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Abnormal Psychology - :)) - DSM-5
General Psychology (Ateneo de Davao University)
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Abnormal Psychology - :)) - DSM-5
General Psychology (Ateneo de Davao University)
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 ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY WORKSHEET 
 
 
 
Diagnosis Description Cause Treatment 
 NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS 
Intellectual 
Developmental 
Disorder 
 
A disorder with onset during the 
developmental period that includes both 
intellectual and adaptive functioning deficits 
in conceptual, social, and practical domains. 
Genetic and Physiological 
- Prenatal etiologies 
include genetic 
syndromes (e.g., 
sequence variations or 
copy number variants 
involving one or more 
genes; chromosomal 
disorders), inborn 
errors of metabolism, 
brain malformations, 
maternal disease 
(including placental 
disease), and 
environmental 
influences (e.g., 
alcohol, other drugs, 
toxins, teratogens). 
- Perinatal causes 
include a variety of 
labor and 
delivery-related events 
leading to neonatal 
encephalopathy. 
- Postnatal causes 
include hypoxic 
ischemic injury, 
traumatic brain injury, 
- Communication 
intervention provides 
ample opportunities 
for communication 
and incorporates a 
variety of language 
functions since it 
exposes the 
individual to natural 
environments. 
Behavior Interventions 
- Applied behavior 
analysis (ABA) - 
helps in 
communication, 
social skills, 
self-control, and 
self-monitoring. 
- Environmental 
arrangement to 
encourage 
communication 
- Functional 
communication 
training (FCT) 
- Incidental teaching 
uses behavioral 
procedures to teach 
Global Developmental Delay 
 
This diagnosis is reserved for individuals 
under​ the age of 5 years when the clinical 
severity level cannot be reliably assessed 
during early childhood. This category is 
diagnosed when an individual fails to meet 
expected developmental milestones in 
several areas of intellectual functioning, and 
applies to individuals who are unable to 
undergo systematic assessments of 
intellectual functioning, including children 
who are too young to participate in 
standardized testing. This category requires 
reassessment after a period of time. 
Unspecified 
Intellectual 
Disability 
 
This category is reserved for individual ​over​ the 
age of 5 years when assessment of the degree of 
intellectual disability (intellectual developmental 
disorder) by means of locally available 
procedures is rendered difficult or impossible 
because of associated sensory or physical 
impairments, as in blindness or prelingual 
deafness; locomotor disability; or presence of 
severe problem behaviors or co-occurring mental 
disorder. This category should only be used in 
exceptional circumstances and requires 
reassessment after a period of time. 
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infections, 
demyelinating 
disorders, seizure 
disorders (e.g., infantile 
spasms), severe and 
chronic social 
deprivation, and toxic 
metabolic syndromes 
and intoxications (e.g., 
lead, mercury). 
elaborated language. 
- Milieu therapy ​ is ​a 
range of methods 
(including incidental 
teaching, time delay, 
and mand-model 
procedures) that are 
integrated into a 
child's natural 
environment. 
Language Disorder A disorder usually affects vocabulary and 
grammar, and these effects then limit the 
capacity for discourse. 
Genetic and Physiological 
- Language disorders 
are highly heritable, 
and family members 
are more likely to have 
a history of language 
impairment. 
● Contrast therapy ​- 
involves saying word pairs 
that contain one or more 
different speech sounds. 
● Oral-motor therapy ​- The 
oral-motor therapy 
approach focuses on 
improving muscle strength, 
motor control, and breath 
control. 
Speech Sound Disorder 
 
Is a disorder that has a persistent difficulty 
with speech sound production which requires 
both the phonological knowledge of speech 
and the ability to coordinate the movements 
of the articulators (i.e., the jaw, tongue, and 
lips,) with breathing and vocalizing for 
speech. 
● brain damage due to a 
stroke or head injury 
● muscle weakness 
● damaged vocal cords 
● Down syndrome 
● Autism 
● Hearing loss 
● Core vocabulary 
approach- ​used for 
children with inconsistent 
speech sound production 
who may be resistant to 
more traditional therapy 
approaches. 
● Distinctive feature 
therapy ​ - focuses on 
elements of phonemes that 
are lacking in a child's 
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 ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY WORKSHEET 
 
repertoire (e.g., frication, 
nasality, voicing, and place 
of articulation) and is 
typically used for children 
who primarily substitute one 
sound for another. 
● Naturalist speech 
intelligibility intervention 
- addresses the targeted 
sound in naturalistic 
activities that provide the 
child with frequent 
opportunities for the sound 
to occur. 
Childhood-onset 
fluency Disorder 
(Stuttering) 
 
A disorder that is characterized by a 
disturbance in the normal fluency and time 
patterning of speech that is inappropriate for 
the individual's age. 
Genetic and Physiological 
- first-degree biological 
relatives of individuals; 
Stuttering tends to run 
in families. It appears 
that stuttering can 
result from inherited 
(genetic) abnormalities. 
 
● Speech therapy- ​Speech 
therapy can teach you to 
slow down your speech and 
learn to notice when you 
stutter. You may speak very 
slowly and deliberately 
when beginning speech 
therapy, but over time, you 
can work up to a more 
natural speech pattern. 
● Electronic Device (Ear 
device) ​- Ear devices are 
small electronic aids that fit 
inside the ear canal. These 
devices can help improve 
fluency in people who have 
a stutter. 
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 ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY WORKSHEET 
 
● Cognitive behavioral 
therapy ​- can help a child 
learn to identify and change 
ways of thinking that might 
make stuttering worse. It 
can also help you resolve 
stress, anxiety or 
self-esteem problems 
related to stuttering. 
Social (Pragmatic) 
Communication Disorder 
 
A disorder is characterized by a primary 
difficulty with pragmatics, or by the social use 
of languageand communication manifested 
by deficits in understanding and following 
social rules. In other words,it is characterized 
by impairment in communication for social 
purposes. 
Genetic and Physiological 
- A family history of 
autism spectrum 
disorder, 
communication 
disorders, or specific 
learning disorder 
appears to increase the 
risk for social 
(pragmatic) 
communication 
disorder. 
● Parent-child interaction​ - 
Parental involvement in 
practicing techniques at 
home is a key part of 
helping a child cope with 
stuttering, especially with 
some methods. Follow the 
guidance of the 
speech-language 
pathologist to determine the 
best approach for your 
child. 
● Social Skills Groups ​ - an 
intervention that uses 
instruction, role play, and 
feedback to teach ways of 
interacting appropriately 
with peers. 
● Social Communication 
Intervention Project 
(SCIP)​- speech and 
language therapy for 
school-age children with 
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 ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY WORKSHEET 
 
pragmatic and social 
communication needs. 
Also, it focuses on social 
understanding and social 
interpretation pragmatics 
and language processing. 
Autism Spectrum Disorder 
 
A disorder that is characterized by difficulty 
changing focus or action. Marked deficits in 
verbal and nonverbal social communication 
skills; limited initiation of social interactions 
and reduced or abnormal responses to social 
overtures from others. 
Autism Spectrum Disorder 
frequently involves delayed 
language development, often 
accompanied by lack of social 
interest or unusual social 
interactions,odd play patterns 
and unusual communication 
patterns which is often most 
marked in early childhood 
and early school years. 
● Applied Behavior 
Analysis (ABA) - 
ABA is often used in 
schools and clinics to 
help your child learn 
positive behaviors and 
reduce negative ones. 
This approach can be 
used to improve a 
wide range of skills, 
and there are different 
types for different 
situations. 
● Behavior and 
communication 
therapies ​ - Many 
programs address the 
range of social, 
language and 
behavioral difficulties 
associated with autism 
spectrum disorder. 
Some programs focus 
on reducing problem 
behaviors and 
teaching new skills. 
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● Educational 
therapies - ​Children 
with autism spectrum 
disorder often respond 
well to highly 
structured educational 
programs. Successful 
programs typically 
include a team of 
specialists and a 
variety of activities to 
improve social skills, 
communication and 
behavior. 
● Family therapies- 
Parents and other 
family members can 
learn how to play and 
interact with their 
children in ways that 
promote social 
interaction skills, 
manage problem 
behaviors, and teach 
daily living skills and 
communication. 
ADHD 
 
