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GUÍA DE INGLÉS IV 
Guía para presentar ETS de Inglés IV Turno 
Vespertino 2021 
Irais A. Ceja O. 
Presidente de Academia 
Descripción breve 
Vienen todos los temas que el temario marca y ejercicios relacionados dichos temas, el 
examen tendrá ejercicios semejantes, pero no los mismos. 
INGLES IV GUÍA DE ESTUDIO FEBRERO 2021 
- 1 - HUMANÍSTICAS I.A.CO. 
 
UNIDAD 1. Deportes 
Competencia Particular: Utiliza el vocabulario y tiempos gramaticales presente, pasado, futuro y presente perfecto 
para comunicar preferencias, experiencias y expectativas sobre actividades deportivas. 
Simple Present 
FORM 
[VERB] + s/es in third person 
Examples: 
 You speak English. 
 Do you speak English? 
 You do not speak English. 
 
USE 1 Repeated Actions 
Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a 
daily event, a scheduled event or something that often happens. It can also be something a person often forgets or 
usually does not do. 
Examples: 
 I play tennis. 
 She does not play tennis. 
 Does he play tennis? 
 The train leaves every morning at 8 AM. 
 The train does not leave at 9 AM. 
 When does the train usually leave? 
 She always forgets her purse. 
 He never forgets his wallet. 
 Every twelve months, the Earth circles the Sun. 
 Does the Sun circle the Earth? 
USE 2 Facts or Generalizations 
The Simple Present can also indicate the speaker believes that a fact was true before, is true now, and will be true in 
the future. It is not important if the speaker is correct about the fact. It is also used to make generalizations about 
people or things. 
Examples: 
 Cats like milk. 
 Birds do not like milk. 
 Do pigs like milk? 
USE 3 Scheduled Events in the Near Future 
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- 2 - HUMANÍSTICAS I.A.CO. 
 
Speakers occasionally use Simple Present to talk about scheduled events in the near future. This is most commonly 
done when talking about public transportation, but it can be used with other scheduled events as well. 
Examples: 
 The train leaves tonight at 6 PM. 
 The bus does not arrive at 11 AM, it arrives at 11 PM. 
 When do we board the plane? 
 The party starts at 8 o'clock. 
USE 4 Now (Non-Continuous Verbs) 
Speakers sometimes use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is happening or is not happening now. 
This can only be done with Non-Continuous Verbs and certain Mixed Verbs. 
Examples: 
 He needs help right now. 
 He does not need help now. 
 He has his passport in his hand. 
 Do you have your passport with you? 
 
Present Continuous 
FORM 
[am/is/are + present participle] 
Present participle = verb + ing 
Examples: 
 You are watching TV. 
 Are you watching TV? 
 You are not watching TV. 
 
USE 1 Now 
Use the Present Continuous with Normal Verbs to express the idea that something is happening now, at this very 
moment. It can also be used to show that something is not happening now. 
Examples: 
 You are learning English now. 
 You are not swimming now. 
 Are you sleeping? 
 I am sitting. 
 I am not standing. 
 Is he sitting or standing? 
 They are reading their books. 
 They are not watching television. 
 What are you doing? 
 Why aren't you doing your homework? 
 
 
 
 
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USE 2 Longer Actions in Progress Now 
In English, "now" can mean: this second, today, this month, this year, this century, and so on. Sometimes, we use the 
Present Continuous to say that we are in the process of doing a longer action which is in progress; however, we might 
not be doing it at this exact second. 
Examples: (All of these sentences can be said while eating dinner in a restaurant.) 
 I am studying to become a doctor. 
 I am not studying to become a dentist. 
 I am reading the book Tom Sawyer. 
 I am not reading any books right now. 
 Are you working on any special projects at work? 
 Aren't you teaching at the university now? 
USE 3 Near Future 
Sometimes, speakers use the Present Continuous to indicate that something will or will not happen in the near future. 
Examples: 
 I am meeting some friends after work. 
 I am not going to the party tonight. 
 Is he visiting his parents next weekend? 
 Isn't he coming with us tonight? 
 
USE 4 Repetition and Irritation with "Always" 
The Present Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or 
shocking often happens. Notice that the meaning is like Simple Present, but with negative emotion. Remember to put 
the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing." 
Examples: 
 She is always coming to class late. 
 He is constantly talking. I wish he would shut up. 
 I don't like them because they are always complaining 
 
 
Verb Tense Exercise 1 
Simple Present / Present Continuous 
Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses. 
1. Every Monday, Sally (drive) her kids to football practice. 
2. Usually, I (work) as a secretary at ABT, but this summer I (study) French at a 
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language school in Paris. That is why I am in Paris. 
3. Shhhhh! Be quiet! John (sleep) . 
4. Don't forget to take your umbrella. It (rain) . 
5. I hate living in Seattle because it (rain, always) . 
6. I'm sorry I can't hear what you (say) because everybody (talk) so loudly. 
7. Justin (write, currently) a book about his adventures in Tibet. I hope he can find a good 
publisher when he is finished. 
8. Jim: Do you want to come over for dinner tonight? 
Denise: Oh, I'm sorry, I can't. I (go) to a movie tonight with some friends. 
9. The business cards (be, normally ) printed by a company in New York. Their prices 
(be) inexpensive, yet the quality of their work is quite good. 
10. This delicious chocolate (be) made by a small chocolatier in Zurich, Switzerland. 
 
Simple Past 
FORM 
[VERB+ed] or irregular verbs 
Examples: 
 You called Debbie. 
 Did you call Debbie? 
 You did not call Debbie. 
 
