</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xa4 h43 y1ea ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws204"><span class="fc4 sc0">Ap</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0"><span class="fc4 sc0">´</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x77 h42 y1ea ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1ec"><span class="fc4 sc0">endice</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">A)</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">para</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">poder</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">interpretarlas</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">mediante</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">la</span></div><div class="t m0 xa4 h43 y1d4 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws205"><span class="fc4 sc0">opci</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0"><span class="fc4 sc0">´</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7d h42 y1d4 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws206"><span class="fc4 sc0">on</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">6</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">(Fig.</span><span class="blank _1e"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">2)</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">de</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">la</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">metodolog</span></div><div class="t m0 x39 h42 y1eb ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13"><span class="fc4 sc0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x39 h42 y1d4 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws206"><span class="fc4 sc0">\u0131a</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">PR</span><span class="blank _1"></span><span class="fc4 sc0">OMETHEE,</span></div><div class="t m0 xa4 h43 y1d5 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws207"><span class="fc4 sc0">como</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">un</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">proceso</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">con</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">distrib</span><span class="fc4 sc0">uci</span><span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0"><span class="fc4 sc0">´</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xad h43 y1d5 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws208"><span class="fc4 sc0">on</span><span class="blank _1d"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">normal-est</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0"><span class="fc4 sc0">´</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xb0 h42 y1d5 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13"><span class="fc4 sc0">andar</span></div><div class="t m0 xa4 h42 y1d6 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 lsdc"><span class="fc4 sc0">(</span><span class="ff15 ls10c"><span class="fc4 sc0">N</span></span><span class="ls13 ws1c4"><span class="fc4 sc0">(0</span><span class="ff1a lsca"><span class="fc4 sc0">,</span></span><span class="fc4 sc0">1)).</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe4 h55 y1ec ff15 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws209"><span class="fc4 sc0">M</span><span class="fc4 sc0">C</span><span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">D</span><span class="blank _0"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">A</span><span class="ff1a ls10d"><span class="fc4 sc0">/</span></span><span class="ls10e"><span class="fc4 sc0">D</span></span><span class="ff19 v16"><span class="fc4 sc0">\uf8f1</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x17 h48 y1ed ff19 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13"><span class="fc4 sc0">\uf8f4</span></div><div class="t m0 x17 h48 y1ee ff19 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13"><span class="fc4 sc0">\uf8f4</span></div><div class="t m0 x17 h48 y1ef ff19 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13"><span class="fc4 sc0">\uf8f4</span></div><div class="t m0 x17 h48 y1f0 ff19 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13"><span class="fc4 sc0">\uf8f4</span></div><div class="t m0 x17 h48 y1f1 ff19 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13"><span class="fc4 sc0">\uf8f4</span></div><div class="t m0 x17 h48 y1f2 ff19 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13"><span class="fc4 sc0">\uf8f2</span></div><div class="t m0 x17 h48 y1f3 ff19 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13"><span class="fc4 sc0">\uf8f4</span></div><div class="t m0 x17 h48 y1f4 ff19 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13"><span class="fc4 sc0">\uf8f4</span></div><div class="t m0 x17 h48 y1f5 ff19 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13"><span class="fc4 sc0">\uf8f4</span></div><div class="t m0 x17 h48 y1f6 ff19 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13"><span class="fc4 sc0">\uf8f4</span></div><div class="t m0 x17 h48 y1f7 ff19 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13"><span class="fc4 sc0">\uf8f4</span></div><div class="t m0 x17 h48 y1f8 ff19 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13"><span class="fc4 sc0">\uf8f3</span></div><div class="t m0 x44 h56 y1f9 ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws20a"><span class="fc4 sc0">min</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff19 ws20b v17"><span class="fc4 sc0">n</span></span><span class="ff15 lsbf"><span class="fc4 sc0">c</span></span><span class="fs11 lse7 v8"><span class="fc4 sc0">1</span></span><span class="ws1c4"><span class="fc4 sc0">(</span><span class="ff15 lsd5"><span class="fc4 sc0">a</span></span><span class="fs11 lse7 v8"><span class="fc4 sc0">1</span></span><span class="fc4 sc0">)</span><span class="ff1a lsca"><span class="fc4 sc0">,</span><span class="ff15 lsbf"><span class="fc4 sc0">c</span></span></span><span class="fs11 lse7 v8"><span class="fc4 sc0">2</span></span><span class="fc4 sc0">(</span><span class="ff15 lsd5"><span class="fc4 sc0">a</span></span><span class="fs11 lse7 v8"><span class="fc4 sc0">2</span></span><span class="fc4 sc0">)</span><span class="ff1a ws20c"><span class="fc4 sc0">,</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">...,</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff15 ls10f"><span class="fc4 sc0">c</span><span class="fs11 ls102 v8"><span class="fc4 sc0">j</span></span></span></span><span class="fc4 sc0">(</span><span class="ff15"><span class="fc4 sc0">a</span><span class="fs11 ls102 v8"><span class="fc4 sc0">i</span></span></span><span class="ls110"><span class="fc4 sc0">)</span><span class="ff1b ls111"><span class="fc4 sc0">|</span></span></span><span class="ff15"><span class="fc4 sc0">a</span><span class="fs11 ls112 v8"><span class="fc4 sc0">i</span></span><span class="ff1b ls113"><span class="fc4 sc0">\u2208</span></span><span class="fc4 sc0">A</span></span><span class="ls114"><span class="fc4 sc0">;</span><span class="ff15 ls10f"><span class="fc4 sc0">c</span><span class="fs11 ls115 v8"><span class="fc4 sc0">j</span></span><span class="ff1b ls116"><span class="fc4 sc0">\u2208</span></span><span class="ls117"><span class="fc4 sc0">C</span><span class="ff19 ls118 v17"><span class="fc4 sc0">o</span></span></span></span></span><span class="fs14 ws7"><span class="fc4 sc0">Opcional</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">maximizar</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">o</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">mininimizar</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 h54 y1fa ff15 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls119"><span class="fc4 sc0">A</span><span class="ff16 ls11a"><span class="fc4 sc0">=</span><span class="ff1b ls11b v0"><span class="fc4 sc0">{</span></span></span><span class="ls13 ws1c4"><span class="fc4 sc0">a</span><span class="fs11 ls115 v8"><span class="fc4 sc0">i</span></span><span class="ff1b ls111"><span class="fc4 sc0">|</span></span><span class="ls11c"><span class="fc4 sc0">i</span><span class="ff16 lsdb"><span class="fc4 sc0">=</span><span class="ff17 lsd5"><span class="fc4 sc0">1</span><span class="ff1a lsca"><span class="fc4 sc0">,</span></span><span class="ls13"><span class="fc4 sc0">2</span><span class="ff1a ws20c"><span class="fc4 sc0">,</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">...,</span><span class="blank"> </span></span></span></span></span><span class="ls2a"><span class="fc4 sc0">m</span><span class="ff1b ls11d v0"><span class="fc4 sc0">}</span></span></span></span><span class="ff17 fs14 ws7"><span class="fc4 sc0">Es</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">el</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">conjunto</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">de</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">alternati</span><span class="fc4 sc0">v</span><span class="blank _6"></span><span class="fc4 sc0">as</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 h56 y1fb ff15 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls11e"><span class="fc4 sc0">C</span><span class="ff16 ls11a"><span class="fc4 sc0">=</span><span class="ff19 ls13 ws20b v17"><span class="fc4 sc0">n</span></span></span><span class="ls11f"><span class="fc4 sc0">c</span><span class="fs11 ls112 v8"><span class="fc4 sc0">j</span></span><span class="ff1b ls120"><span class="fc4 sc0">|</span></span><span class="ls11c"><span class="fc4 sc0">j</span><span class="ff16 lsdb"><span class="fc4 sc0">=</span><span class="ff17 lsd5"><span class="fc4 sc0">1</span><span class="ff1a lsca"><span class="fc4 sc0">,</span></span><span class="ls13 ws1c4"><span class="fc4 sc0">2</span><span class="ff1a ws20c"><span class="fc4 sc0">,</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">...,</span><span class="blank"> </span></span></span><span class="ff15"><span class="fc4 sc0">n</span><span class="ff19 ls121 v17"><span class="fc4 sc0">o</span></span></span><span class="fs14 ls13 ws7"><span class="fc4 sc0">Es</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">el</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">conjunto</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">de</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc4 sc0">criterios</span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x5a h42 y1ec ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls13"><span class="fc4 sc0">(19)</span></div><div class="t m0 xe5 h42 y1fc ff17 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls122"><span class="fc4 sc0">6</span><span class="ff15 ls13 ws1c4"><span class="fc4 sc0">www</span><span class="blank _6"></span><span class="fc4 sc0">.rmiq.or</span><span class="blank _1"></span><span class="fc4 sc0">g</span></span></div></div><div class="t m0 x44 h15 y1fd ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsb">No<span class="blank"> </span>obstante,<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>aplicaci<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h13 y1fd ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws115">on<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>metodolog</div><div class="t m0 x86 h13 y1fe ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x86 h13 y1fd ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws115">\u0131a<span class="blank"> </span>no<span class="blank"> </span>se</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y1ff ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws20d">restringe<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>este<span class="blank"> </span>tipo<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>sistemas.<span class="blank _25"> </span>Y<span class="blank _9"></span>a<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>puede<span class="blank"> </span>ser</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y200 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsd6">aplicable<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>cualquier<span class="blank"> </span>tipo<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>sistemas<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>control<span class="blank"> </span>con</div><div class="t m0 x0 h1b y201 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws20e">diferentes<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x80 h1b y201 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">\u0131ndices<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="ff10 ls91">/</span><span class="ws20f">o<span class="blank _8"> </span>par<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xd3 h1b y201 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">ametros<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>desempe<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">\u02dc</span></div><div class="t m0 x15 h13 y201 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">no.</div><div class="t m0 x44 h1b y202 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws210">En<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>Ap<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x81 h13 y202 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws210">endice<span class="blank"> </span>A<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>encuentran<span class="blank"> </span>los</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y203 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws211">planteamientos<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>justi\ufb01can<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>presente</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y204 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws212">reformulaci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xe6 h13 y204 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsb5">on<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>conforman<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>criterio<span class="blank"> </span>aplicado<span class="blank"> </span>dentro</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y205 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws213">de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>metodolog</div><div class="t m0 x3e h13 y206 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x81 h13 y205 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws213">\u0131a<span class="blank"> </span>PR<span class="blank _1"></span>OMETHEE.