ADHD shows a persistent pattern of 
inattention and/or hyperactivity–impulsivity 
that interferes with functioning or 
development. 
● Inattention​ manifests behaviorally in 
ADHD as wandering off task, lacking 
Environmental 
- Very low birth weight 
(less than 1,500 grams)
conveys a two- to 
threefold risk for 
ADHD, but most 
 Pharmacological Treatments 
- Stimulant Medication 
-​Central Nervous System 
Stimulants or CNS stimulants 
used to treat ADHD are: 
● amphetamine-based 
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 ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY WORKSHEET 
 
persistence, difficulty sustaining 
focus, and being disorganized and is 
not due to defiance or lack of 
comprehension. 
● Hyperactivity ​ refers to excessive 
motor activity when it is not 
appropriate, or excessive fidgeting, 
tapping, or talkativeness. 
● Impulsivity​ refers to hasty actions 
that occur in the moment without 
forethought and that have high 
potential for harm to the individual 
children with low birth 
weight do not develop 
ADHD. 
- ADHD is correlated 
with smoking during 
pregnancy, some of 
this association reflects 
common genetic risk. 
- There may be a history 
of child abuse, neglect, 
multiple foster 
placements, neurotoxin 
exposure (e.g., lead), 
infections (e.g., 
encephalitis), or alcohol
exposure in utero. 
- Exposure to 
environmental toxicants
has been correlated 
with subsequent 
ADHD, but it is not 
known whether these 
associations are 
causal. 
Genetic and Physiological 
- ADHD is also elevated 
in the first-degree 
biological relatives of 
individuals with ADHD. 
The heritability of 
ADHD is substantial. 
stimulants (Adderall, 
Dexedrine, Dextrostat) 
● dextromethamphetamine 
(Desoxyn) 
● dextromethylphenidate 
(Focalin) 
● methylphenidates 
(Concerta, Daytrana, 
Metadate, Ritalin) 
- Nonstimulant Medication 
● Norepinephrine is thought 
to help with attention and 
memory. 
● atomoxetine (Strattera) 
● antidepressants like 
nortriptyline (Pamelor) 
Non Pharmacological 
Treatments 
● Behavioral Therapy ​- 
Teachers and parents can 
learn behavior-changing 
strategies, such as token 
reward systems and 
timeouts, for dealing with 
difficult situations. 
● Social skills training​- this 
can help children learn 
appropriate social 
behaviors. 
● Parenting skills training​ - 
helps the parents develop 
ways to understand and 
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 ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY WORKSHEET 
 
guide their child's behavior. 
● Psychotherapy ​ - allows 
older children with ADHD to 
talk about issues that 
bother them, explore 
negative behavior patterns 
and learn ways to deal with 
their symptoms. 
● Family therapy ​ - can help 
parents and siblings deal 
with the stress of living with 
someone who has ADHD. 
Specific Learning Disorder 
 
A neurodevelopmental disorder with a 
biological origin that is the basis for 
abnormalities at a cognitive level that are 
associated with the behavioral signs of the 
disorder. 
Environmental 
- Prematurity or very low 
birth weight increases 
the risk for specific 
learning disorder, as 
does prenatal exposure 
to nicotine. 
Genetic and Physiological 
- first-degree relatives of 
individuals 
● Special teaching 
techniques - ​These can 
include helping a child learn 
through multisensory 
experiences and by 
providing immediate 
feedback to strengthen a 
child's ability to recognize 
words. 
● Classroom modifications 
- For example, teachers 
can give students that need 
it, extra time to finish tasks 
and provide recorded tests 
that allow the child to hear 
the questions instead of 
reading them. 
● Use of technology ​ - 
Children with impairment in 
reading may benefit from 
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 ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY WORKSHEET 
 
listening to books on tape 
or using word-processing 
programs with spell-check 
features. 
Developmental Coordination 
Disorder 
A disorder diagnosed only if the impairment 
in motor skills significantly interferes with the 
performance of, or participation in, daily 
activities in family, social, school, or 
community life. 
Developmental coordination disorder is a 
motor skill disorder that causes problems 
with movement and coordination. 
Environmental 
- Developmental 
coordination disorder is 
more common 
following prenatal 
exposure to alcohol 
and in preterm and 
low-birth-weight 
children. 
Treatment approaches used by 
occupational therapists​ and 
physical therapists​ can be broadly 
categorized into either: 
● Bottom-up approach​ - 
Sensory integration therapy 
Process-oriented treatment 
Perceptual motor training;or 
● Top-down approach​ - 
Task-specific intervention 
Cognitive approaches 
(cognitive orientation to 
daily occupational 
performance). 
 
Stereotypic Movement 
Disorder 
 
A disorder that is characterized by repetitive, 
seemingly driven and apparently 
purposeless motor behavior. And is onset 
during early developmental period; 
Environmental 
- Social isolation is a risk 
factor for 
self-stimulation that 
may progress to 
stereotypic movements 
with repetitive 
self-injury. 
Environmental stress 
may also trigger 
Pharmacological Treatments 
● Atypical Risperdal and 
Clozaril (usually used to 
treat schiozphrenia and 
mood disorders) 
● Opiate antagonists such as 
Naltrexone (usually used to 
treat heroin and opioid 
addictions) 
● Atypical antipsychotics 
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 ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY WORKSHEET 
 
stereotypic behavior. 
Fear may alter 
physiological state, 
resulting in increased 
frequency of 
stereotypic behaviors. 
such as risperidone or 
aripiprazole also have 
shown benefit for 
stereotypic movements in 
youth with autism spectrum 
disorders. 
Non Pharmacological 
Treatments 
● Behavioral Therapy ​such 
as: ​Differential 
Reinforcement of Other 
Behaviors (DRO​) aims to 
reward socially appropriate 
behaviors; and 
Functional 
Communication Training 
(FTC) - ​ teaches and 
rewards the person for 
using alternative responses 
or verbal strategies to 
replace stereotypical 
movements when they are 
aware that they need 
something or are feeling 
distressed. 
Tic Disorders 
 
Tic disorders comprise four diagnostic 
categories: Tourette’s disorder, persistent 
(chronic) motor or vocal tic disorder, 
provisional tic disorder, and the other 
specified and unspecified tic disorders. Tics 
are sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic. 
motor movements or vocalizations. 
Genetic and Physiological 
- Important risk alleles 
for Tourette's disorder 
and rare genetic 
variants in families with 
tic disorders have been 
identified. Obstetrical 
Behavioral Therapy 
● Habit Rehearsal Training​ - 
HRT involves identifying 
early signs that a tic is 
imminent and then 
individuals are taught to 
produce an incompatible 
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 ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY WORKSHEET 
 
complications, older 
paternal age, lower 
birth weight, and 
maternal smoking 
during pregnancy are 
associated with worse 
tic severity. 
 
 
physical response 
contingent upon the urge to 
perform a tic. 
● Exposure-based 
interventions (ERP) - ​are 
based on the 
conceptualization of tics as 
voluntary intentional 
movements that are 
performed in order to 
decrease unpleasant 
sensory urges experienced 
in muscles. 
● Relaxation training (RT​) - 
involves deep breathing 
exercises and guided 
imagery and the main 
aims with this type of 
treatment are to reduce 
stress and alleviate anxiety. 
Pharmacological Treatment 
● Fluphenazine ​, ​haloperidol 
(Haldol), ​risperidone 
(Risperdal) and ​pimozide 
(Orap) can help control tics. 
● 
Tourette’s Disorder 
 
A combination of chronic movement and 
vocal tics more commonly reported in 
males, usually life long condition. 
Pharmacological Treatment 
● Botulinum (Botox) 
injections.​ An injection into 
the affected muscle might 
help relieve a simple or 
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 ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY WORKSHEET 
 
vocal tic. 
● Antiseizure medications. 
Recent studies suggest that 
some people with Tourette 
syndrome respond to 
topiramate (Topamax) ​, 
which is used to treat 
epilepsy. 
 
Non Pharmacological Treatment 
● Behavior therapy ​ - 
Cognitive Behavioral 
Interventions for Tics, 
including habit-reversal 
training, can help you 
monitor tics, identify 
premonitory urges and 
learn to voluntarily move in 
a way that's incompatible 
with the tic. 
● Psychotherapy ​ - In 
addition to helping you 
cope with Tourette 
syndrome, psychotherapy 
can help with 
accompanying problems, 
such as ADHD, obsessions, 
depression or anxiety. 
● Habit Reversal Training 
(HRT)​ Habit reversal is one 
of the most studied 
behavioral interventions for 
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 ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY WORKSHEET 
 
people with tics. 
● Comprehensive 
Behavioral Intervention 
for Tics (CBIT)​ - CBIT is 
an evidence-based type of 
behavioral therapy for TS 
and chronic tic disorders. 
CBIT includes habit 
reversal in addition to other 
strategies, including 
education about tics and 
relaxation techniques. 
Persistent (Chronic) Motor/ 
vocal tic 
 