USE 1 Completed Action in the Past 
Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the 
speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind. 
Examples: 
 I saw a movie yesterday. 
 I didn't see a play yesterday. 
 Last year, I traveled to Japan. 
 Last year, I didn't travel to Korea. 
 Did you have dinner last night? 
 She washed her car. 
 He didn't wash his car. 
 
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USE 2 A Series of Completed Actions 
We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so 
on. 
Examples: 
 I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim. 
 He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00. 
 Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs? 
USE 3 Duration in Past 
The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A duration is a longer action often 
indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc. 
Examples: 
 I lived in Brazil for two years. 
 Shauna studied Japanese for five years. 
 They sat at the beach all day. 
 They did not stay at the party the entire time. 
 We talked on the phone for thirty minutes. 
 A: How long did you wait for them? 
B: We waitedfor one hour. 
 
USE 4 Habits in the Past 
The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can have the same meaning as "used 
to." To make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually, never, 
when I was a child, when I was younger, etc. 
Examples: 
 I studied French when I was a child. 
 He played theviolin. 
 He didn't play the piano. 
 Did you play a musical instrument when you 
were a kid? 
 She worked at the movie theater after school. 
 They never went to school, they 
always skipped class. 
 
USE 5 Past Facts or Generalizations 
The Simple Past can also be used to describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true. As in USE 4 
above, this use of the Simple Past is quite similar to the expression "used to." 
Examples: 
 She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing. 
 He didn't like tomatoes before. 
 Did you live in Texas when you were a kid? 
 People paid much more to make cell phone calls in the past. 
IMPORTANT When-Clauses Happen First 
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Clauses are groups of words which have meaning but are often not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the 
word "when" such as "when I dropped my pen..." or "when class began..." These clauses are called when-clauses, and 
they are very important. Theexamplesbelowcontainwhen-clauses. 
Examples: 
 When I paid her one dollar, she answered my question. 
 She answered my question when I paid her one dollar. 
When-clauses are important because they always happen first when both clauses are in the Simple Past. Both of the 
examples above mean the same thing: first, I paid her one dollar, and then, she answered my question. It is not 
important whether "when I paid her one dollar" is at the beginning of the sentence or at the end of the sentence. 
However, the example below has a different meaning. First, she answered my question, and then, I paid her one dollar. 
Example: 
 I paid her one dollar when she answered my question. 
Past Continuous 
FORM 
[was/were + present participle] 
Examples: 
 You were studying when she called. 
 Were you studying when she called? 
 You were not studying when she called. 
 
USE 1 Interrupted Action in the Past 
Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was interrupted. The interruption is usually a 
shorter action in the Simple Past. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time. 
Examples: 
 I was watching TV when she called. 
 When the phone rang, she was writing a 
letter. 
 While we were having the picnic, it started to 
rain. 
 What were you doing when the earthquake 
started? 
 I was listening to my iPod, so I didn't hear 
the fire alarm. 
 You were not listening to me when I told 
you to turn the oven off. 
 While John was sleeping last night, someone 
stole his car. 
 Sammy was waiting for us when we got off 
the plane. 
 While I was writing the email, the computer 
suddenly went off. 
 A: What were you doing when you broke 
your leg? 
B: I wassnowboarding. 
USE 2 Specific Time as an Interruption 
In USE 1, described above, the Past Continuous is interrupted by a shorter action in the Simple Past. However, you 
can also use a specific time as an interruption. 
Examples: 
 Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner. 
 At midnight, we were still driving through the desert. 
 Yesterday at this time, I was sitting at my desk at work. 
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IMPORTANT 
In the Simple Past, a specific time is used to show when an action began or finished. In the Past Continuous, a specific 
time only interrupts the action. 
Examples: 
 Last night at 6 PM, I ate dinner. 
I STARTED EATING AT 6 PM. 
 Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner. 
I STARTED EARLIER; AND AT 6 PM, I WAS IN THE PROCESS OF EATING DINNER. 
USE 3 Parallel Actions 
When you use the Past Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions were 
happening at the same time. Theactions are parallel. 
Examples: 
 I was studying while he was making dinner. 
 While Ellen was reading, Tim was 
watching television. 
 Were you listening while he was talking? 
 I wasn't paying attention while I was 
writing the letter, so I made several 
mistakes. 
 What were you doing while you were 
waiting? 
 Thomas wasn't working, and I wasn't 
working either. 
 They were eating dinner, discussing their 
plans, and having a good time. 
USE 4 Atmosphere 
In English, we often use a series of parallel actions to describe the atmosphere at a particular time in the past. 
Example: 
 When I walked into the office, several people were busily typing, some were talking on the phones, the 
bosswas yelling directions, and customers were waiting to be helped. One customer was yelling at a 
secretary and waving his hands. Others were complaining to each other about the bad service. 
USE 5 Repetition and Irritation with "Always" 
The Past Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or 
shocking often happened in the past. The concept is very similar to the expression "used to" but with negative emotion. 
Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing." 
Examples: 
 She was always coming to class late. 
 He was constantly talking. He annoyed everyone. 
 I didn't like them because they were always complaining. 
While vs. When 
Clauses are groups of words which have meaning, but are often not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the 
word "when" such as "when she called" or "when it bit me." Other clauses begin with "while" such as "while she was 
sleeping" and "while he was surfing." When you talk about things in the past, "when" is most often followed by the 
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verb tense Simple Past, whereas "while" is usually followed by Past Continuous. "While" expresses the idea of "during 
that time." Study the examples below. They have similar meanings, but they emphasize different parts of the sentence. 
Examples: 
 I was studying when she called. 
 While I was studying, she called. 
REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs 
It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-
continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Past Continuous with 
these verbs, you must use Simple Past. 
Examples: 
 Jane was being at my house when you arrived. NotCorrect 
 Jane was at my house when you arrived. Correct 
ADVERB PLACEMENT 
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc. 
Examples: 
 You were just studying when she called. 
 Were you just studying when she called? 
 