<span class="blank"> </span>Un<span class="blank"> </span>problema<span class="blank"> </span>de</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y207 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws214">ev<span class="blank _6"></span>aluaci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x13 h15 y207 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws18c">on<span class="blank"> </span>multi-objetiv<span class="blank _6"></span>o,<span class="blank _12"> </span>mediante<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>utilizaci<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xe7 h13 y207 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws18c">on<span class="blank"> </span>de</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y208 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">las<span class="blank"> </span>ganancias<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>controlador<span class="blank"> </span>obtenidas<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe ws215">a<span class="blank"> </span>priori<span class="blank"> </span></span>es,</div><div class="t m0 x7b h57 y209 ff1e fsb fc0 sc0 ls123">J<span class="ffc ls63">(<span class="ff1f ls124">\u03b8</span>)<span class="ff1f fsc ls125 v8">\u03b8<span class="ffd ls13 ws77">\u2208<<span class="ffe fsf ls126 v4">n</span></span></span><span class="ff10 ls127">=<span class="ffb ls58">[<span class="ffe ls66">J</span><span class="fsc lsf v8">1</span><span class="ls13 ws9">(<span class="ff1f ls128">\u03b8</span>)</span><span class="ff12 ls129 ws216">,...,<span class="blank"> </span></span><span class="ffe ls13 ws9">J<span class="fsc ls12a v8">m</span></span><span class="ls63">(<span class="ff1f ls128">\u03b8</span><span class="ls13 ws217">)]<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffd ws218">\u2208<span class="blank"> </span><<span class="ffe fsc ls12b vb">m</span></span>(18)</span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x10 h26 y20a ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws219">donde<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff1f ls128">\u03b8</span><span class="ffd ws218">\u2208<span class="blank"> </span><<span class="ffe fsc ls12c v2">n</span></span><span class="ws171">se<span class="blank"> </span>de\ufb01ne<span class="blank"> </span>como<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>vector<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>decisi<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7f h13 y20a ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">on,</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y20b ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws21a">que<span class="blank"> </span>con<span class="blank"> </span>respecto<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>las<span class="blank"> </span>ecuaciones<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>controlador</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y20c ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws21b">lineal<span class="blank"> </span>(ecs.<span class="blank _17"> </span>(3)-(4))<span class="blank"> </span>son<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff12 ls12d">\u03b1</span><span class="ls12e">,</span><span class="ff12 ws45">\u03b2</span><span class="fsc lsf v8">1</span><span class="ls12e">,</span><span class="ff12 ws45">\u03b2</span><span class="fsc lsf v8">2</span><span class="ls12f">,<span class="ff12 ls4a">\u03b3</span><span class="ls12e">,<span class="ff12 ls32">\u03b4</span><span class="fsc ls130 v8">1</span><span class="ls131">y</span></span></span><span class="ff12 ws45">\u03b4</span><span class="fsc lsf v8">2</span><span class="ws21c">;<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank _12"> </span><span class="ff1e ls132">J</span><span class="ls63">(<span class="ff1f ls124">\u03b8</span></span>)</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h25 y20d ffd fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws218">\u2208<span class="blank"> </span><<span class="ffe fsc ls133 v2">m</span><span class="ffb ws21d">como<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>vector<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>objeti<span class="blank _1"></span>v<span class="blank _1"></span>os<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>este<span class="blank"> </span>caso<span class="blank"> </span>son</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y20e ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws9">I<span class="fsc ls134 v8">e</span><span class="ffb ls135">e</span>I<span class="fsc lsf v8">u</span><span class="ffb">.</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h35 y20f ffe fsa fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">3.4<span class="blank _2f"> </span>Enfoque<span class="blank"> </span>multi-criterio</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y210 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws50">El<span class="blank"> </span>enfoque<span class="blank"> </span>desde<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>punto<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>vista<span class="blank"> </span>PR<span class="blank _6"></span>OMETHEE</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y211 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws21e">(Brans<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe ws21f">y<span class="blank"> </span>col.<span class="blank _27"> </span><span class="ffb">(1984)<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>Behzadian<span class="blank"> </span></span>y<span class="blank"> </span>col.<span class="blank _27"> </span></span>(2009));</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y212 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsa2">considera<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>conjunto<span class="blank"> </span>\ufb01nito<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe ls136">A</span>de<span class="blank"> </span>alternativ<span class="blank _1"></span>as<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>ser</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y1fd ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsb4">ev<span class="blank _6"></span>aluadas<span class="blank"> </span>mediante<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>conjunto<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>criterios<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe ls137">C</span>(ec.</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y1ff ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsaa">(19)).<span class="blank _e"> </span>Donde<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>objetiv<span class="blank _1"></span>o<span class="blank"> </span>es<span class="blank"> </span>maximizar<span class="blank"> </span>las<span class="blank"> </span>ganancias<span class="blank"> </span>o</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y200 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws138">minimizar<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>costos,<span class="blank"> </span>partiendo<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>relaciones<span class="blank"> </span>binarias</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y201 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws196">de<span class="blank"> </span>preferencia<span class="blank _15"> </span><span class="ffe ls138">P<span class="fsc ls139 v8">j</span></span><span class="ws9">(<span class="ffe lsb2">a<span class="fsc ls13a v8">x</span><span class="ff12 lsb6">,</span><span class="ls13">a<span class="fsc ls139 v8">i</span></span></span></span>).<span class="blank _13"> </span>En<span class="blank"> </span>este<span class="blank"> </span>caso<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>criterio</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y213 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws220">considerado<span class="blank"> </span>viene<span class="blank"> </span>dado<span class="blank"> </span>por<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>criterio-B<span class="blank"> </span>(T<span class="blank _6"></span>abla<span class="blank"> </span>2).<span class="blank _e"> </span>La</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y214 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">metodolog</div><div class="t m0 x28 h13 y215 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x28 h15 y214 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws187">\u0131a<span class="blank"> </span>PR<span class="blank _6"></span>OMETHEE<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>resume<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>continuaci<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x6f h13 y214 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">on</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y216 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">en<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>Fig.<span class="blank _e"> </span>1.</div><div class="t m0 x51 h13 y217 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws221">Atendiendo<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>esta<span class="blank"> </span>metodolog</div><div class="t m0 x61 h13 y218 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x61 h15 y217 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws222">\u0131a;<span class="blank _13"> </span>el<span class="blank _22"> </span>an<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x9b h13 y217 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">alisis</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 y219 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws223">del<span class="blank _17"> </span>desempe<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">\u02dc</span></div><div class="t m0 x95 h13 y219 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws224">no<span class="blank"> </span>multi-criterio<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>las<span class="blank _1e"> </span><span class="ffe ls13b">A</span><span class="ws9">alternati<span class="blank _1"></span>vas</span></div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y21a ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws225">(controladores<span class="blank"> </span>in<span class="blank _6"></span>volucrados),<span class="blank _3e"> </span>requiere<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>la</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 y21b ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws226">asignaci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xad h13 y21b ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws53">on<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>pesos<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe ls13c">w<span class="fsc ls13d v8">j</span></span>y<span class="blank"> </span>funciones<span class="blank"> </span>preferenciales</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y21c ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13e">P<span class="fsc ls13f v8">j</span><span class="ffb ls13 ws227">para<span class="blank"> </span>cada<span class="blank"> </span>criterio<span class="blank"> </span>componente<span class="blank"> </span>dentro<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>criterio-B.</span></div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y21d ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsaf">Esta<span class="blank"> </span>es<span class="blank"> </span>una<span class="blank"> </span>tarea<span class="blank"> </span>dependiente<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>las<span class="blank"> </span>consideraciones</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y21e ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws5e">del<span class="blank"> </span>ev<span class="blank _6"></span>aluador<span class="blank"> </span>(Sarraf<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe ws1a3">y<span class="blank"> </span>col.<span class="blank _22"> </span></span>(2013)).<span class="blank _1c"> </span>No<span class="blank"> </span>obstante;</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 y21f ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws228">la<span class="blank _1b"> </span>formulaci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xe8 h13 y21f ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws129">on<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>criterio<span class="blank"> </span>anteriormente<span class="blank"> </span>presentado</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 y220 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws229">(Criterio-B),<span class="blank _27"> </span>efect<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x70 h15 y220 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws22a">ua<span class="blank"> </span>una<span class="blank"> </span>transformaci<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x67 h13 y220 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws22a">on<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>la</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 y221 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws128">matriz<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>decisi<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xe9 h13 y221 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws128">on<span class="blank"> </span>como<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>ha<span class="blank"> </span>efectuado<span class="blank"> </span>para<span class="blank"> </span>otras</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y222 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">metodolog</div><div class="t m0 x28 h13 y223 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x28 h13 y222 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws22b">\u0131as<span class="blank"> </span>multi-criterio<span class="blank"> </span>como<span class="blank"> </span>lo<span class="blank"> </span>es<span class="blank"> </span>TOPSIS<span class="blank"> </span>(Y<span class="blank _3"></span>oon</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y224 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsef">y<span class="blank"> </span>Hwang<span class="blank"> </span>(1995)).<span class="blank _1a"> </span>En<span class="blank"> </span>este<span class="blank"> </span>caso,<span class="blank _1f"> </span>las<span class="blank"> </span>distancias</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 y225 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws22c">de<span class="blank _15"> </span>desempe<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">\u02dc</span></div><div class="t m0 xe8 h28 y225 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws22d">no<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe ls140">d<span class="fsc ls139 v8">j</span></span><span class="ls63">(<span class="ffe lsb2">a<span class="fsc ls141 v8">x</span><span class="ffd ls142">\u2212</span><span class="ls13 ws9">a<span class="fsc ls139 v8">i</span></span></span></span><span class="ws22e">);<span class="blank _14"> </span>son<span class="blank"> </span>transformadas<span class="blank"> </span>(ver</span></div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 y226 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws22f">Ap<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xbe h13 y226 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws196">endice<span class="blank"> </span>A)<span class="blank"> </span>para<span class="blank"> </span>poder<span class="blank"> </span>interpretarlas<span class="blank"> </span>mediante<span class="blank"> </span>la</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 y210 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws230">opci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x38 h13 y210 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws231">on<span class="blank"> </span>6<span class="blank"> </span>(Fig.