Is a single or multiple motor or vocal tics 
have been present during the illness,but not 
both motor and vocal. 
Pharmacological Treatment 
Medication that helps to reduce 
and control tics: (But does not 
eliminate tics) 
● haloperidol (Haldol) 
● pimozide 
● risperidone (Risperdal) 
● aripiprazole (Abilify) 
● topiramate (Topamax) 
● clonidine 
● guanfacine 
Behavioral Therapy 
● Comprehensive 
Behavioral Intervention 
for Tics (CBIT)​ - CBIT is 
an evidence-based type of 
behavioral therapy for TS 
and chronic tic disorders. 
CBIT includes habit 
reversal in addition to other 
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 ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY WORKSHEET 
 
strategies, including 
education about tics and 
relaxation techniques. 
● Habit reversal training 
(HRT)​- a multiple 
component intervention that 
can include 
psychoeducation, 
awareness training, 
competing response 
training, generalization 
training, self-monitoring, 
relaxation training, 
behavioral rewards, 
motivational procedures, 
and social support. 
● Psychological therapy ​- 
counseling​ is provided to 
the individual and 
sometimes even the family, 
in order to help deal with 
the social and emotional 
issues that an individual 
develops because of this 
disorder. 
Provisional Tic Disorder 
 
​Single Or Multiple Motor And/or vocal tics. ● Cognitive behavioral 
therapy - ​ is a useful way 
to treat tic disorders. During 
these sessions, a person 
learns to avoid 
self-destructive actions by 
controlling their emotions, 
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 ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY WORKSHEET 
 
behaviors, and thoughts. 
● Behavioral therapy ​ - this 
is where things like relaxing 
techniques and 
habit-reversal training are 
taught. 
● Medications 
- Medication can’t completely 
cure tic disorders, but it can 
reduce symptoms for some 
people. Drug that reduces 
the dopamine in the brain, 
such as ​haloperidol ​ (Haldol) 
or ​pimozide ​ (Orap). 
Dopamine​ is a 
neurotransmitter that may 
influence tics. 
 SCHIZOPHRENIA SPECTRUM DISORDER 
Schizotypal Personality 
Disorder 
A pervasive pattern of social and 
interpersonal deficits marked by acute 
discomfort with, and reduced capacity for, 
close relationships as well as by cognitive or 
perceptual distortions and eccentricities of 
behavior. 
Environmental 
- Season of birth has 
been linked to the 
incidence of 
schizophrenia, 
including late 
winter/early spring in 
some locations and 
summer for the deficit 
form of the disease. 
The incidence of 
schizophrenia and 
related disorders is 
higher for children 
Antipsychotic Medication 
● are dopamine antagonists 
● better with positive than 
negative symptoms 
● side effect of tardive 
dyskinesia: neurological 
syndrome cause by long 
term use characterizedby 
repetitive, involuntary, 
purposeless movements 
 
ECT 
● used when side effects of 
antipsychotics too severe 
Delusional Disorder 
 
The presence of one (or more) delusions 
with a duration of 1 month or longer. 
Exclusively delusions only. Apart from the 
impact of the delusions or its ramifications, 
functioning is not markedly impaired and 
behavior is not obviously bizarre or odd. 
Does not meet the first criteria of 
schizophrenia. 
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 ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY WORKSHEET 
 
Brief Psychotic Disorder 
 
A disturbance that involves the sudden 
onset of at least one of the following positive 
psychotic symptoms: delusions, 
hallucinations, disorganized speech, or 
grossly abnormal psychomotor behavior 
which would last at least 1 day but less than 
1 month with eventual return to premorbid 
level of functioning. 
growing up in an 
urban environment 
and for some minority 
ethnic groups. 
 
Genetic and Physiological 
- There is a strong 
contribution for 
genetic factors in 
determining risk for 
schizophrenia, 
although most 
individuals who have 
been diagnosed with 
schizophrenia have no 
family history of 
psychosis. 
- Pregnancy and birth 
complications with 
hypoxia and greater 
paternal age are 
associated with a 
higher risk of 
schizophrenia for the 
developing fetus. 
- other prenatal and 
perinatal adversities, 
including stress, 
infection, malnutrition, 
maternal diabetes, 
and other medical 
conditions, have been 
● 17% of ECT patients have 
SZ 
● Not as effective as 
antipsychotics in chronic 
cases 
● Not effective in acute cases 
● Primarily for catatonia, 
comorbidity with 
depression, and those not 
responding to 
antipsychotics 
 
I​ndividual Psychotherapy 
● Long-term studies suggest 
it to be of little value in 
treating chronic SZ 
● Important to help patient 
develop new coping 
strategies 
 
Group Psychotherapy 
● Oriented towards providing 
support and environment 
where patient can develop 
social skills 
 
Family Therapy 
● Focus on families with high 
EE that can lead to relapse 
● Family environment plays 
large role in determining 
frequency of cases 
Schizophreniform Disorder 
 
Is characterized by having the presence of 
two (or more) of the following: delusions, 
hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly 
disorganized or catatonic behavior and 
negative symptoms during a 1-month period 
(or less if successfully treated). 
Schizophrenia 
 
Schizophrenia involves a range of cognitive, 
behavioral, and emotional dysfunctions. 
Having the presence of two (or more) ​of the 
following: delusions, hallucinations, 
disorganized speech, grossly disorganized or 
catatonic behavior and negative symptoms 
during a 1-month period (or less if 
successfully treated). Some signs of the 
disorder must last for a continuous period of 
at least 6 months. 
Schizoaffective Schizoaffective disorder is based on the 
assessment of an uninterrupted period of 
illness during which the individual continues 
to display active or residual symptoms of 
psychotic illness. 
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 ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY WORKSHEET 
 
linked with 
schizophrenia. 
However, the vast 
majority of offspring 
with these risk factors 
do not develop 
schizophrenia. 
 BIPOLAR AND RELATED DISORDERS/ DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS 
Bipolar I 
 
Bipolar I is a diagnosis made is one has 
experienced a manic episode and a major 
depressive episode. The essential feature 
of a manic episode is a distinct period 
during which there is an abnormally, 
persistently elevated, expansive, or 
irritable mood and persistently increased 
activity or energy that is present for most 
of the day, nearly every day, for a period of 
at least 1 week, and a 2-week period of 
major depressive episode. 
Environmental 
- Bipolar disorder is 
more common in 
high-income than in 
low-income countries 
(1.4 vs. 0.7%). 
Separated, divorced, 
or widowed individuals 
have higher rates of 
bipolar I disorder than 
do individuals who are 
married or have never 
been married, but the 
direction of the 
association is unclear 
- 
Genetic and Physiological 
- A family history of 
bipolar disorder is one 
of the strongest and 
most consistent risk 
factors for bipolar 
disorders. There is an 
● Cognitive Behavioral 
Therapy(CBT) - ​ involves 
trying to change your 
patterns of thinking, is 
effective for bipolar 
disorder. CBT includes 
role-playing to get ready for 
interactions that could be 
problematic, facing fears 
directly rather than 
practicing avoidance, and 
learning techniques to calm 
and relax the mind and 
body. 
● Interpersonal and Social 
Rhythm Therapy (IPSRT) - 
outlines techniques to 
improve medication 
adherence, manage 
stressful life events, and 
reduce disruptions in social 
Bipolar II 
 
For Bipolar II, criteria should be met for at 
least one hypomanic episode and at least 
one major depressive episode. 
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 ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY WORKSHEET 
 
average 10-fold 
increased risk among 
adult relatives of 
individuals with bipolar 
I and bipolar II 
disorders. 
rhythms. 
● Family focused Therapy ​ - 
Family members are taught 
to recognize the warning 
signs of either a manic or a 
depressive episode. 
● Psychotherapy and 
Counseling - ​Talking 
through emotions and 
challenges associated with 
bipolar disorder can help. 
 
Pharmacological Treatment 
● Anti-anxiety medications- 
- ​Benzodiazepines ​ may 
help with anxiety and 
improve sleep, but are 
usually used on a 
short-term basis. And is 
commonly prescribed in the 
short term to help people 
cope with anxiety 
conditions. 
● Mood stabilizers ​- lithium 
(Lithobid), valproic acid 
(Depakene), divalproex 
sodium (Depakote), 
carbamazepine (Tegretol, 
Equetro, others) and 
lamotrigine (Lamictal). 
● Antipsychotics ​ - 
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 ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY WORKSHEET 
 
olanzapine (Zyprexa), 
risperidone (Risperdal), 
quetiapine (Seroquel), 
aripiprazole (Abilify), 
ziprasidone (Geodon), 
lurasidone (Latuda) or 
asenapine (Saphris) 
● Antidepressants ​ - 
antipsychotic Symbyax 
combines the 
antidepressant fluoxetine 
and the antipsychotic 
olanzapine. It works as a 
depression treatment and a 
mood stabilizer. 
 