Verb Tense Exercise 3 
Simple Past / Past Continuous 
Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses. 
1. A: What (you, do) when the accident occurred? 
B: I (try) to change a light bulb that had burnt out. 
2. After I (find) the wallet full of money, I (go, immediately) to the police and 
(turn) it in. 
3. The doctor (say) that Tom (be) too sick to go to work and that he 
(need) to stay at home for a couple of days. 
4. Sebastian (arrive) at Susan's house a little before 9:00 PM, but she (be, not) there. She 
(study, at the library) for her final examination in French. 
5. Sandy is in the living room watching television. At this time yesterday, she (watch, also) 
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 television. That's all she ever does! 
6. A: I (call) you last night after dinner, but you (be, not) there. Where were you? 
B: I (work) out at the fitness center. 
7. When I (walk) into the busy office, the secretary (talk) on the phone with a customer, 
several clerks (work, busily) at their desks, and two managers (discuss, 
quietly) methods to improve customer service. 
8. I (watch) a mystery movie on TV when the electricity went out. Now I am never going to find out 
how the movie ends. 
9. Sharon (be) in the room when John told me what happened, but she didn't hear anything because she 
(listen, not) . 
10. It's strange that you (call) because I (think, just) about you. 
11. The Titanic (cross) the Atlantic when it (strike) an iceberg. 
12. When I entered the bazaar, a couple of merchants (bargain, busily) and (try) 
 to sell their goods to naive tourists who (hunt) for souvenirs. Some young boys (lead) 
 their donkeys through the narrow streets on their way home. A couple of men (argue) over the price of 
a leather belt. I (walk) over to a man who (sell) fruit and (buy) a banana. 
13. The firemen (rescue) the old woman who (be) trapped on the third floor of the 
burning building. 
14. She was so annoying! She (leave, always) her dirty dishes in the sink. I think she (expect, 
actually) me to do them for her. 
15. Samantha (live) in Berlin for more than two years. In fact, she (live) there when the 
Berlin Wall came down. 
 
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Simple Future 
Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be 
used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too 
abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a 
specific time in the future. 
 
FORM Will 
[will + verb] 
Examples: 
 You will help him later. 
 Will you help him later? 
 You will not help him later. 
 
FORM Be Going To 
[am/is/are + going to + verb] 
Examples: 
 You are going to meet Jane tonight. 
 Are you going to meet Jane tonight? 
 You are not going to meet Jane tonight. 
USE 1 "Will" to Express a Voluntary Action 
"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary action is one the speaker offers to do 
for someone else. Often, we use "will" to respond to someone else's complaint or request for help. We also use "will" 
when we request that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use "will not" or "won't" 
when we refuse to voluntarily do something. 
Examples: 
 I will send you the information when I get it. 
 I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can 
read it. 
 Will you help me move this heavy table? 
 Will you make dinner? 
 I will not do your homework for you. 
 I won't do all the housework myself! 
 A: I'm really hungry. 
B: I'll make some sandwiches. 
 A: I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep. 
B: I'll get you some coffee. 
 A: The phone is ringing. 
B: I'llget it. 
 
USE 2 "Will" to Express a Promise 
"Will" is usually used in promises. 
Examples: 
 I will call you when I arrive. 
 If I am elected President of the United States, 
I will make sure everyone has access to 
inexpensive health insurance. 
 I promise I will not tell him about the surprise 
party. 
 Don't worry, I'll be careful. 
 I won't tell anyone your secret. 
 
USE 3 "Be going to" to Express a Plan 
"Be going to" expresses that something is a plan. It expresses the idea that a person intends to do something in the 
future. It does not matter whether the plan is realistic or not. 
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Examples: 
 He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii. 
 She is not going to spend her vacation in 
Hawaii. 
 A: When are we going to meet each other 
tonight? 
B: We are going to meet at 6 PM. 
 I'm going to be an actor when I grow up. 
 Michelle is going to begin medical school 
next year. 
 They are going to drive all the way to 
Alaska. 
 Who are you going to invite to the party? 
 A: Who is going to make John's birthday 
cake? 
B: Sue is going to make John's birthday 
cake. 
 
USE 4 "Will" or "Be Going to" to Express a Prediction 
Both "will" and "be going to" can express the idea of a general prediction about the future. Predictions are guesses 
about what might happen in the future. In "prediction" sentences, the subject usually has little control over the future 
and therefore USES 1-3 do not apply. In the following examples, there is no difference in meaning. 
Examples: 
 The year 2222 will be a very interesting year. 
 The year 2222 is going to be a very 
interesting year. 
 John Smith will be the next President. 
 John Smith is going to be the next President. 
 The movie "Zenith" will win several 
Academy Awards. 
 The movie "Zenith" is going to win several 
Academy Awards. 
 
IMPORTANT 
In the Simple Future, it is not always clear which USE the speaker has in mind. Often, there is more than one way to 
interpret a sentence's meaning. 
No Future in Time Clauses 
Like all future forms, the Simple Future cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, 
while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Insteadof Simple Future, Simple Present isused. 
Examples: 
 When you will arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. NotCorrect 
 When you arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Correct 
ADVERB PLACEMENT 
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc. 
Examples: 
 You will never help him. 
 Will you ever help him? 
 You are never going to meet Jane. 
 Are you ever going to meet Jane? 
 