<span class="blank _14"> </span>2)<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>metodolog</div><div class="t m0 xea h13 y227 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 xea h13 y210 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws231">\u0131a<span class="blank"> </span>PR<span class="blank _6"></span>OMETHEE,</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 y211 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wse8">como<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>proceso<span class="blank"> </span>con<span class="blank"> </span>distribuci<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x35 h15 y211 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws232">on<span class="blank _15"> </span>normal-est<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x2d h13 y211 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">andar</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y212 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 lsa3">(<span class="ffe ls143">N</span><span class="ls13 ws9">(0<span class="ff12 lsb6">,</span>1)).</span></div><div class="t m0 xeb h58 y228 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws233">MC<span class="blank _10"> </span>D<span class="blank"> </span>A<span class="ff12 ls144">/</span><span class="ls145">D</span><span class="ff14 v18">\uf8f1</span></div><div class="t m0 x4d h3a y229 ff14 fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">\uf8f4</div><div class="t m0 x4d h3a y22a ff14 fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">\uf8f4</div><div class="t m0 x4d h3a y22b ff14 fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">\uf8f4</div><div class="t m0 x4d h3a y22c ff14 fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">\uf8f4</div><div class="t m0 x4d h3a y22d ff14 fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">\uf8f4</div><div class="t m0 x4d h3a y22e ff14 fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">\uf8f2</div><div class="t m0 x4d h3a y22f ff14 fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">\uf8f4</div><div class="t m0 x4d h3a y230 ff14 fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">\uf8f4</div><div class="t m0 x4d h3a y231 ff14 fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">\uf8f4</div><div class="t m0 x4d h3a y232 ff14 fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">\uf8f4</div><div class="t m0 x4d h3a y233 ff14 fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">\uf8f4</div><div class="t m0 x4d h3a y234 ff14 fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">\uf8f3</div><div class="t m0 x82 h59 y235 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws234">min<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff14 ws235 v14">n</span><span class="ffe ls66">c</span><span class="fsc lsf v8">1</span><span class="ws9">(<span class="ffe ls7e">a</span><span class="fsc lsf v8">1</span>)<span class="ff12 lsb6">,<span class="ffe ls66">c</span></span><span class="fsc lsf v8">2</span>(<span class="ffe ls7e">a</span><span class="fsc lsf v8">2</span>)<span class="ff12 ws236">,<span class="blank"> </span>...,<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe ls146">c<span class="fsc ls139 v8">j</span></span></span>(<span class="ffe">a<span class="fsc ls139 v8">i</span></span><span class="ls147">)<span class="ffd ls148">|</span></span><span class="ffe">a<span class="fsc ls149 v8">i</span><span class="ffd ls14a">\u2208</span>A</span><span class="ls14b">;<span class="ffe ls146">c<span class="fsc ls14c v8">j</span><span class="ffd ls14d">\u2208</span><span class="ls43">C<span class="ff14 ls14e v14">o</span></span></span></span><span class="fs15 ws7">Opcional<span class="blank"> </span>maximizar<span class="blank"> </span>o<span class="blank"> </span>mininimizar</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x82 h28 y236 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls14f">A<span class="ff10 ls2d">=<span class="ffd ls150 v0">{</span></span><span class="ls13 ws9">a<span class="fsc ls14c v8">i</span><span class="ffd ls148">|</span><span class="ls151">i<span class="ff10 ls4c">=<span class="ffb ls7e">1<span class="ff12 lsb6">,</span><span class="ls13">2<span class="ff12 ws236">,<span class="blank"> </span>...,<span class="blank"> </span></span></span></span></span><span class="ls2a">m<span class="ffd ls152 v0">}</span></span></span><span class="ffb fs15 ws7">Es<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>conjunto<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>alternativ<span class="blank _6"></span>as</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x82 h59 y237 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls153">C<span class="ff10 ls2d">=<span class="ff14 ls13 ws235 v14">n</span></span><span class="ls154">c<span class="fsc ls149 v8">j</span><span class="ffd ls155">|</span><span class="ls151">j<span class="ff10 ls4c">=<span class="ffb ls7e">1<span class="ff12 lsb6">,</span><span class="ls13 ws9">2<span class="ff12 ws236">,<span class="blank"> </span>...,<span class="blank"> </span></span></span><span class="ffe">n<span class="ff14 ls156 v14">o</span></span><span class="fs15 ls13 ws7">Es<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>conjunto<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>criterios</span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xc3 h13 y228 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">(19)</div><div class="t m0 x74 h13 y5b ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws97">172<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe ws9">www<span class="blank _6"></span>.rmiq.or<span class="blank _6"></span>g</span></div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf7" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="7"><div class="pc pc7 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y238 wb h5a" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/0a6778cd-bdd1-45ec-a638-8272f7b3631c/bg7.png"><div class="t m0 xa3 h13 y5e ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">A.<span class="blank"> </span>Rodr<span class="blank _1"></span>´<span class="blank _d"></span>\u0131guez-Mariano<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>col.<span class="ff10 ls8f">/</span><span class="ffb">Revista<span class="blank"> </span>Me<span class="blank _1"></span>xicana<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc3">I</span>ngenier</span></div><div class="t m0 x75 h13 y5f ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x75 h13 y5e ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">\u0131a<span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc3">Q</span>u</div><div class="t m0 x31 h13 y5f ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x76 h13 y5e ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">\u0131mica<span class="blank"> </span>V<span class="blank _3"></span>ol.<span class="blank"> </span>14,<span class="blank"> </span>No.<span class="blank"> </span>1<span class="blank"> </span>(2015)<span class="blank"> </span>167-204</div><div class="t m0 x0 h1b y239 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsac">Fig.<span class="blank"> </span>1.<span class="blank"> </span>Esquema<span class="blank _8"> </span>b<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x85 h13 y239 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">asico<span class="blank"> </span>PR<span class="blank _6"></span>OMETHEE.</div><div class="t m0 x44 h13 y23a ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws237">De<span class="blank"> </span>tal<span class="blank"> </span>forma<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>es<span class="blank"> </span>posible<span class="blank"> </span>plantear<span class="blank"> </span>un</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y23b ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws238">procedimiento<span class="blank _e"> </span>de<span class="blank _e"> </span>asignaci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xcd h15 y23b ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws239">on<span class="blank"> </span>basado<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>desviaci<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x4a h13 y23b ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">on</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y23c ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws23a">est<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x32 h15 y23c ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws23b">andar<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>desempe<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">\u02dc</span></div><div class="t m0 xce h13 y23c ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws23b">nos<span class="blank"> </span>componente<span class="blank"> </span>(T<span class="blank _6"></span>abla<span class="blank"> </span>3).</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y23d ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws23c">En<span class="blank"> </span>donde<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>umbral<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>1<span class="ff12 ls157">\u03c3</span>corresponde<span class="blank"> </span>al<span class="blank"> </span>punto<span class="blank"> </span>de</div><div class="t m0 x0 h1b y23e ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws23d">in\ufb02exi<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xd9 h13 y23e ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws191">on<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>curv<span class="blank _1"></span>a<span class="blank"> </span>Gaussiana<span class="blank"> </span>(campana<span class="blank"> </span>in<span class="blank _1"></span>versa)</div><div class="t m0 x0 h28 y23f ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">donde<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>grado<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>preferencia<span class="blank"> </span>es<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>(1<span class="blank _a"> </span><span class="ffd ls2e">\u2212</span><span class="ls7e">0</span><span class="ff12 ws45">.</span>6).</div><div class="t m0 x44 h15 y240 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws23e">La<span class="blank _20"> </span>condici<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xa6 h15 y240 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws16">on<span class="blank"> </span>anterior<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>1<span class="ff12 ls158">\u03c3</span><span class="ws23f">representar<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7e h13 y240 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws16">a<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>caso</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y241 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws240">de<span class="blank _e"> </span>una<span class="blank _b"> </span>ev<span class="blank _1"></span>aluaci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x36 h13 y241 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsd4">on<span class="blank"> </span>con<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>umbral<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>exigencia<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>60</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y242 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws241">%<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>una<span class="blank"> </span>caracter</div><div class="t m0 x81 h13 y243 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x81 h13 y242 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws241">\u0131stica<span class="blank"> </span>espec</div><div class="t m0 xec h13 y243 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 xec h13 y242 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws241">\u0131\ufb01ca<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>controladores.</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 y23a ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1a2">Esto<span class="blank"> </span>proporciona<span class="blank"> </span>una<span class="blank"> </span>forma<span class="blank"> </span>sistem<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x99 h13 y23a ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws242">atica<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>ajuste<span class="blank"> </span>en</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 y23b ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws16c">el<span class="blank"> </span>umbral<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>inter<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x6c h13 y23b ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws16c">es<span class="blank"> </span>(60%<span class="blank _20"> </span><span class="ff10 ls159">=</span><span class="ws9">1<span class="ff12 ls15a">\u03c3</span><span class="wsd7">,<span class="blank"> </span>88%<span class="blank _20"> </span><span class="ff10 ls15b">=</span><span class="ff12 ws45">\u03c3/</span>2,<span class="blank"> </span>94%<span class="blank _20"> </span><span class="ff10">=</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y23c ff12 fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws45">\u03c3/<span class="ffb ws243">3,<span class="blank"> </span>etc)<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>acuerdo<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>ec<span class="blank"> </span>(P3)<span class="blank"> </span>(Fig.<span class="blank _e"> </span>1).<span class="blank _b"> </span>Combinando</span></div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y23d ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws19f">estas<span class="blank"> </span>preferencias<span class="blank"> </span>es<span class="blank"> </span>posible<span class="blank"> </span>rankear<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>controladores</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y244 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws244">comprometidos<span class="blank"> </span>por<span class="blank"> </span>ejemplo:<span class="blank _e"> </span>con<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>mejor<span class="blank"> </span>estabilidad,</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y23f ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws245">la<span class="blank"> </span>menor<span class="blank"> </span>energ</div><div class="t m0 x94 h13 y245 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x94 h13 y23f ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws245">\u0131a<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>seguimiento<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>error<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>mejor</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y240 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws246">con<span class="blank _6"></span>vergencia;<span class="blank _16"> </span>o<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>controladores<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>tengan<span class="blank"> </span>las</div><div class="t m0 x87 h13 y5b ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws114">www<span class="blank _6"></span>.rmiq.or<span class="blank _6"></span>g<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffb">173</span></div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf8" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="8"><div class="pc pc8 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y246 wc h5b" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/0a6778cd-bdd1-45ec-a638-8272f7b3631c/bg8.png"><div class="t m0 x37 h13 y5e ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">A.