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Cyclothymic Disorder 
 
The essential feature of cyclothymic 
disorder is chronic, fluctuating mood 
disturbance involving numerous periods of 
hypomanic symptoms and periods of 
depressive symptoms for at least 2 years 
(at least 1 for children and adolescents). 
Depressive symptoms must not meet the 
criteria of MDE. 
● Heredity ​ - or genetics 
as cyclothymia tends 
to run in families 
● Differences in the 
way the brain works ​ - 
such as changes in the 
brain's neurobiology 
● Environment ​ - such 
as traumatic 
experiences or 
prolonged periods of 
stress 
● Cognitive behavioral 
therapy (CBT)​ - to identify 
unhealthy, negative beliefs 
and behaviors and replace 
them with healthy, positive 
ones. CBT can help 
identify what triggers your 
symptoms. You also learn 
effective strategies to 
manage stress and cope 
with upsetting situations. 
● Interpersonal and social 
rhythm therapy (IPSRT) ​ - 
focuses on the stabilization 
of daily rhythms, such as 
sleeping, waking and 
mealtimes.● Psychotherapy ​ - also 
called ​psychological 
counseling​ or talk 
therapy, is a vital part of 
cyclothymia treatment and 
can be provided in 
individual, family or group 
settings. 
DEPRESSIVE 
DISORDERS 
 
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Disruptive Mood 
Dysregulation 
Disorder 
 
A severe recurrent temper outbursts manifested 
verbally or/and behaviorally that are grossly out 
of proportion in intensity or duration to the 
situation or provocation. It is not episodic but 
persistent. 
Biological 
● rate in relatives of 
probands in 2-3 times 
greater than controls, 
also greater severity and 
recurrence 
● adopted studies give 
mixed results 
● identical twins 2-3 times 
more likely than DZ to 
get mood disorder if 
cotwin has it, if cotwin is 
unipolar, cotwin has 
close to 0% chance of 
bipolar disorder 
● heritability in women is 
36-44% and men is 
18-24% 
● if 1 MZ twin has unipolar 
-other MZ twin has 80% 
chance 
Joint Heritability 
● anxiety and depression 
have genetic factors that 
may contribute to both 
NT Systems 
● most intensely 
neurologically studied 
● low levels serotonin- 
regulates emotional 
reactions 
Drugs: 
● Antidepressants are the 
treatment of choice- 65% 
improvement rate 
● SSRIs 
● MAO-Inhibitors 
● Omega-3 acids nearly as 
or as effective for 
antidepressants in 
depressed patients that 
are not comorbid with 
other disorders, in short 
term 
● Ketamine: rapid acting, 
glutamate-based 
antidepressant, at lower 
than anesthetic dose, rapid 
relief of depression, works 
on glutamate not 
serotonin, and also known 
as “Special K” 
Physical: 
● ECT (Electroshock 
Therapy): rapid for severe 
cases, and patients put 
under anesthetic, 
electrodes put on 
non-dominant hemisphere, 
reduces memory loss and 
less anxiety. 
● TMS (Transcranial 
Magnetic Stimulation): 
magnetic field around left 
or right prefrontal lobes, 
and is still experimental 
Major Depressive 
Disorder 
 
Has 5 or more of the following symptoms (at 
least 1 of which is either DEPRESSED MOOD or 
LOSS OF INTEREST OR PLEASURE) during 
the same 2 week period. Following symptoms 
are: Depressed mood, diminished interest in 
activities, significant weight loss or gain, 
insomnia or hypersomnia, psychomotor agitation 
or retardation, Fatigue/loss of energy, feelings of 
worthlessness/inappropriate guilt, diminished 
ability to think or concentrate/indecisiveness and 
suicidal ideation or suicide attempt. 
Persistent Depressive 
Disorder (Dysthymia) 
 
A depressed mood for most of the day, for more 
days than not, as indicated by either a subjective 
account or observation by others that last for at 
least 2 years. 
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● chronic stress lowers 
dopamine levels and 
procedures 
depressive-like behavior 
Endocrine System 
● hypothyroidism or 
Cushing’s disease 
affects the adrenal 
cortex- excessive cortisol 
secretion- leads to 
depression 
● DST: suppresses cortisol 
secretion in normal 
subjects, less so in 
depressed patients. 50% 
show reduced 
suppression, especially if 
severe depression 
Sleep and Circadian Rhythms 
● depressed people have 
shorter period before 
REM sleep begins and 
reduction of deep sleep 
● less pronounced in 
children than adults 
because children are 
deep sleepers but even 
more severe among 
older adults 
● insomnia experienced by 
elderly. treating insomnia 
● Deep brain stimulation: 
stimulation through 
electrodes in nucleus 
accumbens beneath frontal 
lobes and related to 
dopamine release with 
recreational drugs 
Psychological 
● Psychodynamic 
psychotherapy 
● Cognitive therapy- Beck- 
2nd most common after 
drugs: Depressed patient 
suffers from automatic 
negative thoughts, 
Therapy helps patient 
recognize thoughts and 
re-evaluate them 
Mania 
● Pharmacological: 
-Chlorpromazine 
-Haloperidol 
-Lithium 
Biological treatment for mood 
disorders: 
● SSRI​ - blocks the reuptive 
of serotonin 
● MAOi ​- blocks the enzyme 
MAO + down regulate 
transmission of 
neurotransmitters 
● TCA​- blocks the reuptive 
of neurotransmitters + 
downregulate transmission 
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may increase therapy 
effectiveness 
● depriving depressed 
patients of sleep during 
the 2nd half of the night 
results in temporary 
improvement, especially 
in bipolar depressed 
state 
● REM sleep and poor 
sleep quality may predict 
a poorer response to 
treatment 
Psychological Events 
● 60-80% of depression 
are due to a 
psychological expression 
● severe events precede 
nearly all types of 
depression 
● Gene-Environment 
Correlation: genetics 
increase the likelihood of 
experiencing life, ⅓ of 
vulnerable individuals 
place themselves in 
these situations 
● stressful events also 
cause relapse and 
prevent recovery 
● the more positive traits 
of the neurotransmitter. 
● St. John’s Wort ​- alters 
serotonin function 
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they believe they lack, 
the more severe the 
depression, the more 
negative traits they 
believe they lack, the 
less severe the 
depression 
Social and Cultural 
Dimensions 
● 21% of separated 
women experienced 
severe depression and 
17% of men 
● depression causes men 
to withdraw from the 
relationship while women 
get depression after the 
problems 
● depressive disorders are 
70% women and this is 
constant in the world 
● females are raised to be 
passive and rely more on 
others, therefore, have 
increased feelings of 
uncontrollability and 
helplessness 
● majority of those in 
poverty are women and 
children, higher 
depression in single 
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women with children 
under 5 
● 80% increased 
depression risk for those 
who live alone 
● social support speeds 
recovery but not with 
manic episodes 
Integrative Theory 
● depression and anxiety 
share common genetic 
vulnerability 
-serotonin transporter 
gene 
-vulnerability stronger for 
women than men 
Premenstrual 
Dysphoric 
Disorder 
An expression of mood lability, irritability, 
dysphoria and anxiety symptoms that occur 
repeatedly during the premenstrual phase of the 
cycle and remit around the onset of menses or 
shortly thereafter. 
Stems from the brain’s abnormal 
response to a woman’s 
fluctuation of normal hormones 
during the menstrual cycle. this, 
in turn, could lead to a deficiency 
in the neurotransmitter serotonin 
Medication 
● SSRI antidepressants such 
as fluoxetine (Prozac, 
Sarafem), sertraline 
(Zoloft), paroxetine(Paxil), 
and citalopram (Celexa) 
● oral contraceptives that 
contain drospirenone and 
ethinyl estradiol 
● gonadotropin-releasing 
hormone analogs such as 
leuprolide (Lupron), 
nafarelin (Synarel), and 
goserelin(Zoladex) 
● danazol (Danocrine) 
ANXIETY DISORDERS 
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Separation Anxiety 
Disorder 
 
The development of inappropriate and 
excessive fear or anxiety concerning separation 
from those whom the individual is attached. The 
fear, anxiety or avoidance is persistent, lasting 
at least 4 months in children and adolescents 
and typically 6 months or more in adults. 
Biological 
● inherent tendency of 
anxiousness and panic, 
some more so than 
others 
● no single 
gene-contributions from 
many on different 
chromosomes make us 
more vulnerable● lower levels of GABA- 
part of GABA- 
benzodiazepine system 
associated with 
increased anxiety 
● noradrenergic and 
serotonergic system also 
implicated 
● CRF- 
corticotropin-releasing 
factor central to 
expression of anxiety- 
groups of genes that 
increased the likelihood 
that this system will be 
turned on 
-CRF activates HPA 
axis- includes emotional 
brain (especially the 
hippocampus, amygdala, 
locus coeruleus in brain 
stem, prefrontal cortex 
and dopaminergic NT 
system 
-also directly related to 
● Psychotherapy - 
Psychotherapy or “talk 
therapy” can help people 
with anxiety disorders. To 
be effective, 
psychotherapy must be 
directed at the person’s 
specific anxieties and 
tailored to his or her 
needs. 
● Cognitive Behavioral 
Therapy (CBT)​ - can help 
people with anxiety 
disorders. It teaches 
people different ways of 
thinking, behaving, and 
reacting to 
anxiety-producing and 
fearful objects and 
situations. Also helps 
people learn and practice 
social skills, which is vital 
for treating social anxiety 
disorder. 
● Acceptance and 
Commitment Therapy 
(ACT)​ ​ - ​uses strategies of 
acceptance and 
mindfulness (living in the 
moment and experiencing 
things without judgment), 
along with commitment 
and behavior change, as a 
way to cope with unwanted 
Selective Mutism 
 