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Verb Tense Exercise 18 
Will / Be Going To 
Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses. 
1. A: Why are you holding a piece of paper? 
B: I (write) a letter to my friends back home in Texas. 
2. A: I'm about to fall asleep. I need to wake up! 
B: I (get) you a cup of coffee. That will wake you up. 
3. A: I can't hear the television! 
B: I (turn) it up so you can hear it. 
4. We are so excited about our trip next month to France. We (visit) Paris, Nice and Grenoble. 
5. Sarah (come) to the party. Oliver (be) there as well. 
6. Ted: It is so hot in here! 
Sarah: I (turn) the air-conditioning on. 
7. I think he (be) the next President of the United States. 
8. After I graduate, I (attend) medical school and become a doctor. I have wanted to be a doctor all 
my life. 
9. A: Excuse me, I need to talk to someone about our hotel room. I am afraid it is simply too small for four people. 
B: That man at the service counter (help) you. 
10. As soon as the weather clears up, we (walk) down to the beach and go swimming. 
Present Perfect 
FORM 
[has/have + past participle] 
Examples: 
 You have seen that movie many times. 
 Have you seen that movie many times? 
 You have not seen that movie many times. 
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USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now 
We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not 
important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last 
week, when I was a child, when I livedin Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present 
Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, 
etc. 
Examples: 
 I have seen that movie twenty times. 
 I think I have met him once before. 
 There have been many earthquakes in 
California. 
 People have traveled to the Moon. 
 People have not traveled to Mars. 
 Have you read the book yet? 
 Nobody has ever climbed that mountain. 
 A: Has there ever been a war in the United 
States? 
B: Yes, there has been a war in the United 
States. 
 
Verb Tense Exercise 5 
Simple Past / Present Perfect 
Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses. 
1. A: Did you like the movie "Star Wars?" 
B: I don't know. I (see, never) that movie. 
2. Sam (arrive) in San Diego a week ago. 
3. My best friend and I (know) each other for over fifteen years. We still get together once a week. 
4. Stinson is a fantastic writer. He (write) ten very creative short stories in the last year. One day, he'll 
be as famous as Hemingway. 
5. I (have, not) this much fun since I (be) a kid. 
6. Things (change) a great deal at Coltech, Inc. When we first (start) working here three 
years ago, the company (have, only) six employees. Since then, we (expand) to include 
more than 2000 full-time workers. 
7. I (tell) him to stay on the path while he was hiking, but he (wander) off into the forest 
and (be) bitten by a snake. 
8. Listen Donna, I don't care if you (miss) the bus this morning. You (be) late to work 
too many times. You are fired! 
9. Sam is from Colorado, which is hundreds of miles from the coast, so he (see, never) the ocean. He 
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should come with us to Miami. 
10. How sad! George (dream) of going to California before he died, but he didn't make it. He (see, 
never) the ocean. 
11. In the last hundred years, traveling (become) much easier and very comfortable. In the 19th 
century, it (take) two or three months to cross North America by covered wagon. The trip 
(be) very rough and often dangerous. Things (change) a great deal in the last hundred 
and fifty years. Now you can fly from New York to Los Angeles in a matter of hours. 
12. Jonny, I can't believe how much you (change) since the last time I (see) you. You 
(grow) at least a foot! 
13. This tree (be) planted by the settlers who (found) our city over four hundred years 
ago. 
14. This mountain (be, never) climbed by anyone. Several mountaineers (try) to reach 
the top, but nobody (succeed, ever) . The climb is extremely difficult and many people 
(die) trying to reach the summit. 
15. I (visit, never) Africa, but I (travel) to South America several times. The last time 
I (go) to South America, I (visit) Brazil and Peru. I (spend) two weeks in 
the Amazon, (hike) for a week near Machu Picchu, and (fly) over the Nazca Lines. 
Past Perfect 
FORM 
[had + past participle] 
 
Examples: 
 You had studied English before you moved to New York. 
 Had you studied English before you moved to New York? 
 You had not studied English before you moved to New York. 
 
USE 1 Completed Action Before Something in the Past 
The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that 
something happened before a specific time in the past. 
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Examples: 
 I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai. 
 I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet. 
 Tony knew Istanbul so well because he had visited the city several times. 
 Had Susan ever studied Thai before she moved to Thailand? 
 She only understood the movie because she had read the book. 
 Kristine had never been to an opera before last night. 
 We were not able to get a hotel room because we had not booked in advance. 
 A: Had you ever visited the U.S. before your trip in 2006? 
B: Yes, I had been to the U.S. once before. 
USE 2 Duration Before Something in the Past (Non-Continuous Verbs) 
With Non-Continuous Verbs and some non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Past Perfect to show that 
something started in the past and continued up until another action in the past. 
Examples: 
 We had had that car for ten years before it broke down. 
 By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for over eight years. 
 They felt bad about selling the house because they had owned it for more than forty years. 
 
Verb Tense Exercise 11 
Simple Past / Past Perfect 
Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses. 
I can't believe I (get) that apartment. I (submit) my application last week, but I didn't 
think I had a chance of actually getting it. When I (show) up to take a look around, there were at least 
twenty other people who (arrive) before me. Most of them (fill, already) out their 
applications and were already leaving. The landlord said I could still apply, so I did. 
I (try) to fill out the form, but I couldn't answer half of the questions. They (want) me to 
include references, but I didn't want to list my previous landlord because I (have) some problems with 
him in the past and I knew he wouldn't recommend me. I (end) up listing my father as a reference. 
It was total luck that he (decide) to give me the apartment. It turns out that the landlord and my father 
(go) to high school together. He decided that I could have the apartment before he 
(look) at my credit report. I really lucked out! 
http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/types.html
http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/types.html
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VIDEO EXPLICATIVO DE CONDICIONALES 
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=conditionals+0+1+2+3+in+english 
 
CONDITIONAL TYPE 0 >> ZERO CONDITIONAL 
IF + SIMPLE PRESENT + SIMPLE PRESENT 
Used for scientific facts or general truths. 
If you heat butter, it melts. 
If you put water in a cooler, it freezes. 
If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils. 
 