<span class="blank"> </span>Rodr<span class="blank _1"></span>´<span class="blank _d"></span>\u0131guez-Mariano<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>col.<span class="ff10 ls21">/</span><span class="ffb">Revista<span class="blank"> </span>Me<span class="blank _1"></span>xicana<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc3">I</span>ngenier</span></div><div class="t m0 x38 h13 y5f ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x38 h13 y5e ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">\u0131a<span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc3">Q</span>u</div><div class="t m0 x39 h13 y5f ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x39 h13 y5e ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">\u0131mica<span class="blank"> </span>V<span class="blank _3"></span>ol.<span class="blank"> </span>14,<span class="blank"> </span>No.<span class="blank"> </span>1<span class="blank"> </span>(2015)<span class="blank"> </span>167-204</div><div class="t m0 x33 h15 y247 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">T<span class="blank _6"></span>abla<span class="blank"> </span>3.<span class="blank _e"> </span>Procedimiento<span class="blank"> </span>general<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>asignaci<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x29 h13 y247 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">on<span class="blank"> </span>para<span class="blank"> </span>funciones<span class="blank"> </span>preferenciales<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>pesos.</div><div class="t m0 xeb h39 y248 ffc fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws247">Caso<span class="blank"> </span>Pesos(<span class="ffe ls13c">w<span class="fsc ls139 v8">j</span></span><span class="ws248">)<span class="blank _34"> </span>Funci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xed h39 y248 ffc fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">on<span class="blank"> </span>prefer<span class="blank _1"></span>encial<span class="blank"> </span>(<span class="ffe ls138">P<span class="fsc ls139 v8">j</span></span><span class="ws249">)<span class="blank _23"> </span>Condici<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xee h1a y248 ffc fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">on</div><div class="t m0 xa3 h5c y249 ffc fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws24a">Considerado<span class="blank _3f"> </span>(Relaci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x22 h5c y249 ffc fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws24b">on<span class="blank _8"> </span>propuesta)<span class="blank _40"> </span>(Funci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xef h1a y249 ffc fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">on<span class="blank"> </span>Gaussiana)<span class="blank _41"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>cumplir</div><div class="t m0 x7d h13 y24a ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls15c ws24c">3a1<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff12 ls15a">\u03c3<span class="ff10 ls13 ws17">=<span class="ffb">1</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7b h15 y24b ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws24d">Evaluaci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x3 h13 y24b ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">on<span class="blank"> </span>por<span class="blank _42"> </span>respecto<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank _3a"> </span>caracter</div><div class="t m0 xf0 h13 y24c ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 xf0 h5d y24b ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">\u0131stica<span class="blank"> </span>ev<span class="blank _6"></span>aluada<span class="blank _43"> </span><span class="ff14 ws235 v6">P</span><span class="ffe fsc vb">n</span></div><div class="t m0 x56 h5e y24d ffe fsc fc0 sc0 ls15d">j<span class="ff10 ls95">=<span class="ffb ls15e">1</span></span><span class="fsb ls13c vc">w</span><span class="ls14c v7">j</span><span class="ff10 fsb ls2d vc">=<span class="ffb ls13">1</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x14 h13 y93 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">caracter</div><div class="t m0 x3 h13 y24e ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x3 h13 y93 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">\u0131stica<span class="blank _44"> </span>una<span class="blank"> </span>no<span class="blank"> </span>ev<span class="blank _6"></span>aluada</div><div class="t m0 x7b h13 y24f ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">del<span class="blank"> </span>controlador<span class="blank _45"> </span>(equiv<span class="blank _6"></span>alente<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank _46"> </span><span class="ff12 ws45">\u03c3<span class="ff10 ws17">=</span></span>2<span class="blank"> </span>caracter</div><div class="t m0 x5e h13 y250 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x5e h13 y24f ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">\u0131stica</div><div class="t m0 xce h15 y251 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">umbral<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>ponderaci<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x86 h13 y251 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws24e">on<span class="blank _8"> </span>(<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe ls138">P<span class="fsc ls139 v8">j</span><span class="ls13c">w<span class="fsc ls139 v8">j</span></span></span><span class="ws7">)<span class="blank"> </span>2<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>1)<span class="blank _47"> </span>no<span class="blank"> </span>ev<span class="blank _6"></span>aluada</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h1b y252 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws117">Fig.<span class="blank"> </span>2.<span class="blank"> </span>Funci<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x83 h13 y252 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws24f">on<span class="blank"> </span>preferencial<span class="blank"> </span>Gaussiana<span class="blank"> </span>(Brans<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe">y<span class="blank"> </span>col.</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y253 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">(1984)).</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y254 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsca">mejores<span class="blank"> </span>opciones<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>energ</div><div class="t m0 xbf h13 y255 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 xbf h13 y254 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsca">\u0131a<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>seguimiento<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>el</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y256 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws250">menor<span class="blank"> </span>error<span class="blank"> </span>acumulativ<span class="blank _6"></span>o<span class="blank"> </span>comprometidos<span class="blank"> </span>con<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>menor</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y257 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">esfuerzo<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>control.</div><div class="t m0 x0 h34 y258 ffc fs9 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws251">4<span class="blank _1a"> </span>Descripci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x7a h20 y258 ffc fs9 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws252">on<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>sistema<span class="blank"> </span>de</div><div class="t m0 xa5 h20 y259 ffc fs9 fc0 sc0 ls13">estudio</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y25a ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws16f">En<span class="blank"> </span>este<span class="blank"> </span>trabajo<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>tratar<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x4d h13 y25a ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws16f">a<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>caso<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>las<span class="blank"> </span>concentraciones</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y25b ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws253">de<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>sustratos<span class="blank"> </span>como<span class="blank"> </span>las<span class="blank"> </span>v<span class="blank _1"></span>ariables<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>controlar<span class="blank"> </span>y</div><div class="t m0 x0 h1b y25c ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws254">considerando<span class="blank _b"> </span>una<span class="blank _b"> </span>reacci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x82 h1b y25c ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws10e">on<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>tipo<span class="blank"> </span>isot<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x49 h13 y25c ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws133">ermica;<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>han</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y25d ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws255">implementado<span class="blank"> </span>modelos<span class="blank"> </span>matem<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xf1 h13 y25d ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws255">aticos<span class="blank"> </span>representativ<span class="blank _6"></span>os</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y25e ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws256">como<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>Cholette<span class="blank"> </span>(Liou<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>Chien<span class="blank"> </span>(1991)).<span class="blank _2f"> </span>El</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y25f ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws139">biorreactor<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>Cholette<span class="blank"> </span>con<span class="blank"> </span>mezclado<span class="blank"> </span>continuo<span class="blank"> </span>no-</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y260 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws257">ideal,<span class="blank _1b"> </span>con<span class="blank _1b"> </span>reacci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x3e h15 y260 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws258">on<span class="blank _18"> </span>enzim<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xcd h13 y260 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws3e">atica<span class="blank"> </span>es<span class="blank"> </span>representado<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>la</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y261 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsac">Fig.<span class="blank"> </span>3.</div><div class="t m0 x44 h13 y262 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws259">El<span class="blank"> </span>modelo<span class="blank"> </span>presenta<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>comportamiento<span class="blank"> </span>no<span class="blank"> </span>ideal</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y263 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws25a">de<span class="blank"> </span>mezclado,<span class="blank _14"> </span>supone<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>todos<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>par<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xa7 h13 y263 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws25a">ametros<span class="blank"> </span>y</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y264 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws25b">propiedades<span class="blank"> </span>\ufb01sicoqu</div><div class="t m0 x3a h13 y265 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x3a h13 y264 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws25b">\u0131micas<span class="blank"> </span>son<span class="blank"> </span>constantes<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>que</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y266 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws25c">la<span class="blank _14"> </span>reacci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x21 h15 y266 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws25d">on<span class="blank _14"> </span>enzim<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x7a h13 y266 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws25e">atica<span class="blank"> </span>ocurre<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>reactor<span class="blank"> </span>bajo</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y267 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws4f">condiciones<span class="blank"> </span>operativ<span class="blank _6"></span>as<span class="blank"> </span>isot<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x48 h13 y267 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws4f">ermicas.<span class="blank _14"> </span>Esto<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>describe</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y268 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>siguiente<span class="blank"> </span>manera:</div><div class="t m0 xe6 h18 y269 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws41">d<span class="blank"> </span>c</div><div class="t m0 xeb h5f y26a ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws41">d<span class="blank"> </span>t<span class="blank _1d"> </span><span class="ff10 ls15f v6">=</span><span class="v9">qn</span></div><div class="t m0 x3f h5f y26a ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws40">V<span class="blank"> </span>m<span class="blank _2c"> </span><span class="ffb ws9 v6">(</span><span class="ls146 v6">c</span><span class="fsc ls160 v19">f</span><span class="ffd ls2e v6">\u2212</span><span class="ws9 v6">c<span class="ffb ls161">)<span class="ffd ls162">\u2212</span></span><span class="v6">k</span></span><span class="ffb fsc ls49 v1a">1</span><span class="v9">c</span></div><div class="t m0 xf2 h60 y26b ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws25f">(1<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff10 ls2e">+<span class="ffe ls66">k</span></span><span class="fsc lsf v8">2</span><span class="ffe ws9">c</span><span class="ls63">)<span class="fsc ls163 vc">2</span></span><span class="v6">(20)</span></div><div class="t m0 xc2 h28 y26c ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls66">c<span class="fsc ls164 v8">e</span><span class="ff10 ls2d">=</span><span class="ls13 ws260">nc<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff10 ls2e">+</span><span class="ffb ws261">(1<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffd ls2e">\u2212</span></span><span class="ls7e">n</span><span class="ffb ws9">)</span><span class="ls146">c<span class="fsc ls165 v8">f</span></span><span class="ffb">(21)</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y26d ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">Fig.<span class="blank _e"> </span>3.