<div id="pf1" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="1"><div class="pc pc1 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/9d4ac3d9-bed4-4bc5-a070-ff058fbd02a3/bg1.png"><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">e-Educa, Cibercultura para la Educación<span class="blank _0"> </span> AC </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">COMPETENCIAS DIDÁCTICAS: MATEMÁTICAS. LECTU<span class="blank _0"> </span>RA 1 <span class="blank _1"> </span>1</div><div class="t m1 x3 h3 y3 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">Barood<span class="blank _0"> </span>y, Arth<span class="blank _0"> </span>ur <span class="blank _0"> </span>J<span class="blank _0"> </span>. <span class="blank _0"> </span>(1997<span class="blank _0"> </span>), <span class="blank _0"> </span>\u201cTécni<span class="blank _0"> </span>cas p<span class="blank _0"> </span>ara <span class="blank _0"> </span>co<span class="blank _0"> </span>ntar\u201d, <span class="blank _0"> </span>\u201cDes<span class="blank _0"> </span>arrollo <span class="blank _0"> </span>del <span class="blank _2"> </span>número\u201d <span class="blank _2"> </span>y </div><div class="t m1 x3 h3 y4 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">\u201cArit<span class="blank _0"> </span>mética <span class="blank _0"> </span>info<span class="blank _0"> </span>rmal\u201d, <span class="blank _0"> </span>en <span class="blank _2"> </span><span class="ff3">El <span class="blank _0"> </span>pensami<span class="blank _0"> </span>ento <span class="blank _0"> </span>mat<span class="blank _0"> </span>emático <span class="blank _0"> </span>de<span class="blank _0"> </span> lo<span class="blank _0"> </span>s <span class="blank _0"> </span>niños.<span class="blank _0"> </span> U<span class="blank _0"> </span>n <span class="blank _0"> </span>marco </span></div><div class="t m1 x3 h3 y5 ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">evoluti<span class="blank _0"> </span>vo <span class="blank"> </span>para <span class="blank"> </span>maes<span class="blank _3"></span>tros<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _4"> </span>de <span class="blank"> </span>preescolar, <span class="blank"> </span>c<span class="blank _3"></span>iclo <span class="blank"> </span>inicial <span class="blank"> </span>y <span class="blank"> </span>e<span class="blank _3"></span>ducación <span class="blank"> </span>especial<span class="ff2">, </span></div><div class="t m1 x3 h3 y6 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">Genís <span class="blank _5"> </span>Sánchez <span class="blank _5"> </span>Barberán<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>(trad.), <span class="blank _5"> </span>3ª <span class="blank _5"> </span>ed., <span class="blank _6"> </span>Madrid,<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>Visor<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>(Aprendiz<span class="blank _0"> </span>aje, <span class="blank _6"> </span>42<span class="blank _0"> </span>), <span class="blank _6"> </span>p<span class="blank _0"> </span>p. </div><div class="c x3 y7 w2 h4"><div class="t m1 x4 h3 y8 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws0">87</div></div><div class="c x5 y7 w3 h4"><div class="t m1 x4 h3 y8 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2">-</div></div><div class="c x6 y7 w4 h4"><div class="t m1 x4 h3 y8 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2">106, 107<span class="blank _3"></span></div></div><div class="c x7 y7 w3 h4"><div class="t m1 x4 h3 y8 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2">-</div></div><div class="c x8 y7 w5 h4"><div class="t m1 x4 h3 y8 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">126 y 127</div></div><div class="c x9 y7 w3 h4"><div class="t m1 x4 h3 y8 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2">-</div></div><div class="c xa y7 w6 h4"><div class="t m1 x4 h3 y8 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws0">148.</div></div><div class="c xb y7 w7 h4"><div class="t m1 x4 h3 y8 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"> </div></div><div class="c x3 y7 w8 h5"><div class="t m2 x4 h6 y9 ff4 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"><span class="fc1 sc0"> </span></div></div><div class="t m3 xc h7 ya ff1 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">TEMA: ESTRATEGIAS<span class="blank _3"></span> DIDÁCTICAS PARA FAVORE<span class="blank _3"></span>CER EL </div><div class="t m3 x5 h7 yb ff1 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">DESARROLLO DE<span class="blank _3"></span> LA NOCIÓN DE NÚ<span class="blank _3"></span>MERO. </div><div class="t m2 x2 h8 yc ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 yd ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h8 ye ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h8 yf ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h8 y10 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h8 y11 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h8 y12 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">Técnicas para contar </div><div class="t m2 x2 h8 y13 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y14 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">Contar <span class="blank _7"> </span>oralmente, <span class="blank _7"> </span>¿implica <span class="blank _7"> </span>aptitudes <span class="blank _7"> </span>numéricas? <span class="blank _7"> </span>¿Qué <span class="blank _7"> </span>técnicas <span class="blank _5"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _7"> </span>contar <span class="blank _7"> </span>se <span class="blank _7"> </span>suelen <span class="blank _7"> </span>desarrollar </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y15 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">durante <span class="blank _0"> </span>los <span class="blank _2"> </span>años <span class="blank _2"> </span>preescolares? <span class="blank _2"> </span>¿Podemos <span class="blank _0"> </span>suponer <span class="blank _2"> </span>que <span class="blank _2"> </span>los <span class="blank _2"> </span>niños <span class="blank _0"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _0"> </span>educación <span class="blank _2"> </span>especial <span class="blank _0"> </span>adquirirán </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y16 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">técnicas <span class="blank _6"> </span>básic<span class="blank _0"> </span>as <span class="blank _5"> </span>para <span class="blank _5"> </span>contar <span class="blank _5"> </span>de <span class="blank _5"> </span>una <span class="blank _5"> </span>manera <span class="blank _6"> </span>infor<span class="blank _0"> </span>mal? <span class="blank _5"> </span>¿Qué <span class="blank _6"> </span>t<span class="blank _0"> </span>écnicas <span class="blank _5"> </span>suelen <span class="blank _5"> </span>requerir <span class="blank _6"> </span>instrucción<span class="blank _0"> </span> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y17 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">durante los primeros cursos escolares? </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y18 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h8 y19 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws1">A)<span class="ff2 ls1 ws2"> </span><span class="ws2">EL DESARROLLO DE TÉCNICAS PARA CONTAR </span></div><div class="t m2 xd h8 y1a ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"> </div><div class="t m2 xd h8 y1b ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">Una jerarquía de técnicas </div><div class="t m2 xd h8 y1c ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y1d ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">En <span class="blank _0"> </span>su <span class="blank _0"> </span>mayor par<span class="blank _0"> </span>te, l<span class="blank _0"> </span>a ca<span class="blank _0"> </span>pacidad de<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _0"> </span>contar <span class="blank _0"> </span>se <span class="blank _0"> </span>desarrolla j<span class="blank _0"> </span>erárquicamente (<span class="blank _0"> </span>Klahr <span class="blank _2"> </span>y<span class="blank _3"></span> <span class="blank _2"> </span>W<span class="blank _3"></span>allace, <span class="blank _0"> </span>1973). </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y1e ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">Con <span class="blank _0"> </span>la p<span class="blank _0"> </span>ráctica, <span class="blank _0"> </span>las té<span class="blank _0"> </span>cnicas para <span class="blank _0"> </span>cont<span class="blank _0"> </span>ar se<span class="blank _0"> </span> v<span class="blank _0"> </span>an ha<span class="blank _0"> </span>ciendo más <span class="blank _0"> </span>automátic<span class="blank _0"> </span>as <span class="blank _0"> </span>y <span class="blank _0"> </span>su <span class="blank _0"> </span>ejecución <span class="blank _0"> </span>requiere </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y1f ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">menos <span class="blank _8"> </span>atención. <span class="blank _8"> </span>Cuand<span class="blank _0"> </span>o <span class="blank _8"> </span>una <span class="blank _8"> </span>técnica <span class="blank _9"> </span>y<span class="blank _3"></span>a <span class="blank _8"> </span>puede <span class="blank _9"> </span>ejecutarse <span class="blank _8"> </span>con <span class="blank _8"> </span>eficiencia, <span class="blank _8"> </span>puede <span class="blank _8"> </span>procesarse<span class="blank _0"> </span> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y20 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">simultáneamente <span class="blank _7"> </span>o <span class="blank _7"> </span>integrarse <span class="blank _7"> </span>con <span class="blank _7"> </span>otras <span class="blank _7"> </span>técnicas <span class="blank _a"> </span>en <span class="blank _7"> </span>la <span class="blank _7"> </span>memoria <span class="blank _7"> </span>de <span class="blank _7"> </span>trabajo <span class="blank _7"> </span>(a <span class="blank _7"> </span>corto <span class="blank _7"> </span>plazo) <span class="blank _7"> </span>para </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y21 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">formar <span class="blank _9"> </span>una <span class="blank _9"> </span>técnica <span class="blank _9"> </span>aún <span class="blank _b"> </span>más <span class="blank _9"> </span>compleja <span class="blank _9"> </span>(por <span class="blank _9"> </span>ejemplo, <span class="blank _9"> </span>Schaeffer, <span class="blank _9"> </span>E<span class="blank _0"> </span>ggleston <span class="blank _9"> </span>y <span class="blank _8"> </span>S<span class="blank _0"> </span>cott, <span class="blank _9"> </span>1974). </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y22 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">Consideremos <span class="blank _5"> </span>qué <span class="blank _7"> </span>se <span class="blank _7"> </span>necesita <span class="blank _5"> </span>para <span class="blank _7"> </span>realizar <span class="blank _5"> </span>la <span class="blank _7"> </span>tarea <span class="blank _5"> </span>aparentem<span class="blank _0"> </span>ente <span class="blank _5"> </span>sencil<span class="blank _0"> </span>la <span class="blank _7"> </span>de <span class="blank _5"> </span>determinar <span class="blank _5"> </span>si <span class="blank _7"> </span>un </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y23 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">conjunto <span class="blank _0"> </span>de n<span class="blank _0"> </span>ueve <span class="blank _0"> </span>puntos <span class="blank _0"> </span>es <span class="blank _0"> </span>\u201cmás\u201d <span class="blank _2"> </span>o <span class="blank _0"> </span>\u201cmenos\u201d <span class="blank _0"> </span>que <span class="blank _0"> </span>otro <span class="blank _0"> </span>de <span class="blank _0"> </span>ocho. <span class="blank _0"> </span>Realizar <span class="blank _2"> </span>esta <span class="blank _0"> </span>comparación <span class="blank _0"> </span>entre<span class="blank _0"> </span> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y24 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">magnitudes numéricas requiere la integración de c<span class="blank _0"> </span>uatro técnicas. </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y25 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y26 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">En <span class="blank _6"> </span>primer <span class="blank _6"> </span>lugar, <span class="blank _6"> </span>la <span class="blank _6"> </span>técnica <span class="blank _6"> </span>más <span class="blank _6"> </span>básica <span class="blank _6"> </span>es <span class="blank _6"> </span>generar <span class="blank _5"> </span>sistemáticamente <span class="blank _2"> </span>l<span class="blank _0"> </span>os <span class="blank _6"> </span>nombres <span class="blank _6"> </span>de <span class="blank _6"> </span>los <span class="blank _6"> </span>números<span class="blank _0"> </span> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y27 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">en <span class="blank _a"> </span>el <span class="blank _4"> </span>orden <span class="blank _a"> </span>adecuado. <span class="blank _4"> </span>A <span class="blank _a"> </span>los <span class="blank _4"> </span>dos <span class="blank _a"> </span>años<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _a"> </span>de <span class="blank _a"> </span>ed<span class="blank _0"> </span>ad, <span class="blank _4"> </span>Alexi <span class="blank _4"> </span>ya<span class="blank _3"></span> <span class="blank _a"> </span>había <span class="blank _4"> </span>empezado <span class="blank _a"> </span>a <span class="blank _a"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>ominar <span class="blank _a"> </span><span class="ff3">la <span class="blank _4"> </span>serie </span></div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y28 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">numérica <span class="blank _2"> </span>oral <span class="blank _6"> </span><span class="ff2">y, <span class="blank _0"> </span>a<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _2"> </span>veces,<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _2"> </span>podía <span class="blank _2"> </span>cont<span class="blank _0"> </span>ar <span class="blank _2"> </span>hasta <span class="blank _2"> </span>10<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _2"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _2"> </span>uno <span class="blank _2"> </span>en <span class="blank _2"> </span>un<span class="blank _0"> </span>o. <span class="blank _2"> </span>Sin <span class="blank _6"> </span>embargo, <span class="blank _2"> </span>cuando <span class="blank _2"> </span>se <span class="blank _2"> </span>l<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _2"> </span>pedí<span class="blank _0"> </span>a </span></div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y29 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">que <span class="blank _0"> </span>contara obj<span class="blank _0"> </span>etos, aún <span class="blank _0"> </span>n<span class="blank _0"> </span>o p<span class="blank _0"> </span>odía decir <span class="blank _0"> </span>los <span class="blank _0"> </span>nú<span class="blank _0"> </span>meros <span class="blank _0"> </span>en el <span class="blank _0"> </span>orden <span class="blank _0"> </span>correcto <span class="blank _0"> </span>de <span class="blank _0"> </span>forma <span class="blank _0"> </span>coherente. <span class="blank _0"> </span>Por </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y2a ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">ejemplo, a ve<span class="blank _0"> </span>ces