Consistent failure to speak in specific social 
situations in which there is an expectation for 
speaking despite speaking in other situations. 
The disturbance interferes with educational or 
occupational achievement or with social 
communication. The duration of the disturbance 
is at least 1 month (not limited to first month in 
school) 
Specific Phobia 
 
Marked fear or anxiety about a specific situation 
or object (e.g., flying, heights, animals, receiving 
an injection, seeing blood). The phobic object or 
situation almost always provokes immediate fear 
or anxiety and is actively avoided or endured 
with intense fear or anxiety. The fear and anxiety 
is out of proportion to the actual danger posed by 
the specific object or situation and to the 
sociocultural context and should last for 6 
months or more. 
Social Anxiety Disorder 
 
Marked fear or anxiety about one or more social 
situations in which the individual is exposed to 
possible scrutiny by others. Examples would be 
meeting unfamiliar people, being observed and 
performing in front of others. The individual fears 
that he or she will act in a way or show anxiety 
symptoms that will be negatively evaluated. 
Panic Disorder Panic disorders refer to recurrent unexpected 
panic attacks. A panic attack is an abrupt surge 
of intense fear or intense discomfort that reaches 
a peak within minutes and during which time four 
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or more of a list of 13 physical and cognitive 
symptoms occur. 
GABA-benzodiazepine, 
serotonergic systems 
● limbic system most often 
associated with 
anxiety-mediator 
between brainstem and 
cortex 
-brain stem: monitors 
and sense changes in 
bodily functions and 
relays to higher cortical 
areas 
-circuit from septal and 
hippocampal area to 
frontal cortex called the 
behavioral inhibition 
system (BIS) ​activated 
with changes in body 
related to danger, alsi 
receives boost from 
amygdala; causes 
tendency to freeze, 
experience boost from 
amygdala. 
● Flight or fight system 
(FFS) implicated in panic 
-originates in brainstem 
and travels through 
amygdala, ventromedial 
nucleus in 
hypothalamus,and 
central gray matter 
-stimulation in animals 
produces alarm and 
escape response similar 
thoughts, feelings, and 
sensations. 
● Dialectical Behavioral 
Therapy (DBT)​ - 
integrates 
cognitive-behavioral 
techniques DBT involves 
individual and group 
therapy to learn 
mindfulness, as well as 
skills for interpersonal 
effectiveness, tolerating 
distress, and regulating 
emotions. 
● Interpersonal Therapy 
(IPT) - ​ is a short-term 
supportive psychotherapy 
that addresses 
interpersonal issues in 
depression in adults, 
adolescents, and older 
adults. 
● 
● Pharmacological 
Treatment: 
- SSRIs/SNRI 
- Benzodiazepines ​ can be 
used until SSRIs take 
effect but should never be 
used for long-term 
management, as they 
increase the risk of 
benzodiazepine 
dependence. 
- Buspirone​: requires 
Agoraphobia The essential feature of agoraphobia is marked, 
or intense, fear or anxiety triggered by the real or 
anticipated exposure to a wide range of 
situations. The diagnosis requires endorsement 
of symptoms occurring in at least two of the 
following five situations: using public 
transportation (automobiles, buses, trains, ships 
or planes), being in open spaces (parking lots, 
marketplaces or bridges), being in enclosed 
spaces (shops, theaters, cinemas), standing in 
line or being in a crowd or being outside of the 
home alone. 
Generalized anxiety 
disorder 
At least six months of excessive anxiety and 
worry ongoing for more days than not. difficult to 
turn off or control worrying process. 
characterized by muscle tension, mental 
agitation, susceptibility to fatigue, some 
irritability, difficulty sleeping. For children: only 
one physical symptom is necessary for 
diagnosis, and often focus on ability in school, 
athletic, or social performance and family issues. 
for adults often focus on misfortune to children, 
family health, job responsibilities, and more 
minor things. 
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to panic in humans 
-may be activated by 
deficiencies of serotonin 
● Environment can change 
circuit sensitivity 
-teenager that 
smoke=greater risk of 
anxiety disorder as 
adults, especially GAD or 
panic disorder 
-teens who smoke 20+ 
cigarettes daily 15 times 
more likely to develop 
GAD 
-chronic exposure to 
nicotine increases 
somatic symptoms and 
respiratory problems 
 
Psychological 
● Childhood- become 
aware of things not in our 
control may lead to 
uncertainty about 
ourselves and ability to 
deal with stress 
● Parenting 
-interact in positive and 
predictable way with 
children and needs teach 
children they have 
control over their 
environment 
-secure home base with 
ability to explore and 
consistent, daily intake for 
at least two weeks 
because of its delayed 
onset of action. 
- Antipsychotics ​ only for 
refractory cases 
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develop coping= healthy 
sense of control 
-overly protective parents 
don’t allow child to 
experience adversity,and 
child doesn’t learn how to 
cope, therefore, child 
doesn’t learn they can 
control their environment 
● external cues: places or 
situations similar to 
where an initial panic 
attack occurred 
● internal cues: increases 
in heart rate and 
respiration associated 
with initial panic attack 
● these cues can trigger a 
panic attack even when 
danger is not present 
Social 
● Stressors in our life can 
cause physical 
symptoms like headache 
and hypertension, and 
panic attacks 
● usually genetic 
Integrated Model 
● Triple Vulnerability 
Theory (TVT) 
-​Generalized biological 
vulnerability: ​tendency 
to be upright can be 
inherited 
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-​Generalized 
psychological 
vulnerability: ​ learn from 
early experience that 
some situations or 
objects are dangerous 
-none are enough to 
solely diagnose 
-a stressor may activate 
your vulnerabilities 
 Obsessive-compulsive and related Disorders 
Obsessive- 
Compulsive 
Disorder 
A disorder that is characterized by the 
presence of obsessions and compulsion. 
The aim is to reduce thedistress triggered 
by obsessions or to prevent a feared event. 
Temperamental 
- greater internalizing 
symptoms, higher 
negative 
emotionality and 
behavioral inhibition 
in childhood are 
possible risk factors. 
Environmental 
- physical and sexual 
abuse in childhood 
and other stressful 
or traumatic events 
that have been 
associated with an 
increased risk for 
developing OCD 
Genetic and 
Physiological 
- the rate of OCD 
among first-degree 
relatives of adults 
with OCD is 
approximately two 
Pharmacological 
● Antidepressants 
-Paxil (SSRI) 
-Prozac (fluoxetine)- 
SSRI 
-Zoloft(sertraline)- SNRI 
● Anti-psychotic meds 
-used as adjuncts to 
SSRIs, not effective on 
own. 
Behavioral 
● modeling, flooding, 
response prevention 
Which is better? 
● Clomipramine VS 
behavioral therapy 
shows clomipramine 
works best early on 
(5-10 weeks) but 
behavior therapy is more 
long lasting 
● behavioral therapy is 
better alone but overall 
combination is best than 
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times that among 
first-degree relatives 
of those with the 
disorder. 
either alone 
Cognitive 
● replace dysfunctional 
appraisals and beliefs 
with rational alternatives 
Body Dysmorphic 
Disorder 
 