<span class="blank _e"> </span>Biorreactor<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>Cholette.</div><div class="t m0 xf3 h15 y26e ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws262">T<span class="blank _6"></span>abla<span class="blank _a"> </span>4.<span class="blank _e"> </span>Descripci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x70 h15 y26e ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws263">on<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>par<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xc5 h13 y26e ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws263">ametros<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>biorreactor</div><div class="t m0 x75 h13 y26f ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">de<span class="blank"> </span>Cholette<span class="blank"> </span>(Sree<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>Chidambaram<span class="blank"> </span>(2003a)).</div><div class="t m0 xf3 h61 y270 ffc fs15 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">V<span class="blank _6"></span>ariable<span class="blank _2f"> </span>V<span class="blank _9"></span>alor<span class="blank"> </span>nominal<span class="blank _48"> </span>unidades</div><div class="t m0 x19 h27 y271 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls166">q<span class="ffb fs15 ls13 ws7">3.33<span class="blank"> </span>x10<span class="ffd fsd ls167 v15">\u2212<span class="ffb ls168">5</span></span><span class="fsb ws9">[m<span class="fsc lsf v2">3</span>s<span class="ffd fsc ls95 v2">\u2212<span class="ffb lsf">1</span></span>]</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xf4 h14 y272 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls169">V<span class="ffb fs15 ls13 ws7">1<span class="blank"> </span>x10<span class="ffd fsd ls167 v15">\u2212<span class="ffb ls16a">3</span></span><span class="fsb ws9">[m<span class="fsc lsf v2">3</span>]</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x51 h13 y273 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls7e">n<span class="ff12 lsb6">,</span><span class="ls16b">m<span class="ffb fs15 ls13 ws264">0.75<span class="blank"> </span><span class="fsb">adimensional</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xf4 h27 y274 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws9">k<span class="ffb fsc ls16c v8">1</span><span class="ffb fs15 ws265">10<span class="blank"> </span></span><span class="ffb">[s<span class="ffd fsc ls95 v2">\u2212<span class="ffb lsf">1</span></span>]</span></div><div class="t m0 xf4 h27 y275 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws9">k<span class="ffb fsc ls16c v8">2</span><span class="ffb fs15 ws266">10<span class="blank"> </span></span><span class="ffb">[m<span class="fsc ls4b v2">3</span><span class="ws7">kg<span class="blank"> </span>mol<span class="ffd fsc ws77 v2">\u2212<span class="ffb lsf">1</span></span>]</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x51 h15 yb6 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws267">Donde<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe ls16d">c</span><span class="ws268">es<span class="blank _1f"> </span>la<span class="blank _14"> </span>concentraci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xc4 h13 yb6 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws269">on<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>sustrato<span class="blank"> </span>en</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 yb7 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsed">el<span class="blank"> </span>tanque<span class="blank"> </span>(en<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>zona<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>mezclado),<span class="blank _22"> </span><span class="ffe ws9">c<span class="fsc ls16e v8">e</span></span><span class="ws93">es<span class="blank"> </span>la</span></div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 yb8 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws26a">concentraci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x8f h13 yb8 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws246">on<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>sustrato<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>salida<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>reactor</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 yb9 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsbb">(variable<span class="blank"> </span>controlada),<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe ls154">c<span class="fsc ls16f v8">f</span></span><span class="ws26b">representa<span class="blank _1b"> </span>la<span class="blank _1b"> </span>concentraci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x6f h13 yb9 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">on</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 yba ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsc">a<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>entrada<span class="blank"> </span>(v<span class="blank _1"></span>ariable<span class="blank"> </span>manipulada<span class="blank"> </span>o<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>control),<span class="blank _17"> </span><span class="ffe">q</span></div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 ybb ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws133">representa<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>\ufb02ujo<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>alimentaci<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xc5 h15 ybb ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws133">on<span class="blank"> </span>(entrada<span class="blank"> </span>ex<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xf5 h13 ybb ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">ogena).</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 ybc ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls170">n<span class="ffb ls13 ws26c">es<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>fracci<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xef h13 ybc ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws26c">on<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>reactante<span class="blank"> </span>alimentado<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>entra<span class="blank"> </span>a</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 ybd ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws26d">la<span class="blank"> </span>zona<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>mezclado<span class="blank"> </span>perfecto,<span class="blank _1d"> </span><span class="ffe ls171">m</span><span class="ws26e">es<span class="blank _12"> </span>la<span class="blank _12"> </span>fracci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x8e h13 ybd ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws26d">on<span class="blank"> </span>del</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 ybf ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws26f">volumen<span class="blank"> </span>total<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>reactor<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe ls172">V</span>donde<span class="blank"> </span>ocurre<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>reacci<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x97 h13 ybf ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">on,</div><div class="t m0 x52 h28 yc0 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws270">(1<span class="ffd ls173">\u2212<span class="ffe ls2a">m</span></span><span class="ws271">)<span class="blank"> </span>es<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>zona<span class="blank"> </span>muerta,<span class="blank _8"> </span><span class="ffe ws9">k</span><span class="fsc ls174 v8">1</span><span class="ls175">y</span><span class="ffe ws9">k</span><span class="fsc ls174 v8">2</span>describen<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>velocidad</span></div><div class="t m0 x52 h1b y151 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws50">de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>reacci<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xe8 h1b y151 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws272">on.<span class="blank _4"> </span>Com<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x55 h13 y151 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws50">unmente<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>han<span class="blank"> </span>utilizado<span class="blank"> </span>los</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 y5a ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws177">par<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xbe h15 y5a ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws263">ametros<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>T<span class="blank _6"></span>abla<span class="blank"> </span>4<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>descripci<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xb9 h13 y5a ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws263">on<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>modelo.</div><div class="t m0 x74 h13 y5b ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws97">174<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe ws9">www<span class="blank _6"></span>.rmiq.or<span class="blank _6"></span>g</span></div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf9" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="9"><div class="pc pc9 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x0 y276 w1 h62" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/0a6778cd-bdd1-45ec-a638-8272f7b3631c/bg9.png"><div class="t m0 xa3 h13 y5e ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">A.<span class="blank"> </span>Rodr<span class="blank _1"></span>´<span class="blank _d"></span>\u0131guez-Mariano<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>col.<span class="ff10 ls8f">/</span><span class="ffb">Revista<span class="blank"> </span>Me<span class="blank _1"></span>xicana<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc3">I</span>ngenier</span></div><div class="t m0 x75 h13 y5f ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x75 h13 y5e ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">\u0131a<span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc3">Q</span>u</div><div class="t m0 x31 h13 y5f ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x76 h13 y5e ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">\u0131mica<span class="blank"> </span>V<span class="blank _3"></span>ol.<span class="blank"> </span>14,<span class="blank"> </span>No.<span class="blank"> </span>1<span class="blank"> </span>(2015)<span class="blank"> </span>167-204</div><div class="t m0 x26 h13 y277 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">a)</div><div class="t m0 x26 h13 y278 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">b)</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y279 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws273">Fig.<span class="blank"> </span>4.<span class="blank"> </span>Din<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xf6 h13 y279 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws274">amica<span class="blank"> </span>no-lineal<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>biorreactor<span class="blank"> </span>de</div><div class="t m0 x0 h1a y27a ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws275">Cholette.<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffc ws276">a)<span class="blank"> </span></span><span class="ws277">Concentraci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xce h13 y27a ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws18c">on<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>sustrato<span class="blank"> </span>con<span class="blank"> </span>respecto</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y27b ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws278">a<span class="blank _e"> </span>la<span class="blank _20"> </span>concentraci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x3 h15 y27b ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws279">on<span class="blank _e"> </span>de<span class="blank _20"> </span>alimentaci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xd4 h1a y27b ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws27a">on,<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffc ws27b">b)<span class="blank"> </span></span><span class="ws27c">concentraci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4a h13 y27b ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">on</div><div class="t m0 x0 h1b y27c ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws27d">de<span class="blank"> </span>salida<span class="blank"> </span>con<span class="blank"> </span>respecto<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>concentraci<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x1f h13 y27c ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws27d">on<span class="blank"> </span>de</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y27d ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws27e">alimentaci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x80 h13 y27d ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">on.</div><div class="t m0 x44 h13 y27e ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws4e">El<span class="blank"> </span>modelo<span class="blank"> </span>citado<span class="blank"> </span>corresponde<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>sistema<span class="blank"> </span>una-</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y27f ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws27f">entrada<span class="blank"> </span>una-salida<span class="blank"> </span>(SISO<span class="blank"> </span>por<span class="blank"> </span>sus<span class="blank"> </span>siglas<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>ingl<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x7f h13 y27f ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">es)</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y280 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws280">no-lineal,<span class="blank _14"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>donde<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>v<span class="blank _1"></span>alor<span class="blank"> </span>actual<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>v<span class="blank _1"></span>ariable</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y281 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wse8">de<span class="blank"> </span>salida<span class="blank"> </span>depende<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>las<span class="blank"> </span>condiciones<span class="blank"> </span>iniciales<span class="blank"> </span>del</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y282 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws281">mismo.