CONDITIONAL TYPE I >> FIRST CONDITIONAL 
Used to talk about things which are possible in the present or the future. It is generally used for things which may 
happen. 
a) IF + SIMPLE PRESENT + SIMPLE FUTURE 
If you study hard, you will pass your exams. 
If we do not protect the panda bears, they will soon become extinct. 
 
b) IMPERATIVE + OR / AND + SIMPLE FUTURE 
Used for threats and promises. 
Don't say a word about this, or I will kill you. 
Finish your job, and you will have a bonus. 
 
c) IMPERATIVO + IF / IN CASE + SIMPLE PRESENT 
Contact me if you need any help. 
Call them in case you need help. 
NOTE: In cases b and d above, you can replace IF by UNLESS 
 
CONDITIONAL TYPE II >> SECOND CONDITIONAL 
Used to talk about things which are unreal (not true or not possible) in the present or the future. It is generally used for 
things which don't or won't happen.It is generally used for things which may happen. 
IF + SIMPLE PAST + SIMPLE CONDITIONAL 
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If FIRST verb in the sentence is TO BE, WERE is used for all persons. 
If I were rich, I would buy a castle. 
If I were him, I would go and see a doctor. 
If elephants had wings, they would be able to fly. 
NOTE: You can replace IF by UNLESS in the examples above. 
 
CONDITIONAL TYPE III >> THIRD CONDITIONAL 
Used to talk about unreal situations in the past, that is, things which did not happen in the past. 
IF + PAST PERFECT + CONDITIONAL PERFECT 
If FIRST verb in the sentence is TO BE, WERE is used for all persons.If I had known that you were sick, I would have gone to see you. 
The real situation was that I didn't know you were sick. So I say If I had known... When you are talking about the past, 
you use the Past Perfect (I had known) after IF. 
If you had saved your money, you could have bought a laptop. 
The real situation was that you didn't save your money. So they say If you had saved... When you are talking about the 
past, you use the Past Perfect (I had known) after IF. 
If you hadn't been late for work so often, they wouldn't have fired you. 
The real situation was that you wasn't early for work. So they say If you hadn't been late... When you are talking about 
the past, you use the Past Perfect (I had known) after IF. 
NOTE: You can replace IF by UNLESS in the examples above. 
 
 
 
Conditional Exercise 1 
If / When 
 
Complete each sentence below with the BEST answer. 
1. I am late to work, my boss gets very angry. That is why I am always on time. 
2. I leave work, I usually go to the fitness center to work out. 
3. he eats, he tries to choose healthy foods. 
4. His car is very reliable, and he rarely has any trouble with it. But he has had a couple of difficulties in the 
past. his car breaks down or he has any problems, he calls the auto club. 
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5. His car is terrible! It always breaks down. his car breaks down or he has any problems, he calls the auto 
club. 
6. Mary gets six weeks paid vacation a year. She loves to travel. she goes on vacation, she always goes 
somewhere exotic. 
7. Diane works harder than anyone I know. I don't think she has taken a day off in three years. But she does really love 
to travel. she goes on vacation, she goes somewhere exotic. 
8. He loves going to the movies. he goes to the movies, he always gets a large popcorn with tons of 
butter. 
9. She hates TV. She thinks television is a waste of time. she watches any television at all, it is usually a 
documentary or a news program. 
10. My friend always keeps in touch by mail. I get a letter, I usually write back immediately. 
 
 
Conditional Exercise 2 
Future Real Conditional FIRST CONDITIONAL 
 
Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate conditional form. 
 
I am not sure what I am going to do when I (graduate) , but I do know I want to travel. I am probably 
going to work at my father's restaurant for a few months during the summer. When I (have) enough 
money, I (go) to Europe to visit some friends I met while studying. 
I have always wanted to visit Europe. I especially want to visit Sweden. If I (get) to go to Sweden, I 
(stay) with my friend Gustav. His family has a house on an island in a lake near Stockholm. I am sure 
we (spend) a few days on the island if weather conditions (allow) . 
I am not sure what other countries I will visit. If it (be) not too expensive, I (spend) a 
couple of days in Paris sightseeing. If I (go) to Paris, I (climb) the Eiffel Tower, 
(take) a boat tour of the Seine, and (photograph) daily life in the Latin Quarter. 
 
 
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Conditional Exercise 3 
Present Unreal Conditional SECOND CONDITIONAL 
Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate conditional form. 
 
Did you hear about that guy who won 180 million dollars in the lottery? If I (win) that much money, I 
(quit) my job the next day. I (travel) around the world and (stay) in the most 
luxurious hotels. If I (want) anything, I (buy) it. If I (see) a beautiful 
Mercedes that I wanted, I (buy) it. If I wanted to stay in a beautiful hotel and the hotel 
(be) full, I (buy) the hotel and make them give me a room. I (can) do 
anything in the world if I had 180 million dollars ... Oh, I am starting to sound a little materialistic... Well... I 
(do) good things with the money as well. If anybody (need) help, I (give) 
 them some money to help them out. I (donate) money to charities. I (give) money to help 
support the arts. If I (win) that much money, I wouldn't keep it all for myself. I (help) as 
many people as possible. 
 