Preoccupation with one or more perceived 
defects or flaws in physical appearance that are 
not observable or appear slight to others. This 
has to come to the point where an individual has 
performed repetitive behaviors such as mirror 
checking, excessive grooming, skin picking, 
reassurance seeking or mental acts which 
includes comparing his or her appearance with 
others. 
Environmental 
- has been associated with 
high rates of childhood 
neglect and abuse 
Genetic and Physiological 
- elevated in first-degree 
relatives of individuals 
with OCD 
● Cognitive Behavioural 
Therapy (CBT) 
-help manage BDD 
symptoms by changing the 
way you think and behave 
● Selective Serotonin 
Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) 
-fluoxetine 
-clomipramine 
Hoarding Disorder Persistent difficulty discarding or parting with 
possessions, regardless of their actual value. 
Temperamental 
- indecisiveness is a 
prominent feature of 
individuals with hoarding 
disorder and their 
first-degree relatives. 
Environmental 
- people with hoarding 
disorder often 
retrospectively report 
stressful and traumatic 
life events preceding the 
onset of the disorder or 
causing an exacerbation. 
Genetic and physiological 
- familial, with about 50% 
of individuals who hoard 
reporting having a 
relative who also hoards. 
● Cognitive Behavioural 
Theraphy (CBT) 
-reaction of frustration and 
anger and quickly collect 
more to help fulfill 
emotional needs 
● medications may be 
added, particularly if you 
also have anxiety or 
deprsseion 
Trichotillomania A disorder that is characterized by recurrent Genetic and physiological Psychotherapy 
● Habit reversal ​ Training. this 
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pulling out of one’s own hair. - there is evidence for 
genetic vulnerability to 
trichotillomania. 
behavior therapy is the primary 
treatment for trichotillomania. 
you learn how to recognize 
situations where you’re likely to 
pull your hair and how to 
substitute other behaviors 
instead. 
● Cognitive therapy. This therapy 
can help identify and examine 
distorted beliefs that may have in 
relation to hair pulling. 
● Acceptance and commitment 
therapy ​. This therapy can help 
individuals learn to accept 
hair-pulling urges without acting 
on them. 
Excoriation Disorder Recurrent skin picking that results in skin 
lesions. This causes significant distress or 
impairment in social, occupation, or other 
important areas of functioning. 
Genetic and physiological 
- more common in 
individuals with OCD and 
their first-degree family 
members than in general 
population. 
Psychotherapy 
● Habit reversal training ​- helps 
identify the situations, stresses 
and other factors that trigger the 
skin picking. will also help find 
other things to do instead of skin 
picking, such as squeezing a 
rubber ball, this will help ease 
stress and occupy your hands. 
● Stimulus control. ​making 
changes to the environment to 
help curb skin picking. 
 Trauma and stressor-related Disorders 
 Environmental 
- serious social neglect. 
- neurobiological 
vulnerability may 
differentiate children 
who do and do not 
develop the disorder. 
Psychotherapy 
- Cognitive therapy ​. A talk 
therapy that helps the 
individual recognize the 
way of thinking that is 
keeping one stuck. 
- Exposure therapy ​ helps 
one safely face both 
situations and memories 
that one finds frightening 
so that one can cope with 
them effectively. 
Disinhibited social 
engagement disorder 
 
Pattern of behavior that involves culturally 
inappropriate, overly familiar behavior with 
relative strangers. This violates the social 
boundaries of culture. 
PTSD 
 
The development of characteristic 
symptoms following exposure to one or 
more traumatic events characterized 
by: 
● Exposure to actual or 
Pretraumatic factors 
 Temperamental 
- include 
childhood 
emotional 
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threatened death, serious 
injury, or sexual violence 
● Intrusion Symptoms 
● Avoidance 
● Negative alterations in 
cognition and mood 
● Marked alteration in arousal 
and reactivity 
problems by 
age 6 and prior 
mental 
disorders. 
 ​Environmental 
- low 
socioeconomic 
status; lower 
education; 
exposure to 
prior trauma; 
childhood 
adversity; 
cultural 
characteristics; 
lower 
intelligence; 
minority 
racial/ethnic 
status ang a 
family 
psychiatric 
history 
Peritraumatic factors 
 Environmental 
- include severity 
(dose) of the 
trauma (the 
greater the 
magnitude the 
greater the 
likelihood of 
PTSD), 
perceived life 
threat, personal 
- Eye movement 
desensitization and 
reprocessing​ combines 
exposure therapy with a 
series of guided eye 
moments that help one 
process traumatic 
memories and change how 
one reacts to them. 
Medications 
- Antidepressants ​ help 
symptoms of depression 
and anxiety. 
- Anti-anxiety ​ relieves 
severe anxiety and related 
problems. 
- Benzodiazepines ​ can be 
administered to reduce 
agitation or sleep 
disturbance. 
- Prazosin​: for nightmares 
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injury, 
interpersonal 
violence, 
experiences in 
the military 
Posttraumatic 
factors 
 Temperamental 
- negative 
appraisals, 
inappropriate 
coping 
strategies and 
development of 
acute stress 
disorder 
​ Environmental 
- subsequent 
exposure to 
repeated 
upsetting 
reminders, 
adverse life 
events and 
financial or 
other 
trauma-related 
losses. 
Adjustment Disorders 
 
Is characterized by a presence of emotional or 
behavioral symptoms in response to an 
identifiable stressor. Stressors such as: 
1. Single or multiple stressors 
2. Recurrent or continuous 
3. Affects a single individual, entire family, 
Environmental 
- individuals from 
disadvantaged life 
circumstances 
experience a high rate of 
stressors and may be at 
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or a larger group or community 
4. Accompany specific developmental 
events. 
increased risk for 
adjustment disorders. 
 Dissociative Disorders 
Dissociative Identity 
Disorder 
Host ​presents to the therapist with 
complaints of depression, fears, and 
persistent headaches. Often rigid, 
compulsively good, conscience-stricken, 
masochistic. ​Alters​ encapsulate affects as 
well as memories,and their appearances 
may be triggered by specific external cues, 
perhaps to those associated with particular 
affect,some have specific roles and appear 
only in specific situations and many do not 
believe to be in need of therapy and report to 
come only because host needs help. Alter 
can have types​: Prosecutory Personality ​in 
majority of cases; insults the host. and 
threatens self-damaging behavior, tend to 
be child or adolescent personalities but may 
be any of age, another type is Internal Self 
Help 50-80% of cases- typically p 
● high rate of childhood 
trauma 
● 97% with significant 
trauma 
● 68% report incest 
● development window 
closes at 9 
● Individuals with 
amnesia/fugue usually get 
better on own 
● therapy involves recall of 
what occured. 
● ¼ of DID patients receive 
full integration of 
personality 
● Psychotherapy ​ - is the 
primary treatment for 
dissociative disorders. This 
form of therapy, also 
known as talk therapy, 
counseling or psychosocial 
therapy, involves talking 
about your disorder and 
related issues with a 
mental health professional. 
● Hypnotherapy - ​ Used in 
conjunction with 
psychotherapy, clinical 
hypnosis can be used to 
help access repressed 
memories, control some of 
the problematic behaviors 
which accompany DID as 
well as help integrate the 
personalities into one. 
● Psychotherapies ​ such as: 
cognitive behavioral 
Dissociative Amnesia 
 
Inability to recall important autobiographical 
information that should be successfully stored in 
the memory, and ordinarily would be readily 
remembered. Which includes: 
● Localized Amnesia ​- forgets all events 
during a specified time interval. 
● Selective Amnesia ​- recall some, but not 
all. 
● Generalized Amnesia ​- cannot 
remember anything at all from his/her life. 
● Systematized Amnesia ​- loses memory 
for a specific category of information. 
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● Continuous Amnesia ​- forgets each new 
event as it occurs. 
therapy (CBT) and 
dialectical behavioral 
therapy (DBT) 
● Eye movement 
desensitization and 
reprocessing (EMDR) 
● Adjunctive therapy - 
Therapies such as art or 
movement therapy have 
been shown to help people 
connect with parts of their 
mind that they have shut 
off to cope with trauma. 
Depersonali
zation/ 
Derealizatio
n 
● Depersonalization​- refers to the 
experiences of unreality, detachment or 
being an outside observer with respect to 
one’s thoughts, feelings, sensations, 
body or actions. 
● Derealization​- refers to the experiences 
of unreality or detachment with respect to 
surroundings 
 Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders 
Somatic symptom 
disorder 
● Roughly replaces illness anxiety 
(hypochondriasis and somatic symptom 
disorder were hard to differentiate) 
● one or more somatic symptoms that are 
distressing or that result in significant 
disruption of daily life 
● excessive thoughts, feelings or 
behaviours related to somatic symptoms- 
at least one of the following: 
-persistent or disproportionate thoughts 
about seriousness of one’s symptoms 
-persistently high anxiety about 
symptoms or health concerns 
-never satisfied with the doctor 
explanation that ‘there is nothing wrong 
with you’ 
● symptomatic for at least 6 months 
thought symptoms don’t need to always 
be present 
Temperamental 
● The personality trait of 
negative affectivity 
(neuroticism) has been 
identified as an 
independent 
correlate/risk factor of a 
high number of somatic 
symptoms. 
Environmental 
● Somatic symptom 
disorder is more frequent 
in individuals with few 
years of education and 
low socioeconomic 
status, and in those who 
have recently 
experienced stressful life 
events. 
● relatively little known about 
treating these disorders 
● scientifically controlled 
studies have shown some 
support for cognitive 
behavioural treatments for 
health anxiety 
● clinical reports indicate that 
reassurance and education 
can be effective in some 
cases with health anxiety 
● clinics concentrate on 
providing reassurance, 
reducing stress and 
reducing the frequency of 
help-seeking behaviours 
● additional therapeutic 
attention directed at 
reducing supportive 
consequences of relating 
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 on basis of physical 
symptoms alone. 
● Psychotherapy - ​ physical 
symptoms can be related 
to psychological distress 
and a high level of health 
anxiety. 
● Cognitive behavioral 
therapy (CBT) - ​helps 
patients redirect 
themselves away from 
negative thoughts and 
beliefs that make SSDs 
harder to cope with and 
can even worsen 
symptoms. 
● Family Therapy -​ helpful 
by examining family 
relationships and 
improving family support 
and functioning. 
 