<span class="blank _14"> </span>La<span class="blank _20"> </span>din<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x36 h15 y282 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws84">amica<span class="blank"> </span>ev<span class="blank _6"></span>aluada<span class="blank"> </span>para<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>concentraci<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x4a h13 y282 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">on</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y283 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1a0">de<span class="blank"> </span>sustrato<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>para<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>concentraci<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x46 h15 y283 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1a0">on<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>salida<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>funci<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x4a h13 y283 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">on</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y284 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws282">de<span class="blank _18"> </span>la<span class="blank _18"> </span>concentraci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x81 h15 y284 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7b">on<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>alimentaci<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x40 h13 y284 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7b">on<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>tiempo<span class="blank"> </span>se</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y285 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">presenta<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>Fig.<span class="blank _e"> </span>4.</div><div class="t m0 x44 h13 y14f ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws283">La<span class="blank"> </span>respuesta<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>lazo<span class="blank"> </span>abierto<span class="blank"> </span>exhibe<span class="blank"> </span>multiplicidades</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 yb5 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws168">en<span class="blank"> </span>las<span class="blank"> </span>concentraciones<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>entrada<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>sustrato,<span class="blank _1d"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>por</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 yb6 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws284">consiguiente<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>salida.<span class="blank _4"> </span>Esto<span class="blank"> </span>signi\ufb01ca<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>para<span class="blank _15"> </span><span class="ffe">N</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 yb7 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws285">valores<span class="blank"> </span>posibles<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>entrada<span class="blank"> </span>corresponde<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>mismo</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 yb8 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws286">valor<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>salida<span class="blank _17"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>reactor<span class="blank _6"></span>.<span class="blank _3d"> </span>Por<span class="blank"> </span>otra<span class="blank"> </span>parte,<span class="blank _1f"> </span>la</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 yb9 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws149">multiplicidad<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>salida<span class="blank"> </span>signi\ufb01ca<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>para<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>valor</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 yba ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws14a">\ufb01jo<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>estado<span class="blank"> </span>estacionario<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>entrada,<span class="blank"> </span>corresponden</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 ybb ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls176">M<span class="ffb ls13 ws22e">posibles<span class="blank"> </span>valores<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>salida.<span class="blank _5"> </span>El<span class="blank"> </span>biorreactor<span class="blank"> </span>de</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 ybc ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsaf">Cholette<span class="blank"> </span>(ecs.<span class="blank _1e"> </span>(20)<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>(21))<span class="blank"> </span>aporta<span class="blank"> </span>informaci<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x15 h13 ybc ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsaf">on<span class="blank"> </span>sobre</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 ybd ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1b0">dichos<span class="blank"> </span>puntos<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>multiplicidad<span class="blank"> </span>(T<span class="blank _6"></span>abla<span class="blank"> </span>5)<span class="blank"> </span>mediante<span class="blank"> </span>el</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 ybf ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws287">desarrollo<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>una<span class="blank"> </span>expresi<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xce h15 ybf ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws288">on<span class="blank _e"> </span>polin<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xa2 h13 ybf ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws287">omica<span class="blank"> </span>(ec.<span class="blank _15"> </span>(22))<span class="blank"> </span>en</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 yc0 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws289">funci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h13 yc0 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws213">on<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>las<span class="blank"> </span>concentraciones<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe ws9">c<span class="fsc ls177 v8">e</span></span><span class="ls178">y<span class="ffe ls154">c<span class="fsc ls179 v8">f</span></span></span>.<span class="blank _49"> </span>Donde<span class="blank"> </span>la</div><div class="t m0 x0 h1b y151 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws28a">condici<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x7b h13 y151 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws259">on<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>estado<span class="blank"> </span>estacionario<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>cumple<span class="blank"> </span>cuando</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y5a ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls17a">Z<span class="ffb ls63">(</span><span class="ls154">c<span class="fsc ls179 v8">f</span><span class="ff12 ls17b">,</span><span class="ls13 ws9">c<span class="fsc ls6c v8">e</span><span class="ffb ls147">)<span class="ff10 ls2d">=</span><span class="ls13">0.</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xb7 h13 y286 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">a)</div><div class="t m0 xb7 h13 y287 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">b)</div><div class="t m0 x52 h1a y288 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws28b">Fig.<span class="blank _22"> </span>5.<span class="blank _22"> </span>Multiplicidad<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>estados<span class="blank"> </span>estacionarios:<span class="blank _1f"> </span><span class="ffc">a)</span></div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 y289 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws28c">funci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x19 h1a y289 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws28d">on<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe ls17a">Z</span><span class="ls63">(<span class="ffe ls154">c<span class="fsc ls179 v8">f</span><span class="ff12 lsb6">,</span><span class="ls66">c<span class="fsc ls6c v8">e</span></span></span></span><span class="ws28e">),<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffc ws28f">b)<span class="blank"> </span></span><span class="ws147">visualizaci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xf7 h13 y289 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsb9">on<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>9<span class="blank"> </span>estados</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y28a ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">estacionarios.</div><div class="t m0 x52 h3c y28b ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls17c">Z<span class="ffb ls13 ws9">(</span><span class="ls146">c<span class="fsc ls179 v8">f</span><span class="ff12 lsb6">,</span><span class="ls13 ws9">c<span class="fsc ls17d v8">e</span><span class="ffb ls147">)<span class="ff10 ls17e">=</span></span>p<span class="ffb fsc ls15e v8">0</span><span class="ffb ls63 v0">(</span>c<span class="fsc ls83 v8">e</span><span class="ff10 ls2e">+<span class="ff12 ls12d">\u03b1</span></span><span class="ffb v0">)<span class="fsc ls17f vb">3</span></span><span class="ffd ls180">\u2212</span>p<span class="ffb fsc ls181 v8">1</span><span class="ffb v0">(</span><span class="ls66">c<span class="fsc ls182 v8">e</span><span class="ff10 ls2e">+<span class="ff12 ls12d">\u03b1</span></span></span><span class="ffb v0">)<span class="fsc ls17f vb">2</span></span><span class="ffd ls180">\u2212</span>p<span class="ffb fsc ls181 v8">2</span><span class="ffb v0">(</span><span class="ls66">c<span class="fsc ls182 v8">e</span><span class="ff10 ls2e">+<span class="ff12 ls12d">\u03b1<span class="ffb ls183 v0">)</span><span class="ffd ls180">\u2212</span></span></span></span>p<span class="ffb fsc v8">3</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xc3 h13 y28c ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">(22)</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y28d ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws290">Donde<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff12 ls12d">\u03b1</span><span class="ls184">,</span><span class="ffe ws9">p</span><span class="fsc lsf v8">1</span><span class="ls184">,</span><span class="ffe ws9">p</span><span class="fsc ls185 v8">2</span><span class="ls186">y<span class="ffe ls7e">p</span><span class="fsc ls187 v8">3</span></span><span class="ws291">son<span class="blank"> </span>funciones<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>la</span></div><div class="t m0 x52 h1b y28e ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws27c">concentraci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x8f h13 y28e ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsb4">on<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>entrada<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>reactor<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe ls146">c<span class="fsc ls179 v8">f</span></span><span class="ws292">;<span class="blank"> </span>mientras</span></div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y28f ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws293">que<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe ws9">p</span><span class="fsc ls188 v8">0</span><span class="ws294">corresponde<span class="blank"> </span>al<span class="blank"> </span>cuadrado<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>coe\ufb01ciente<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>la</span></div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 y290 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">velocidad<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>reacci<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x5e h13 y290 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws295">on<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe ws9">k</span><span class="fsc lsf v8">2</span>.</div><div class="t m0 x95 h28 y291 ff12 fsb fc0 sc0 ls189">\u03b1<span class="ff10 ls87">=<span class="ffe ls146">c<span class="fsc ls18a v8">f</span><span class="ffb ls63 v0">(</span><span class="ls18b">n<span class="ffd ls2e">\u2212<span class="ffb ls13 ws9">1<span class="ls18c v0">)</span>(23)</span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe8 h63 y292 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls7e">p<span class="ffb fsc ls89 v8">1</span><span class="ff10 ls87">=</span><span class="ls13 ws9">nk<span class="ffb fsc ls181 v8">2</span><span class="ff14 ws235 v14">\ue610</span><span class="ls66">k<span class="ffb fsc lsf v8">2</span><span class="ls154">c<span class="fsc ls160 v8">f</span><span class="ffd ls2e">\u2212</span></span></span><span class="ffb">2<span class="ff14 v14">\ue611</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe8 h63 y293 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls7e">p<span class="ffb fsc ls89 v8">2</span><span class="ff10 ls87">=</span>n<span class="ffb fsc ls15e vb">2</span><span class="ff14 ls18d v14">\ue610</span><span class="ffb ls13 ws9">2</span><span class="ls66">k<span class="ffb fsc lsf v8">2</span><span class="ls154">c<span class="fsc ls160 v8">f</span><span class="ffd ls2e">\u2212<span class="ffb ls63">(</span></span><span class="ls13 ws9">k<span class="ffb fsc lsf v8">1</span>V<span class="blank _6"></span><span class="ff12 ls18e">/<span class="ffe ls13">q<span class="ffb ls63">)</span><span class="ff14 v14">\ue611</span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe8 h3b y294 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls7e">p<span class="ffb fsc ls89 v8">3</span><span class="ff10 ls87">=</span>n<span class="ffb fsc lsf vb">3</span><span class="ls154">c<span class="fsc ls13 v8">f</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe8 h3b y295 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls7e">p<span class="ffb fsc ls89 v8">0</span><span class="ff10 ls87">=</span><span class="lsa7">k<span class="ffb fsc ls13 vb">2</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x5a h17 y296 ffb fsc fc0 sc0 ls13">2</div><div class="t m0 x51 h15 y297 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws296">El<span class="blank"> </span>mapeo<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>funci<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xb7 h13 y297 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws296">on<span class="blank"> </span>dada<span class="blank"> </span>por<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>ec.<span class="blank _25"> </span>(22)<span class="blank"> </span>es</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y298 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws297">presentado<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>Fig.<span class="blank _2"> </span>(5)<span class="blank"> </span>e<span class="blank"> </span>identi\ufb01ca<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>estados</div><div class="t m0 x87 h13 y5b ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws114">www<span class="blank _6"></span>.rmiq.or<span class="blank _6"></span>g<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffb">175</span></div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pfa" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="a"><div class="pc pca w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x4e y246 wd h5b" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/0a6778cd-bdd1-45ec-a638-8272f7b3631c/bga.png"><div class="t m0 x37 h13 y5e ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">A.