Conditional Exercise 4 
Present Real Conditional (ZERO CONDITIONAL) / Present Unreal Conditional (SECOND CONDITIONAL) 
 
Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate conditional form. 
 
Michael: Sharon, I am having some problems at work, and I was wondering if you might be able to give me some 
advice. 
Sharon: Sure, what's the problem? 
Michael: The computer sales business is more difficult than I thought. When customers (come) in to 
look at the new computer models, they often (ask) me which model they should buy. If they 
(ask) me to suggest a model, I (be) usually quite honest with them. Most computer users 
don't need a very advanced computer; they just need a basic model which they can use for word-processing, 
bookkeeping and Internet access. If I am honest and I (recommend) one of the cheaper models, my boss 
(get) angry at me. He always says that a good salesperson can convince a customer to buy one of the 
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more expensive advanced models. I don't really feel comfortable doing that. What would you do in my situation? Isn't 
it wrong to make them buy something which they don't need? 
Sharon: I think you should help your customers make an intelligent decision. If I (be) you, I 
(educate) the customers. I (teach) them how to make a good decision by themselves. I 
(make, not) the decision for them. When a customer (ask) a question, answer it honestly. 
You don't need to lie to the customer, and you don't need to make the decision for them. 
Michael: When I (sell) an inexpensive computer to a customer, my boss (complain) that I 
am not trying hard enough. What would you tell him? 
Sharon: If I (be) in your situation, I (tell) him that I wasn't comfortable forcing customers 
to buy products which they don't need. Tell him that you don't want to lie to honest people, and that you want to 
provide them with good service. Remind him that when customers (get) good service, they 
(return) to a store and spend more money. 
Michael: I think that's a great idea. He (might) change his mind if I said that to him. Maybe he 
(realize) that good service is the most important thing to consumers. And, of course, I 
(feel) much more comfortable if I (be) able to be honest with the customers. Thanks for 
your advice. 
 
 
Conditional Exercise 5 
Past Unreal Conditional THIRD CONDITIONAL 
 
Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate conditional form. 
 
After I graduated from university, I applied for a marketing position with a prominent bank with branches all over the 
world. I didn't get the job because they wanted someone who spoke Spanish fluently. I (could, take) 
 Spanish in high school, but I didn't. I took an acting class instead. If I (take) Spanish, I 
(get) the job. Just imagine, if I had actually gotten the job, I (move) to Spain. My entire 
life (could, go) in a totally different direction. If I had accepted the job and moved to Spain, I (might, 
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meet) a Spanish woman and (get) married. If that had actually happened, I probably 
(stay) in Spain. We (might, have) children. Unfortunately, I didn't get the job and I 
didn't go to Spain. I got a boring job and I live alone. If I had just taken Spanish, my life (be) much 
more interesting. 
 
 
 
QUALIFIERS / INTENSIFIERS 
Qualifiers / intensifiers are words like very, too, so, quite, rather. 
 
Qualifiers are function parts of speech. They do not add inflectional morphemes, and they do 
not have synonyms. Their sole purpose is to "qualify" or "intensify"an adjective or an adverb. 
Qualifiers / intensifiers modify adjectives or adverbs, telling to what degree. 
 
 
 
Intensifiers and qualifiers 
1. Complete each sentence with the appropriate word. Remember that "extreme" adjectives are modified by 
intensifiers, while "normal" adjectives are modified by qualifiers. 
 
 
1. I feel bad that you have to go. I really wanted us to spend more time together. 
 
2. She told me she thinks you're great! She truly liked you. 
 
3. My dad said the movie is fascinating. 
 
4. Whad do you think of this car? Isn't it nice? 
 
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5. I couldn't keep my eyes open! That documentary was terrifying! 
 
PASSIVE VOICE 
 
Sentences are passive when the subject does not perform the action. Instead, the subject receives an action or is the 
result of an action. The person or thing that performed the action may be unimportant or unknown in a passive 
sentence. 
 
The passive voice is formed with a form of be and the past participle of the main verb. For example: 
Dinner is served from 5:00 to 8:00. 
many people were injured by the tornado last night. 
The letter was mailed by Nick. 
 
Passive sentences focus on the noun that is the receiver or result of an action rather than the noun that is performing 
the action (the agent). In fact, passive sentence very often does not mention the agent at all. For example: 
Super computers were developed in order to solve complex problems. 
The mail is delivered at noon. 
 
Passive sentences are used to make sentence sound more impersonal. For example: 
Passengers are requested to remain seated. 
An error was made in this month’s payroll. 
 
Overview 
Tense orModel PassiveSentence 
Simple Present The TOEFL exam is given every six months 
Simple past The TOEFL exam was given last month 
Simple Future The TOEFL exam will be given every year 
PresentContinuous The TOEFL exam is being given every year 
Presentperfect The TOEFL exam has been given every year since 1950 
Pastperfect The TOEFL exam had been given before the Vietnam War occurred 
Simple Modal The TOEFL exam should be given to every Foreign student 
Past Modal The TOEFL exam should have been given to all entering US colleges. 
 
 
1. Someone won thelottery. 
 
A. The lottery had been won by someone. 
 
B. The lottery was won by someone. 
 
C. The lottery is won by someone. 
2. Thepoliceasked Nick. 
 
A. Nick is asked by the police. 
 
B. Nick was asked by the police. 
 
C. Nick had been asked by the police. 
3. Dr.Aust paid for the pizza. 
 
A. The pizza was paid for by Dr. Aust. 
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B. The pizza has been paid for by Dr. Aust. 
 