Pharmacological Treatments 
● Amitriptyline, selective 
serotonin reuptake 
inhibitors, and St. John's 
wort​ are effective 
pharmacologic treatments 
for somatic symptom 
disorder. 
● Antidepressant​ - can help 
reduce symptoms 
associated with depression 
and pain that often occur 
Illness Anxiety Disorder ● preoccupation with having or acquiring a 
serious illness 
● somatic symptoms not present or very 
mild 
● high levels of anxiety about health and 
individual easily alarmed about health 
● excessive health-related behaviors or 
maladaptive avoidance of 
doctors/hospitals 
● symptoms present for at least 6 months 
thought disease imagined may change 
over time 
● not better explained by another mental 
disorder 
Environmental 
● Illness anxiety disorder 
may sometimes be 
precipitated by a major 
life stress or a serious 
but ultimately benign 
threat to the individual's 
health. A history of 
childhood abuse or of a 
serious childhood illness 
may predispose to 
development of the 
disorder in adulthood^ 
Conversion Disorder ● one or more symptoms of altered 
voluntary motor or sensory function 
-weakness or paralysis 
-abnormal movement 
-swallowing symptoms 
-speech symptoms 
-attacks or seizures 
-anesthesia or sensory loss 
-special sensory symptoms 
-mixed symptoms 
● symptoms incompatible with recognized 
neurological or medical condition (nothing 
is wrong with your nervous system) 
● symptoms not better explained by 
another medical or mental condition 
● symptom causes clinically significant 
distress or impairment/warrants medical 
evaluation 
Temperamental 
● Maladaptive personality 
traits are commonly 
associated with 
conversion disorder. 
Environmental 
● There may be a history 
of childhood abuse and 
neglect. Stressful life 
events are often, but not 
always, present. 
Genetic and physiological 
● The presence of 
neurological disease that 
causes similar symptoms 
is a risk factor (e.g., 
non-epileptic seizures 
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Factitious Disorder ● purposely faking physical symptoms 
● may actually induce physical symptoms 
or just pretend to have them 
● no obvious external gains 
-distinguished from “malingering” in which 
physical symptoms are faked for the 
purpose of achieving a concrete objective 
are more common in 
patients who also have 
epilepsy). 
with somatic symptom 
disorder. 
 Feeding and Eating Disorders 
Pica ● Persistent eating of nonnutritive, nonfood 
substances over a period of at least 1 
month. 
● The eating of nonnutritive, nonfood 
substances is inappropriate to the 
developmental level of the individual. 
● The eating behavior is not part of a 
culturally supported or socially normative 
practice 
Environmental. 
● Neglect, lack of 
supervision, and 
developmental delay can 
increase the risk forthis 
condition. 
● Mild Aversion Therapy - 
One form of treatment 
associates the pica 
behavior with negative 
consequences or 
punishment. Person gets 
rewarded for eating normal 
foods. 
● Nutritional Treatment - ​ to 
determine the nature of the 
nutritional deficiency and 
then prescribe the vitamins 
and minerals missing. 
● Behavioral Therapy - ​to 
create a safe environment 
for the child where they will 
not be injured by 
consuming chemicals or 
other hazardous materials. 
Pharmacological Treatment 
● Ethylenediaminetetraace
tic acid (EDTA) ​ - 
medication may be taken 
by mouth, or doctor may 
prescribe intravenous 
chelation medications for 
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lead poisoning. 
Rumination Disorder ● Repeated regurgitation of food over a 
period of at least 1 month. Regurgitated 
food may be re-chewed, re-swallowed, or 
spit out. 
● The repeated regurgitation is not 
attributable to an associated 
gastrointestinal or other medical condition 
(e.g., gastroesophageal reflux, pyloric 
stenosis). 
● The eating disturbance does not occur 
exclusively during the course of anorexia 
nervosa, 
● bulimia nervosa, binge-eating disorder, or 
avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder. 
 
Environmental 
● Psychosocial problems 
such as lack of 
stimulation, neglect, 
stressful life situations, 
and problems in the 
parent-child relationship 
may be predisposing 
factors in infants and 
young children. 
● Diaphragmatic breathing 
training -​ learning how to 
breathe deeply and relax 
the diaphragm. 
● Behavioral Therapy 
❖ Habit Reversal 
Behavior Therapy 
-​ used to treat 
people without 
developmental 
disabilities who 
have rumination 
syndrome. 
❖ Biofeedback - 
Imaging can help a 
person with 
rumination disorder 
learn diaphragmatic 
breathing skills to 
counteract 
regurgitation. 
Pharmacological Treatment 
● Proton pump inhibitors 
such as: ​Esomeprazole 
(Nexium)​ or​ omeprazole 
(Prilosec) ​ may be 
prescribed if frequent 
rumination is damaging the 
esophagus. 
Avoidant/ Restrictive 
Food 
Intake Disorder 
● An eating or feeding disturbance (e.g., 
apparent lack of interest in eating or food; 
avoidance based on the sensory 
characteristics of food; concern about 
aversive consequences of eating) as 
Temperamental 
● Anxiety disorders, autism 
spectrum disorder, 
obsessive-compulsive 
disorder, and 
● Family-based therapy - 
empowering parents to 
take charge of nutrition 
and to focus on the goal of 
weight gain. And to 
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manifested by persistent failure to meet 
appropriate nutritional and/or energy 
needs associated with one (or more) of 
the following: 
○ Significant weight loss 
○ Significant nutritional deficiency 
○ Dependence on enteral feeding or 
oral nutritional supplements 
○ Marked inference with social 
functioning. 
● The disturbance is not better explained 
by lack of available food or by an 
associated culturally sanctioned practice. 
● The eating disturbance does not occur 
exclusively during the course of anorexia 
nervosa or bulimia nervosa, and there is 
no evidence of a disturbance in the way 
in which one’s body weight or shape is 
experienced. 
attention-deficit/hyperacti
vity disorder may 
increase risk for avoidant 
or restrictive feeding or 
eating behavior 
characteristic of the 
disorder. 
Environmental 
● Environmental risk 
factors for 
avoidant/restrictive food 
intake disorder include 
familial anxiety. Higher 
rates of feeding 
disturbances may occur 
in children of mothers 
with eating disorders. 
Genetic and physiological 
● History of gastrointestinal 
conditions, 
gastroesophageal reflux 
disease, vomiting, and a 
range of other medical 
problems has been 
associated with feeding 
and eating behaviors 
characteristic of 
avoidant/restrictive food 
intake disorder. 
minimize disordered 
behavior, lead to a more 
balanced diet and improve 
long-term recovery rates. 
● Cognitive behavioral 
therapy (CBT) - ​can be 
employed to help ARFID 
patients change the 
thought patterns that 
underlie their eating 
disturbance. 
● Nutritional management - 
through support from a 
dietician, and help with 
sensory problems. 
Anorexia Nervosa ● Restriction of energy intal<e relative to 
requirements, leading to a significantly 
low body weigh in the context of age, 
sex, developmental trajectory, and 
physical health. Significantly low weight is 
defined as a weight that is less than 
Temperamental 
● Individuals who develop 
anxiety disorders or 
display obsessional traits 
in childhood are at 
increased risk of 
● Family-based therapy - 
This is the only 
evidence-based treatment 
for teenagers with 
anorexia. This therapy 
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minimally normal or, for children and 
adolescents, less than that minimally 
expected. 
● Intense fear of gaining weight or of 
becoming fat, or persistent behavior that 
interferes with weight gain, even though 
at a significantly low weight. 
● Disturbance in the way in which one’s 
body weight or shape is experienced, 
undue influence of body weight or shape 
on self-evaluation, or persistent lack of 
recognition of the seriousness of the 
current low body weight. 
 