<span class="blank"> </span>Rodr<span class="blank _1"></span>´<span class="blank _d"></span>\u0131guez-Mariano<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>col.<span class="ff10 ls21">/</span><span class="ffb">Revista<span class="blank"> </span>Me<span class="blank _1"></span>xicana<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc3">I</span>ngenier</span></div><div class="t m0 x38 h13 y5f ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x38 h13 y5e ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">\u0131a<span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc3">Q</span>u</div><div class="t m0 x39 h13 y5f ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 x39 h13 y5e ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">\u0131mica<span class="blank"> </span>V<span class="blank _3"></span>ol.<span class="blank"> </span>14,<span class="blank"> </span>No.<span class="blank"> </span>1<span class="blank"> </span>(2015)<span class="blank"> </span>167-204</div><div class="t m0 x81 h13 y247 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">T<span class="blank _6"></span>abla<span class="blank"> </span>5.<span class="blank _e"> </span>Estados<span class="blank"> </span>estacionarios<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>biorreactor<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>Cholette<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>sus<span class="blank"> </span>concentraciones.</div><div class="t m0 xcc h64 y248 ffc fs15 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws298">Concentraci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x25 h39 y248 ffc fs15 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">on<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank _4a"> </span><span class="fsb ws299">Concentraci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x38 h39 y248 ffc fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws29a">on<span class="blank _8"> </span>de<span class="blank _4b"> </span>Concentraci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x73 h1a y248 ffc fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">on<span class="blank"> </span>de</div><div class="t m0 x81 h5c y249 ffc fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws29b">alimentaci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xe0 h27 y249 ffc fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">on<span class="blank"> </span>(<span class="ffe ls146">c<span class="fsc ls179 v8">f</span></span>)<span class="blank _12"> </span>kmol<span class="blank"> </span>m<span class="ffd fsc ws77 v2">\u2212<span class="ffb ls18f">3</span></span>sustrato<span class="blank"> </span>(<span class="ffe ws9">c</span>)<span class="blank _14"> </span>kmol<span class="blank"> </span>m<span class="ffd fsc ls95 v2">\u2212<span class="ffb ls18f">3</span></span>salida<span class="blank"> </span>(<span class="ffe ws9">c<span class="fsc ls17d v8">e</span></span>)<span class="blank _1f"> </span>kmol<span class="blank"> </span>m<span class="ffd fsc ws77 v2">\u2212<span class="ffb">3</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x3d h13 y24a ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">3.288<span class="blank _4c"> </span>1.767,<span class="blank"> </span>1.303,<span class="blank"> </span>0.014<span class="blank _4b"> </span>2.147,<span class="blank"> </span>1.80,<span class="blank"> </span>0.832</div><div class="t m0 x3d h13 y299 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">6.484<span class="blank _4d"> </span>6.0,<span class="blank"> </span>0.238,<span class="blank"> </span>0.045<span class="blank _4e"> </span>6.122,<span class="blank"> </span>1.80,<span class="blank"> </span>1.655</div><div class="t m0 x3d h13 y13c ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">7.026<span class="blank _4c"> </span>6.584,<span class="blank"> </span>0.184,<span class="blank"> </span>0.057<span class="blank _4b"> </span>6.694,<span class="blank"> </span>1.894,<span class="blank"> </span>1.80</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y29a ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws29c">estacionarios<span class="blank"> </span>mediante<span class="blank"> </span>zonas<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>inter<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xf8 h13 y29a ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws29c">es<span class="blank"> </span>donde<span class="blank"> </span>se</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y29b ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws29d">ha<span class="blank"> </span>aplicado<span class="blank"> </span>una<span class="blank"> </span>ley<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>control<span class="blank"> </span>para<span class="blank"> </span>esta<span class="blank"> </span>reacci<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x4a h13 y29b ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">on</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y29c ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws29e">enzim<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xd9 h13 y29c ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws29f">atica<span class="blank"> </span>(zona<span class="blank"> </span>1,<span class="blank _17"> </span>2<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>3).<span class="blank _13"> </span>El<span class="blank"> </span>incremento<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>la</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y29d ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws289">funci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h15 y29d ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws2a0">on<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe ls17a">Z</span><span class="ls63">(<span class="ffe ls154">c<span class="fsc ls179 v8">f</span><span class="ff12 lsb6">,</span><span class="ls66">c<span class="fsc ls6c v8">e</span></span></span></span><span class="ws2a1">)<span class="blank"> </span>respecto<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>peque<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">\u02dc</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x12 h13 y29d ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws2a1">nos<span class="blank"> </span>incrementos</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y29e ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsa3">en<span class="blank"> </span>las<span class="blank"> </span>concentraciones<span class="blank"> </span>puede<span class="blank"> </span>interpretarse<span class="blank"> </span>mediante</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y29f ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws2a2">las<span class="blank"> </span>curvas<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank _b"> </span>niv<span class="blank _1"></span>el;<span class="blank"> </span>sugiriendo<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>naturaleza<span class="blank"> </span>inestable</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y2a0 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws2a3">del<span class="blank"> </span>sistema<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>orientando<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>manera<span class="blank"> </span>pr<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xaa h13 y2a0 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws2a3">actica<span class="blank"> </span>sobre<span class="blank"> </span>los</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y2a1 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws2a4">comportamientos<span class="blank"> </span>estacionarios<span class="blank"> </span>(estabilidad<span class="blank"> </span>est<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xe7 h13 y2a1 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">atica)</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y2a2 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws2a5">en<span class="blank"> </span>lazo<span class="blank"> </span>abierto<span class="blank"> </span>tomando<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe ls146">c<span class="fsc ls190 v8">f</span></span>como<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>variable</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y2a3 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws2a6">manipulada<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe ls66">c<span class="fsc ls191 v8">e</span></span><span class="ws7">como<span class="blank"> </span>variable<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>salida.</span></div><div class="t m0 x44 h13 y2a4 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws19d">Las<span class="blank"> </span>condiciones<span class="blank"> </span>anteriores<span class="blank"> </span>representan<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>reto</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y2a5 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws8b">importante<span class="blank"> </span>para<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>s</div><div class="t m0 x84 h13 y2a6 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">´</div><div class="t m0 xf9 h13 y2a5 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws8b">\u0131ntesis<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>controladores;<span class="blank _15"> </span>puesto</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y2a7 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws241">que<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>sistema<span class="blank"> </span>dise<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">\u02dc</span></div><div class="t m0 x85 h13 y2a7 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws241">nado<span class="blank"> </span>puede<span class="blank"> </span>responder<span class="blank"> </span>distintamente</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y2a8 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsc8">a<span class="blank"> </span>cambios<span class="blank"> </span>similares<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>variable<span class="blank _18"> </span>manipulada.<span class="blank _25"> </span>Por</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y2a9 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws2a7">tal<span class="blank"> </span>motiv<span class="blank _6"></span>o,<span class="blank _16"> </span>algunos<span class="blank"> </span>estados<span class="blank"> </span>estacionarios<span class="blank"> </span>pueden</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y2aa ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">degradar<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>desempe<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">\u02dc</span></div><div class="t m0 xfa h13 y2aa ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">no<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>controlador<span class="blank _6"></span>.</div><div class="t m0 x0 h35 y2ab ffe fsa fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">4.1<span class="blank _2f"> </span>Modelos<span class="blank"> </span>linealizados<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>le<span class="blank _1"></span>yes<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>contr<span class="blank _6"></span>ol</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y2ac ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws2a5">Generalmente,<span class="blank _49"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>modelos<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>biorreactor<span class="blank"> </span>son</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y2ad ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsdf">linealizados<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>punto<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>operaci<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xaa h13 y2ad ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsdf">on<span class="blank"> </span>estacionario</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y2ae ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws84">para<span class="blank"> </span>desarrollar<span class="blank"> </span>una<span class="blank"> </span>ley<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>control.<span class="blank _1e"> </span>Para<span class="blank"> </span>obtener<span class="blank"> </span>las</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y2af ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws151">matrices<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>sistema<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>lazo<span class="blank"> </span>abierto<span class="blank"> </span>(<span class="ffe ws9">A</span><span class="ls192">,</span><span class="ffe">B</span></div><div class="t m0 x7d h23 y2b0 ffb fsc fc0 sc0 lsf">1<span class="fsb ls192 v7">,<span class="ffe ls13">B</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xfb h23 y2b0 ffb fsc fc0 sc0 lsf">2<span class="fsb ls193 v7">,<span class="ffe ls43">C<span class="ffb ls194">,</span><span class="ls2a">D</span></span></span><span class="ls13">1</span></div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y2b1 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls195">y<span class="ffe ls2a">D</span><span class="fsc lsf v8">2</span><span class="ls13 ws1b">)<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>las<span class="blank"> </span>ecs.<span class="blank _e"> </span>(1)-(2),<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank _b"> </span>emplea<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>linealizaci<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xfc h13 y2b1 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws1b">on<span class="blank"> </span>en</div><div class="t m0 x0 h1b y2b2 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws24f">serie<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>T<span class="blank _6"></span>aylor<span class="blank"> </span>al<span class="blank"> </span>sistema<span class="blank"> </span>tomando<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>primer<span class="blank"> </span>t<span class="blank _0"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x1f h13 y2b2 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">ermino</div><div class="t m0 x0 h15 y2b3 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws2a8">de<span class="blank _8"> </span>la<span class="blank _b"> </span>expansi<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xfd h13 y2b3 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws2a9">on<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>modelo<span class="blank"> </span>no-lineal<span class="blank"> </span>dado<span class="blank"> </span>por<span class="blank"> </span>las<span class="blank"> </span>ecs.