C. The pizza is paid for by Dr. Aust. 
4. Brian will meet you at the airport. 
 
A. You will be met by Brian at the airport. 
 
B. You would be met by Brian at the airport. 
 
C. You will have met Brian at the airport. 
5. Rachel respects Linda´s opinion. 
 
A. Linda´s opinion will be respected by Rachel. 
 
B. Linda´s opinion was respected by Rachel. 
 
C. Linda´s opinion is respected by Rachel. 
6. Amanda upset me by what she said. 
 
A. I was upset by what Amanda said. 
 
B. I would be upset by what Amanda said. 
 
C. I am upset by what Amanda said. 
7. Bob is going to inform Brian later. 
 
A. Brian would be informed by Bob later. 
 
B. Brian is going to be informed by Bob later. 
 
C. Brian was going to be informed by Bob later. 
8. The Lawrence police arrested 12 students last night. 
 
A. Twelve students were going to be arrested last night. 
 
B. Twelve students were arrested last night. 
 
C. Twelve students should have been arrested last night. 
9. Nick might visit you next week. 
 
A. You might be visited by Nick next week. 
 
B. You may be visited by Nick next week. 
 
C. You must be visited by Nick next week. 
10. Superman could have saved her. 
 
A. She could have been saved by Superman. 
 
B. She may have been saved by Superman. 
 
C. She will be saved by Superman. 
 
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Direct and Reported Speech (El estilo directo y 
indirecto) 
Cuando queremos comunicar o informar de lo que otra persona ha dicho, hay dos maneras de hacerlo: 
utilizando el estilo directo o el estilo indirecto. 
Direct Speech (El estilo directo) 
Cuando queremos informar exactamente lo que otra persona ha dicho, utilizamos el estilo directo. Con este 
estilo lo que la persona ha dicho se coloca entre comillas y deberá ser palabra por palabra. 
 Ejemplos: 
 I am going to London next week, she said. 
"I am going to London next week," she said.("Voy a Londres la semana que viene," ella dijo.) 
 Do you have a pen I could borrow, he asked. 
"Do you have a pen I could borrow," he asked. ("Tienes un bolígrafo que puedas prestarme," él 
preguntó.) 
 Alice said, I love to dance. 
Alice said, "I love to dance." (Alice dijo, "Me encanta bailar.") 
 Chris asked, Would you like to have dinner with me tomorrow night? 
Chris asked, "Would you like to have dinner with me tomorrow night?" (Chris preguntó, "Te gustaría 
cenar conmigo mañana por la noche?") 
Reported Speech (El estilo indirecto) 
El estilo indirecto, a diferencia del estilo directo, no utiliza las comillas y no necesita ser palabra por 
palabra. En general, cuando se usa el estilo indirecto, el tiempo verbal cambia. A continuación tienes un 
explicación de los cambios que sufren los tiempos verbales. 
A veces se usa "that" en las frases afirmativas y negativas para introducir lo que ha dicho la otra persona. Por 
otro lado, en las frases interrogativas se puede usar "if" o "whether". 
Direct Speech Reported Speech 
Present Simple Past Simple 
"He's American" she said. She said he was American. 
"I'm happy to see you," Mary said. Mary said that she was happy to see me. 
He asked, "Are you busy tonight?" He asked me if I was busy tonight. 
Present Continuous Past Continuous 
"Dan is living in San Francisco," she said. She said Dan was living in San Francisco. 
He said, "I'm making dinner." He told me that he was making dinner. 
"Why are you working so hard?" they asked. They asked me why I was working so hard. 
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Past Simple Past Perfect Simple 
"We went to the movies last night," he said. He told me they had gone to the movies last night. 
Greg said, "I didn't go to work yesterday." Greg said that he hadn't gone to work yesterday. 
"Did you buy a new car?" she asked. She asked me if I had bought a new car. 
Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous 
"I was working late last night," Vicki said. Vicki told me she'd been working last night. 
They said, "We weren't waiting long." They said that they hadn't been waiting long. 
He asked, "Were you sleeping when I called?" He asked if I'd been sleeping when he called. 
Present Perfect Simple Past Perfect Simple 
Heather said, "I've already eaten." Heather told me that she'd already eaten. 
"We haven't been to China," they said. They said they hadn't been to China. 
"Have you worked here before?" I asked. I asked her whether she'd worked there before. 
Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous 
"I've been studying English for two years," he said. He said he'd been studying English for two years. 
Steve said, "We've been dating for over a year 
now." 
Steve told me that they'd been dating for over a year. 
"Have you been waiting long?" they asked. They asked whether I'd been waiting long. 
Past Perfect Simple Past Perfect Simple (*NO CHANGE) 
"I'd been to Chicago before for work," he said. He said that he'd been to Chicago before for work. 
Past Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous (*NO CHANGE) 
Shesaid, "I'd been dancing for years before the 
accident." 
She said she'd been dancing for years before the 
accident. 
Nota: Cuando hablamos de algo que no ha cambiado (todavía es verdad) o que es en el futuro, no tenemos 
que cambiar el tiempo verbal. 
 Ejemplos: 
 "I'm 30 years old," she said. → She said she is 30 years old. 
 Dave said, "Kelly is sick." → Dave said Kelly is sick. 
 "We are going to Tokyo next week," they said. → They said they are going to Tokyo next week. 
 "I'll cut my hair tomorrow," Nina said. → Nina said she is cutting her hair tomorrow. 
Modal Verbs (Los verbos modales) 
El tiempo verbal cambia en el estilo indirecto también con algunos de los verbos modales: 
Direct Speech Indirect Speech 
Will Would 