developing anorexia 
nervosa. 
Environmental 
● Historical and 
cross-cultural variability 
in the prevalence of 
anorexia nervosa 
supports its association 
with cultures and settings 
in which thinness is 
valued. Occupations and 
vocations that encourage 
thinness, such as 
modeling and elite 
athletics, are also 
associated with 
increased risk. 
Genetic and physiological 
● There is an increased 
risk of anorexia nervosa 
and bulimia nervosa 
among first-degree 
biological relatives of 
individuals with the 
disorder. An increased 
risk of bipolar and 
depressive disorders has 
also been found among 
first-degree relatives of 
individuals with anorexia 
nervosa, particularly 
relatives of individuals 
with the 
binge-eating/purging 
type. 
mobilizes parents to help 
their child with re-feeding 
and weight restoration until 
the child can make good 
choices about health. 
● Cognitive Behavioral 
Therapy (CBT) ​specifically 
enhanced cognitive 
behavioral therapy ​- it is 
to normalize eating 
patterns and behaviors to 
support weight gain. And 
to help change distorted 
beliefs and thoughts that 
maintain restrictive eating. 
● Maudsley Anorexia 
Nervosa Treatment for 
Adults (MANTRA) - 
involves talking to a 
therapist in order to 
understand what is 
causing the eating 
disorder. It focuses on 
what's important and 
helps the individual to 
change the behaviour 
when ready. 
● Dialectical Behavioral 
Therapy or DBT skills 
training​ - practicing both 
acceptance of the client 
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Bulimia Nervosa ● Recurrent episodes of binge eating. An 
episode of binge eating is characterized 
by both of the following: 
○ Eating, in a discrete period of time 
an amount of food that is 
definitely larger than what most 
individuals would eat in a similar 
period of time under similar 
circumstances 
○ A sense of lack of control over 
eating during the episode 
● Recurrent inappropriate compensatory 
behaviors in order to prevent weight gain, 
such as self-induced vomiting; misuse of 
laxatives, diuretics, or other medications; 
fasting; or excessive exercise. 
● The binge eating and inappropriate 
compensatory behaviors both occur, on 
average, at least once a week for 3 
months 
● Self-evaluation is unduly influenced by 
body shape and weightTemperamental 
● Weight concerns, low 
self-esteem, depressive 
symptoms, social anxiety 
disorder, and 
overanxious disorder of 
childhood are associated 
with increased risk for 
the development of 
bulimia nervosa. 
Environmental 
● Internalization of a thin 
body ideal has been 
found to increase risk for 
developing weight 
concerns, which in turn 
increase risk for the 
development of bulimia 
nervosa. Individuals who 
experienced childhood 
sexual or physical abuse 
are at increased risk for 
developing bulimia 
nervosa. 
Genetic and physiological 
● Childhood obesity and 
early pubertal maturation 
increase risk for bulimia 
nervosa. Familial 
transmission of bulimia 
nervosa may be present, 
and their current behaviors 
and circumstances, and 
confidence in the client’s 
ability to make change 
through the use of 
adaptive skills. 
● Interpersonal 
psychotherapy (IPT) - ​is 
based on the idea that 
binge eating is a coping 
mechanism for unresolved 
personal problems such as 
grief, relationship conflicts, 
significant life changes, or 
underlying social 
problems. 
 
Pharmacological Treatments 
● Prozac (Fluxotine) - ​can 
help with depressive 
symptoms and with healthy 
weight maintenance once 
weight restoration is 
achieved. 
● Zyprexa ​ - used to assist 
with weight gain and 
obsessive thinking in 
patients. 
● Selective serotonin 
reuptake inhibitors (SSRI 
antidepressants) - ​ most 
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as well as genetic 
vulnerabilities for the 
disorder. Course 
modifiers. Severity of 
psychiatric 
studied medication for the 
treatment of bulimia 
nervosa. 
● Monoamine oxidase 
inhibitors - ​ found to be 
more effective than 
placebo in decreasing the 
binging and vomiting in 
patients with bulimia 
nervosa. 
● SSRIs, Antiepileptics, 
and appetite 
suppressants - ​ are found 
to be effective in the 
treatment of binge eating. 
● Ondansetron (Zofran®, 
GlaxoSmithKline)​ - an 
anti-emetic medication, is 
also reported to reduce 
binge eating and 
self-induced vomiting. 
Binge Eating Disorder ● Recurrent episodes of binge eating. An 
episode of binge eating is characterized 
by both of the following: 
○ Eating, in a discrete period of 
time, an amount of food that is 
definitely larger than what most 
people would eat in a similar 
period of time under similar 
circumstances. 
○ A sense of lack of control over 
eating during the episode 
● The binge-eating episodes are 
associated with three (or more) of the 
following 
○ Eating much more rapidly than 
normal. 
○ Eating until feeling uncomfortably 
full. 
○ Eating large amounts of food 
when not feeling physically 
hungry. 
○ Eating alone because of feeling 
embarrassed by how much one is 
eating. 
○ Feeling disgusted with oneself, 
depressed, or very guilty 
afterward. 
● Marked distress regarding binge eating is 
present. 
Genetic and physiological 
● Binge-eating disorder 
appears to run in 
families, which may 
reflect additive genetic 
influences. 
● Biological: ​Biological 
abnormalities, such as 
hormonal irregularities or 
genetic mutations, may 
be associated with 
compulsive eating and 
food addiction. 
Psychological 
● A strong correlation has 
been established 
between depression and 
binge eating. Body 
dissatisfaction, low 
self-esteem, and difficulty 
coping with feelings can 
also contribute to binge 
eating disorder. 
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● The binge eating occurs, on average, at 
least once a week for 3 months 
 Elimination Disorders 
Enuresis ● Repeated voiding of urine into bed or 
clothes, whether involuntary or 
intentional. 
● The behavior is clinically significant as 
manifested by either a frequency of at 
least twice a week for at least 3 
consecutive months or the presence of 
clinically significant distress or 
impairment in social, academic 
(occupational), or other important areas 
of functioning 
● Chronological age is at least 5 years (or 
equivalent developmental level). 
Environmental 
● A number of 
predisposing factors for 
enuresis have been 
suggested, including 
delayed or lax toilet 
training and psychosocial 
stress. 
Genetic and physiological 
● Enuresis has been 
associated with delays in 
the development of 
normal circadian rhythms 
of urine production, with 
resulting nocturnal 
polyuria or abnormalities 
of central vasopressin 
receptor sensitivity, and 
reduced functional 
bladder capacities with 
bladder hyperreactivity 
(unstable bladder 
syndrome). 
 
NON PHARMACOLOGICAL 
TREATMENT 
● Bed Wetting Alarm ​- has 
been shown to be the most 
effective treatment for 
nocturnal enuresis. 
● Responsibility Training - 
the child is given 
age-appropriate 
responsibility, in a 
nonpunitive way, for the 
consequences of 
bed-wetting. 
● One positive 
reinforcement system - 
the child puts stickers on a 
chart or earns points for 
every night he or she 
remains dry. Once a 
certain number of stickers 
or points have been 
earned, the child is given a 
prize. 
PHARMACOLOGICAL 
TREATMENTS 
● Desmopressin (DDAVP) 
and imipramine (Tofranil) 
are the primary drugs used 
in the treatment of 
nocturnal enuresis. 
Pharmacologic treatment 
is not recommended for 
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children under six years 
of age. 
Encopresis ● Repeated passage of feces into 
inappropriate places (e.g., clothing, floor), 
whether involuntary or intentional. 
● At least one such event occurs each 
month for at least 3 months 
● Chronological age is at least 4 years (or 
equivalent developmental level). 
Genetic and physiological 
● Painful defecation can 
lead to constipation and 
a cycle of withholding 
behaviors that make 
encopresis more likely. 
Use of some medications 
(e.g., anticonvulsants, 
cough suppressants) 
may increase 
constipation and make 
encopresis more likely. 
Treatment for encopresis will 
typically involve: 
● cleaning out the colon and 
rectum, using 
stool-softening agents; and 
● beginning to build the habit 
of having frequent, healthy 
bowel movements. The 
initial cleaning of the colon 
and rectum is done using 
enemas, laxatives or both. 
● A child being treated for 
encopresis be required to 
sit on the toilet for 10-15 
minutes per day at a 
regularly scheduled time, 
usually following a meal, 
and attempt to have a 
bowel movement. 
 Sleep-wake Disorders 
Insomnia ● A predominant complaint of 
dissatisfaction witli sleep quantity or 
quality, associated with one (or more) of 
the following symptoms: 
○ Difficulty initiating sleep. 
○ Difficulty maintaining sleep, 
characterized by frequent 
awakenings or problems returning 
to sleep after awakenings. 
● The sleep difficulty occurs at least 3 
nights per week. 
● The sleep difficulty is present for at least 
● stress related to big life 
events 
● things around you like 
noise, light, or 
temperature 
● changes to your sleep 
schedule like jet lag, a 
new shift at work, or bad 
habits you picked up 
when you had other 
sleep problems 
● depression and anxiety 
● Cognitive behavioral 
therapy for insomnia 
(CBT-I)​ - can help you 
control or eliminate 
negative thoughts and 
actions that keeps a 
person awake and is 
generally recommended as 
the first line of treatment 
for people with insomnia. 
CBT-I is equally or more 
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3 months. 
● The sleep difficulty occurs despite 
adequate opportunity for sleep. 
● pain or discomfort at 
night 
● caffeine, tobacco, or 
alcohol use 
● hyperthyroidism and 
other endocrine