</div><div class="t m0 x0 h13 y2b4 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">(20)<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>(21),</div><div class="t m0 x23 h65 y2b5 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls196">A<span class="ff10 ls4c">=<span class="ffd ls197">\u2212<span class="ff14 ls198 ve">\ue612</span></span></span><span class="ls13 v6">nq</span></div><div class="t m0 xfe h66 y2b6 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws2aa">mV<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff14 ls199 v1b">\ue613</span><span class="ffd ls2e v6">\u2212</span><span class="ffb ws261 v6">(1<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff10 ls2e">+<span class="ffe ls66">k<span class="ffb fsc lsf v8">2</span><span class="ls19a">c<span class="fsc lsa1 v8">s</span><span class="ffb ls63">)<span class="fsc ls19b vb">2</span><span class="ffd ls34">\u2212</span><span class="ls13 ws2ab">2(1<span class="blank"> </span></span></span></span></span>+</span></span><span class="ws9 v6">k</span><span class="ffb fsc lsf v19">2</span><span class="ls19a v6">c</span><span class="fsc lsa1 v19">s</span><span class="ffb ls63 v6">)</span><span class="ws9 v6">k</span><span class="ffb fsc lsf v19">2</span><span class="ls66 v6">k</span><span class="ffb fsc lsf v19">1</span><span class="ls19a v6">c</span><span class="fsc v19">s</span></div><div class="t m0 x23 h18 y2b7 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">B</div><div class="t m0 xff h67 y2b8 ffb fsc fc0 sc0 lsa5">1<span class="ff10 fsb ls4c v7">=<span class="ff14 ls19c ve">\ue612<span class="ffe ls13 v1c">n</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4e h66 y2b9 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws2ac">mV<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff14 ls19d v1b">\ue613</span><span class="ffb ws9 v6">(</span><span class="ls146 v6">c</span><span class="fsc ws2ad v19">f<span class="blank"> </span>s<span class="blank _b"> </span></span><span class="ffd ls2e v6">\u2212</span><span class="ls19a v6">c</span><span class="fsc lsa1 v19">s</span><span class="ffb v6">)</span></div><div class="t m0 x23 h18 y2ba ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">B</div><div class="t m0 xff h67 y2bb ffb fsc fc0 sc0 lsa5">2<span class="ff10 fsb ls4c v7">=<span class="ff14 ls198 ve">\ue612<span class="ffe ls13 v1c">nq</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x4e h68 y2bc ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws2ac">mV<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff14 v1b">\ue613</span></div><div class="t m0 x23 h18 y2bd ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls19e">C<span class="ff10 ls4c">=</span><span class="ls13">n</span></div><div class="t m0 x23 h13 y2be ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls2a">D<span class="ffb fsc lsa5 v8">1</span><span class="ff10 ls4c">=<span class="ffb ls13">0</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x23 h28 y2bf ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls2a">D<span class="ffb fsc lsa5 v8">2</span><span class="ff10 ls4c">=<span class="ffb ls18b">1<span class="ffd ls2e">\u2212</span></span></span><span class="ls19f">n<span class="ffb ls13">(24)</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x44 h15 y5a ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">Cuando<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>considera<span class="blank _e"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xd3 h13 y5a ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">unicamente<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>ec.<span class="blank _e"> </span>(20),</div><div class="t m0 x100 h65 y2c0 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls1a0">A<span class="ff10 ls28">=</span><span class="ls1a1">C<span class="ffd ls2e">\u2212<span class="ff14 ls198 ve">\ue612</span></span><span class="ls13 v6">nq</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x101 h68 y2c1 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws2ac">mV<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff14 ls1a2 v1b">\ue613</span><span class="ffd ls2e v6">\u2212</span><span class="ffb ws25f v6">(1<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff10 ls2e">+<span class="ffe ls66">k<span class="ffb fsc lsf v8">2</span><span class="ls19a">c<span class="fsc lsa1 v8">s</span></span></span></span><span class="ws9">)<span class="fsc ls8a vb">2</span><span class="ffd ls2e">\u2212</span><span class="ws2ab">2(1<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff10 ls2e">+<span class="ffe ls66">k</span></span><span class="fsc lsf v8">2</span><span class="ffe ls19a">c<span class="fsc lsa1 v8">s</span></span><span class="ls63">)</span></span><span class="ffe">k</span><span class="fsc lsf v8">2</span><span class="ffe">k</span><span class="fsc ls49 v8">1</span><span class="ffe ls19a">c</span></span></span><span class="fsc v19">s</span></div><div class="t m0 x100 h18 y2c2 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">B</div><div class="t m0 xbe h67 y2c3 ffb fsc fc0 sc0 lsa5">1<span class="ff10 fsb ls22 v7">=<span class="ffe ls2a">D</span></span>2<span class="ff10 fsb ls4c v7">=<span class="ff14 ls19c ve">\ue612<span class="ffe ls13 v1c">n</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xf0 h66 y2c4 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws2ac">mV<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff14 ls19d v1b">\ue613</span><span class="ffb ws9 v6">(</span><span class="ls146 v6">c</span><span class="fsc ws2ad v19">f<span class="blank"> </span>s<span class="blank _b"> </span></span><span class="ffd ls2e v6">\u2212</span><span class="ls19a v6">c</span><span class="fsc lsa1 v19">s</span><span class="ffb v6">)</span></div><div class="t m0 x100 h18 y2c5 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">B</div><div class="t m0 xbe h67 y2c6 ffb fsc fc0 sc0 lsa5">2<span class="ff10 fsb ls4c v7">=<span class="ff14 ls198 ve">\ue612<span class="ffe ls13 v1c">nq</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x58 h68 y2c7 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws2ac">mV<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff14 v1b">\ue613</span></div><div class="t m0 x100 h13 y2c8 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls2a">D<span class="ffb fsc lsa5 v8">1</span><span class="ff10 ls4c">=<span class="ffb ls13 ws2ae">0<span class="blank"> </span>(25)</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x51 h1b y2c9 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">En<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>caso<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>una<span class="blank"> </span>funci<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x8c h13 y2c9 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">on<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>transferencia,</div><div class="t m0 x76 h69 y2ca ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls4d">G<span class="ffb ls58">(</span><span class="ls13 ws9">s<span class="ffb ls147">)<span class="ff10 ls1a3">=</span></span><span class="ws2af v6">k<span class="blank"> </span>p<span class="ffb ws25f">(1<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff10 ls1a4">+<span class="ffe ls7e">p</span></span>)</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x92 h6a y2cb ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls63">(<span class="ff12 ls1a5 v0">\u03c4<span class="ffe ls1a6">s<span class="ff10 ls2e">+<span class="ffb ls7e">1</span></span></span></span><span class="ls1a7">)<span class="ff10 ls1a3 v6">=</span><span class="ffe ls13 ws9 v9">b</span><span class="fsc ls1a8 v1a">1</span><span class="ffe ls1a6 v9">s<span class="ff10 ls2e">+<span class="ffe ls13 ws9">b<span class="ffb fsc v8">2</span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xc4 h6b y2cb ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls63">(<span class="ff12 ls1a5 v0">\u03c4<span class="ffe ls1a9">s<span class="ff10 ls2e">+<span class="ffb ls13 ws9">1</span></span></span></span><span class="ls1aa">)<span class="ls13 v6">(26)</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x51 h13 y2cc ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">donde,</div><div class="t m0 x102 h6c y2cd ff12 fsb fc0 sc0 ls1ab">\u03c4<span class="ff10 ls2d">=<span class="ffd ls1ac">\u2212<span class="ffb ls13 v6">1</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x76 h5f y2ce ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls1ad">A<span class="ls1ae v6">k<span class="ff10 ls2d">=<span class="ffd ls1af">\u2212</span></span></span><span class="ls13 v9">B</span></div><div class="t m0 x103 h17 y2cf ffb fsc fc0 sc0 ls13">2</div><div class="t m0 x5b h6d y2ce ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls1b0">A<span class="ls13 ws2af v6">k<span class="blank"> </span>p<span class="blank _b"> </span><span class="ff10 ls2d">=<span class="ffd ls13 ws1bd">\u2212<span class="ffe ws2b0">C<span class="blank"> </span>k<span class="blank _a"> </span></span><span class="ls29">\u2212<span class="ffe ls2a">D</span></span><span class="ffb fsc v8">2</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x102 h6e y2d0 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls31">p<span class="ff10 ls2d">=<span class="ffd ls1b1">\u2212</span></span><span class="ls2a v6">D</span><span class="ffb fsc ls49 v10">2</span><span class="ff12 ls13 v6">\u03c4</span></div><div class="t m0 x95 h6f y2d1 ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws2af">k<span class="blank"> </span>p<span class="blank _1b"> </span><span class="ffb ls1b2 v6">;</span><span class="ws9 v6">b</span><span class="ffb fsc lsa9 v19">1</span><span class="ff10 ls2d v6">=</span><span class="v6">k<span class="blank"> </span>p<span class="ffb ls1b2">;</span><span class="ws9">b<span class="ffb fsc lsa9 v8">2</span><span class="ff10 ls17e">=</span></span>pk<span class="blank"> </span>p</span></div><div class="t m0 x51 h15 y2d2 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws2b1">Cabe<span class="blank _12"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">\u02dc</span></div><div class="t m0 x76 h13 y2d2 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws2a1">nalar<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>las<span class="blank"> </span>funciones<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>transferencia</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 y2d3 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws2b2">con<span class="blank"> </span>polos<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>ceros<span class="blank"> </span>inestables<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>presentan<span class="blank"> </span>com<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x104 h13 y2d3 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">unmente</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 y2d4 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws2b3">en<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>modelado<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>reacciones<span class="blank"> </span>enzim<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 xaf h13 y2d4 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws2b3">aticas<span class="blank"> </span>en</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y2d5 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsf0">un<span class="blank"> </span>mezclado<span class="blank"> </span>no-ideal.<span class="blank _4f"> </span>Adicionalmente,<span class="blank _1f"> </span>aparecen</div><div class="t m0 x52 h1b y2d6 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws2b4">retardos<span class="blank"> </span>generados<span class="blank"> </span>por<span class="blank"> </span>fen<span class="blank _10"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x64 h13 y2d6 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws2b4">omenos<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>transporte<span class="blank"> </span>y</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y2d7 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 wsbc">tiempos<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>sensado<span class="blank"> </span>in<span class="blank _6"></span>volucrados<span class="blank"> </span>(Normey-Rico<span class="blank"> </span>y</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y2d8 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws171">Camacho<span class="blank"> </span>(2009)).<span class="blank _1f"> </span>T<span class="blank _6"></span>odos<span class="blank"> </span>estos<span class="blank"> </span>factores<span class="blank"> </span>di\ufb01cultan<span class="blank"> </span>la</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 y2d9 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws2b5">formulaci<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">´</span></div><div class="t m0 x39 h13 y2d9 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws148">on<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>una<span class="blank"> </span>ley<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>control<span class="blank"> </span>e<span class="blank"> </span>in\ufb02uyen<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>el</div><div class="t m0 x52 h15 y2da ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws174">desempe<span class="blank"> </span><span class="v0">\u02dc</span></div><div class="t m0 x6e h13 y2da ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws7">no<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>mismo.</div><div class="t m0 x51 h13 y2db ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws2b6">Las<span class="blank"> </span>leyes<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>control<span class="blank"> </span>utilizadas<span class="blank"> </span>para<span class="blank"> </span>este<span class="blank"> </span>sistema</div><div class="t m0 x52 h13 y2dc ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13">son,</div><div class="t m0 x51 h28 y2dd ffd fsb fc0 sc0 ls1b3">\u2022<span class="ffb ls13 ws7">Control<span class="blank"> </span>integral<span class="blank"> </span>(I),</span></div><div class="t m0 x5a h65 y2de ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls1b4">U<span class="ffb ls58">(</span><span class="ls13 ws9">s<span class="ffb ls147">)<span class="ff10 ls1b5">=</span></span><span class="v6">K</span><span class="fsc v10">i</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x90 h24 y2df ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls1b6">s<span class="ls1b7 v6">E<span class="ffb ls58">(<span class="ffe ls13 ws9">s</span><span class="ls13 ws2b7">)<span class="blank"> </span>(27)</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x51 h28 y2e0 ffd fsb fc0 sc0 ls1b3">\u2022<span class="ffb ls13 ws7">Control<span class="blank"> </span>proporcional<span class="blank"> </span>integral<span class="blank"> </span>(PI),</span></div><div class="t m0 x54 h70 y5a ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls1b4">U<span class="ffb ls58">(</span><span class="ls13 ws9">s<span class="ffb ls147">)<span class="ff10 ls1b5">=</span></span><span class="ls1b8 v1d">K</span><span class="fsc ls8a v1e">p</span><span class="ff10 ls29 v1d">+</span><span class="v1d">K</span><span class="fsc v1e">i</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x90 h24 y26a ffe fsb fc0 sc0 ls1b9">s<span class="ls1b7 v6">E<span class="ffb ls58">(<span class="ffe ls13 ws9">s</span><span class="ls13 ws2b8">)<span class="blank"> </span>(28)</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x74 h13 y5b ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls13 ws97">176<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffe ws9">www<span class="blank _6"></span>.rmiq.or<span class="blank _6"></span>g</span></div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div>
Compartir