"I'll go to the movies tomorrow," John said. John said he would go to the movies tomorrow. 
"Will you help me move?" she asked. She asked me if I would help her move. 
Can Could 
Debra said, "Allen can work tomorrow." Debra said Allen could work tomorrow. 
"Can you open the window, please?", he asked. He asked me if I could open the window. 
Must Had to 
"You must wear your seatbelt," mom said. My mom said I had to wear my seatbelt. 
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She said, "You must work tomorrow." She said I had to work tomorrow. 
Shall Should 
"Shall we go to the beach today?" Tom asked. Tom asked if we should go to the beach today. 
"What shall we do tonight?" she asked. She asked me what we should do tonight. 
May Might/Could 
Jane said, "I may not be in class tomorrow." Jane said she might not be in class tomorrow. 
"May I use the bathroom, please?" the boy asked. The boy asked if he could use the bathroom. 
Nota: Con "would", "could", "should", "might" y "ought to", el tiempo no cambia. 
Say vs. Tell 
En español podemos traducir "say"o "tell" como "decir", pero en inglés se usan estos verbos de maneras 
distintas. Hay unas reglas que indican el uso de uno sobre el otro en inglés, aunque en general usamos "say" 
para "decir algo" y "tell" para "decir algo a alguien." 
Say 
Se usa "say" en el estilo directo y el indirecto. Si queremos usar "say" con un objeto personal, necesitamos 
usar el preposicion "to". 
 Ejemplos: 
 Estilo directo 
 "I'm hungry," he said. ("Tengo hambre," él dijo.) 
 "I need your help," Glen said to Mike. ("Necesito tu ayuda," Glen dijo a Mike.) 
 She said, "Do you like to dance?" (Ella dijo, "¿Te gusta bailar?") 
 Estilo indirecto 
 He said he was hungry. (Él dijo que tenía hambre.) 
 Glen said to Mike that he needed his help. (Glen dijo a Mike que necesitaba su ayuda.) 
 She asked me if I liked to dance. (Me preguntó si me gustaba bailar.) 
Tell 
También se puede usar "tell" con el estilo directo y el indirecto, aunque el uso con el estilo directo no es tan 
común. Cuando usamos "tell" necesitamos usar un objeto indirecto que va detrás del verbo. 
 Ejemplos: 
 Estilo directo 
 He told me, "I'm hungry." (Me dijo, "Tengo hambre.") 
 Glen told Mike, "I need your help." (Glen dijo a Mike, "Necesito to ayuda.") 
 Estilo indirecto 
 He told me that he was hungry. (Me dijo que tenía hambre.) 
 Glen told Mike that he needed his help. (Glen dijo a Mike que necesitaba su ayuda.) 
Otros usos de "tell": 
1. Se usa "tell" con ordenes o instrucciones. 
o Ejemplos: 
o I told him, "Stop complaining." (Le dije, "Deja de quejarte.") 
o She told us to hurry. (Nos dijo que nos diéramos prisa.) 
2. Usamos "tell" cuando damos o pedimos información. 
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> 
o Ejemplos: 
o "Can you tell me your name please." ("Díme tu nombre, por favor.") 
o You told him the address of the office? (¿Le dijiste la dirección de la oficina?) 
3. Se usa "tell" con cuentos o bromas. En esto caso, se puede traducir "tell" como "contar" en español. 
o Ejemplos: 
o He told us a great story. (Nos contó un cuento maravilloso.) 
o "Tell me a joke," she said. ("Cuéntame un chiste," dijo ella.) 
4. Con la verdad y las mentiras, se usa "tell." 
o Ejemplos: 
o "Tell me the truth," she said. ("Dime la verdad," dijo ella.) 
o Keith never tells lies. (Keith nunca miente.) 
5. Usamos "tell" con el tiempo o la fecha. 
> 
o Ejemplos: 
o "Could you tell me the time, please?" she asked. ("Podrías decirme la hora, por favor?" me 
preguntó.) 
o Bob told me the date. (Bob me dijo la fecha.) 
Exercises: 
Reporting statements 
1. Complete the reporting statements. 
1) ‘I’m looking forward to seeing you,’ said Jean. 
Jean said (that)__________________________________________________________________________ 
2) ‘We’re going to spend Christmas in the Caribbean,’said Charlie. 
Charlie said (that) ________________________________________________________________________ 
3) ‘The dentist can see you tomorrow,’ said the assistant. 
The assistant said_________________________________________________________________________ 
4) ‘I’ve seen this film before,’ said Rosa. 
Rosa said (that)__________________________________________________________________________ 
5) ‘I’ll tell you later,’ said Johanna. 
Johanna said (that) _______________________________________________________________________ 
6) ‘I must call my mother,’ said Angie. 
Angie said (that)__________________________________________________________________________ 
 
 
 
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2. Re-order the reporting sentences. 
1) ‘I’m not feeling well’ 
feeling very well / wasn’t / he / He said that 
____________________________________________ 
2) ‘It’s my 18th birthday’ 
She said / her / 18th birthday / it / was / that 
____________________________________________ 
3) ‘I was working for a bank’ 
he / working / He said / for a bank / had been 
____________________________________________ 
4) ‘I’m going to complain to the manager’ 
that / complain to the manager / going to / she said /was / she 
____________________________________________ 
3. Write the questions in reported speech. 
1) ‘Do you like playing racquet sports?’ 
He asked if he ________________________________ . 
2) ‘Is your brother working in Switzerland?’ 
He asked if her brother ________________________ . 
3) ‘Did you enjoy the concert last night?’ 
She asked me if I ______________________________ . 
4) ‘Can you come here tomorrow?’ 
He asked me if I ______________________________ . 
5) ‘Have your parents been to India?’ 
She asked if my _______________________________ . 
6) ‘Will Jane come to the party too? 
I asked if Jane ________________________________ .