no <span class="blank _0"> </span>empezaba a <span class="blank _0"> </span>contar d<span class="blank _0"> </span>esde \u201cu<span class="blank _0"> </span>no\u201d. Hacia l<span class="blank _0"> </span>os tres<span class="blank _0"> </span> años de<span class="blank _0"> </span> edad, los<span class="blank _0"> </span> niños <span class="blank _0"> </span>suelen </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y2b ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">empezar a contar un conjunto a partir de <span class="blank _0"> </span>\u201c<span class="blank _3"></span>uno\u201d <span class="blank _0"> </span>y al empezar párvulos ya pueden usar la secuencia </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y2c ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">correcta para contar conjuntos de 10 elementos como mínimo (<span class="blank _0"> </span>Fuson, Richards y Briars, 1982). </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y2d ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y2e ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">En segundo lu<span class="blank _0"> </span>gar, las pal<span class="blank _0"> </span>abras (etiquetas) de<span class="blank _0"> </span> la se<span class="blank _0"> </span>cuencia numérica d<span class="blank _0"> </span>eben aplicarse un<span class="blank _0"> </span>a por <span class="blank _0"> </span>una a </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y2f ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">cada objeto de un conjun<span class="blank _0"> </span>to. La acción de contar objetos<span class="blank _0"> </span> se denomina <span class="ff3">enumeración. </span>Aunque Alexi </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y30 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">podía <span class="blank _0"> </span>generar <span class="blank _0"> </span>la <span class="blank _0"> </span>serie <span class="blank _0"> </span>nu<span class="blank _0"> </span>mérica <span class="blank _0"> </span>hasta 1<span class="blank _0"> </span>0 co<span class="blank _0"> </span>rrectamente, <span class="blank _0"> </span>no <span class="blank _0"> </span>podí<span class="blank _0"> </span>a enu<span class="blank _0"> </span>merar <span class="blank _0"> </span>un <span class="blank _0"> </span>conjunto <span class="blank _0"> </span>de <span class="blank _0"> </span>nueve </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y31 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">elementos, <span class="blank _0"> </span>y ni siquiera <span class="blank _0"> </span>de tres, <span class="blank _0"> </span>porque todavía n<span class="blank _0"> </span>o <span class="blank _0"> </span>había aprendido que d<span class="blank _0"> </span>eb<span class="blank _0"> </span>e aplicarse una, <span class="blank _0"> </span>y sólo<span class="blank _0"> </span> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y32 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">una, <span class="blank _0"> </span>etiqueta <span class="blank _2"> </span>a <span class="blank _0"> </span>c<span class="blank _0"> </span>ada <span class="blank _0"> </span>elemento <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _0"> </span>un <span class="blank _2"> </span>conjunto. <span class="blank _2"> </span>La <span class="blank _0"> </span>enumeración <span class="blank _2"> </span>es <span class="blank _0"> </span>una<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _0"> </span>técnica <span class="blank _0"> </span>co<span class="blank _0"> </span>mplicada <span class="blank _0"> </span>po<span class="blank _0"> </span>rque </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y33 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">el <span class="blank _8"> </span>niño <span class="blank _c"> </span>debe <span class="blank"> </span>coo<span class="blank _0"> </span>rdinar <span class="blank _c"> </span>la <span class="blank _c"> </span>verbalización <span class="blank _c"> </span>de <span class="blank _c"> </span>la<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _c"> </span>serie <span class="blank _c"> </span>numérica <span class="blank _c"> </span>con <span class="blank _c"> </span>el <span class="blank _8"> </span>señalamiento <span class="blank _c"> </span>de <span class="blank _c"> </span>cada </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y34 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">elemento <span class="blank _a"> </span>de <span class="blank _a"> </span>una <span class="blank _a"> </span>colección <span class="blank _a"> </span>para <span class="blank _a"> </span>crear <span class="blank _a"> </span>una <span class="blank _a"> </span>co<span class="blank _0"> </span>rrespondencia <span class="blank _a"> </span>biunívoca <span class="blank _7"> </span>en<span class="blank _0"> </span>tre <span class="blank _a"> </span>las <span class="blank _a"> </span>etiquetas <span class="blank _4"> </span>y <span class="blank _7"> </span>los<span class="blank _0"> </span> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y35 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">objetos. <span class="blank _2"> </span>Como <span class="blank _0"> </span>lo<span class="blank _0"> </span>s <span class="blank _0"> </span>niñ<span class="blank _0"> </span>os <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _2"> </span>cinco <span class="blank _2"> </span>años<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _0"> </span>pueden <span class="blank _6"> </span>genera<span class="blank _3"></span>r <span class="blank _2"> </span>correctamente <span class="blank _2"> </span>la <span class="blank _2"> </span>se<span class="blank _0"> </span>rie <span class="blank _0"> </span>nu<span class="blank _0"> </span>mérica <span class="blank _2"> </span>y <span class="blank _0"> </span>señ<span class="blank _0"> </span>alar </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y36 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">una <span class="blank _4"> </span>vez <span class="blank _4"> </span>cada <span class="blank _4"> </span>uno <span class="blank _4"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _4"> </span>los <span class="blank _4"> </span>elementos <span class="blank _4"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _4"> </span>una <span class="blank _4"> </span>colección, <span class="blank _4"> </span>pu<span class="blank _0"> </span>eden <span class="blank _4"> </span>coordinar <span class="blank _4"> </span>con <span class="blank _4"> </span>e<span class="blank _0"> </span>ficacia <span class="blank _4"> </span>las <span class="blank _4"> </span>dos<span class="blank _0"> </span> </div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf2" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="2"><div class="pc pc2 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">e-Educa, Cibercultura para la Educación<span class="blank _0"> </span> AC </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">COMPETENCIAS DIDÁCTICAS: MATEMÁTICAS. LECTU<span class="blank _0"> </span>RA 1 <span class="blank _1"> </span>2</div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y37 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">técnicas <span class="blank _6"> </span>para <span class="blank _5"> </span>ejecutar <span class="blank _5"> </span>el <span class="blank _5"> </span>acto <span class="blank _5"> </span>complejo <span class="blank _6"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _6"> </span>l<span class="blank _0"> </span>a <span class="blank _5"> </span>enumeración <span class="blank _6"> </span>(al <span class="blank _5"> </span>menos <span class="blank _5"> </span>con <span class="blank _5"> </span>conjuntos <span class="blank _5"> </span>de <span class="blank _6"> </span>h<span class="blank _0"> </span>asta <span class="blank _6"> </span>10<span class="blank _0"> </span> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y38 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">elementos). </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y39 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y3a ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">En <span class="blank"> </span>tercer <span class="blank"> </span>lugar, <span class="blank _c"> </span>para <span class="blank"> </span>hacer <span class="blank"> </span>una <span class="blank _c"> </span>comparación, <span class="blank _c"> </span>un <span class="blank"> </span>niño <span class="blank _c"> </span>necesita <span class="blank"> </span>una <span class="blank"> </span>manera <span class="blank"> </span>conveniente <span class="blank"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y3b ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">representar <span class="blank _7"> </span>los <span class="blank _a"> </span>ele<span class="blank _0"> </span>mentos <span class="blank _7"> </span>q<span class="blank _0"> </span>ue <span class="blank _7"> </span>contien<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _7"> </span>cada <span class="blank _a"> </span>conj<span class="blank _0"> </span>unto. <span class="blank _a"> </span>Esto <span class="blank _7"> </span>se <span class="blank _a"> </span>consigue <span class="blank _a"> </span>mediante <span class="blank _a"> </span>la <span class="blank _7"> </span><span class="ff3">r<span class="blank _0"> </span>egla <span class="blank _a"> </span>del </span></div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y3c ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">valor <span class="blank _9"> </span>cardinal: <span class="blank _9"> </span><span class="ff2">la <span class="blank _9"> </span>última <span class="blank _9"> </span>etiqueta <span class="blank _9"> </span>numérica <span class="blank _9"> </span>ex<span class="blank _0"> </span>presada <span class="blank _8"> </span>du<span class="blank _0"> </span>rante <span class="blank _9"> </span>el <span class="blank _8"> </span>p<span class="blank _0"> </span>roceso <span class="blank _9"> </span>de <span class="blank _9"> </span>enumeración </span></div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y3d ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">representa <span class="blank _2"> </span>el <span class="blank _2"> </span>número <span class="blank _2"> </span>total <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _6"> </span>elementos <span class="blank _0"> </span>en <span class="blank _2"> </span>el <span class="blank _2"> </span>co<span class="blank _0"> </span>njunto. <span class="blank _6"> </span>En <span class="blank _0"> </span>ot<span class="blank _0"> </span>ras <span class="blank _2"> </span>palabras, <span class="blank _2"> </span>un <span class="blank _2"> </span>niño <span class="blank _2"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _2"> </span>cinco <span class="blank _2"> </span>años </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y3e ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">puede <span class="blank _6"> </span>resumir <span class="blank _5"> </span>la <span class="blank _5"> </span>serie <span class="blank _5"> </span>\u201c1, <span class="blank _6"> </span>2<span class="blank _0"> </span>, <span class="blank _6"> </span>3,..., <span class="blank _5"> </span>9\u201d, <span class="blank _5"> </span>con <span class="blank _5"> </span>\u201cnueve\u201d <span class="blank _5"> </span>y <span class="blank _6"> </span>la <span class="blank _6"> </span>s<span class="blank _0"> </span>erie <span class="blank _5"> </span>\u201c1, <span class="blank _6"> </span>2, <span class="blank _5"> </span>3, <span class="blank _6"> </span>.<span class="blank _0"> </span>.., <span class="blank _5"> </span>8\u201d <span class="blank _6"> </span>con <span class="blank _5"> </span>\u201cocho\u201d. <span class="blank _6"> </span>C<span class="blank _0"> </span>omo </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y3f ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">Alexi no podía ni enumerar conjuntos, no h<span class="blank _0"> </span>abía descubierto que l<span class="blank _0"> </span>a última etiqueta de este proceso </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y40 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">tiene un s<span class="blank _0"> </span>ignificado especial. A su<span class="blank _0"> </span>s dos años<span class="blank _0"> </span> de edad, Alexi <span class="blank _0"> </span>todavía no asociaba la seri<span class="blank _0"> </span>e numérica </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y41 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">con la definición de la cantidad de un conjunto. </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y42 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y43 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">En cuarto lugar, las<span class="blank _0"> </span> tres técnicas acabadas de <span class="blank _0"> </span>describir son indispensables<span class="blank _0"> </span> para comprender qu<span class="blank _0"> </span>e la </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y44 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">posición <span class="blank _7"> </span>en <span class="blank _5"> </span>la <span class="blank _7"> </span>secuencia <span class="blank _7"> </span>define <span class="blank _5"> </span>la <span class="blank _7"> </span><span class="ff3">magnitud. <span class="blank _5"> </span></span>A <span class="blank _7"> </span>l<span class="blank _0"> </span>os <span class="blank _5"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>os <span class="blank _5"> </span>añ<span class="blank _0"> </span>os <span class="blank _7"> </span>de <span class="blank _5"> </span>edad, <span class="blank _5"> </span>l<span class="blank _0"> </span>os <span class="blank _7"> </span>números <span class="blank _7"> </span>no <span class="blank _5"> </span>definían </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y45 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">tamaños <span class="blank _c"> </span>relativos <span class="blank _c"> </span>para <span class="blank _8"> </span>Alexi.<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _c"> </span>Sin <span class="blank _c"> </span>embargo, <span class="blank _c"> </span>los <span class="blank _c"> </span>n<span class="blank _0"> </span>iños <span class="blank _c"> </span>pequeños <span class="blank _c"> </span>lle<span class="blank _0"> </span>gan <span class="blank _c"> </span>a <span class="blank _c"> </span>apr<span class="blank _0"> </span>ender, <span class="blank"> </span>t<span class="blank _0"> </span>arde <span class="blank _c"> </span>o </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y46 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">temprano, <span class="blank _2"> </span>que <span class="blank _2"> </span>la <span class="blank _2"> </span>se<span class="blank _0"> </span>rie <span class="blank _2"> </span>nu<span class="blank _0"> </span>mérica <span class="blank _0"> </span>s<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _2"> </span>asocia <span class="blank _2"> </span>a<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _2"> </span>una <span class="blank _6"> </span>magnitud <span class="blank _0"> </span>r<span class="blank _0"> </span>elativa. <span class="blank _0"> </span>Au<span class="blank _0"> </span>n <span class="blank _2"> </span>lo<span class="blank _0"> </span>s <span class="blank _2"> </span>niños <span class="blank _2"> </span>mu<span class="blank _0"> </span>y <span class="blank _0"> </span>peq<span class="blank _0"> </span>ueños </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y47 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">pueden <span class="blank _2"> </span>r<span class="blank _0"> </span>ealizar <span class="blank _6"> </span>com<span class="blank _3"></span>paraciones <span class="blank _6"> </span>gruesas <span class="blank _2"> </span>entre <span class="blank _6"> </span>magnitudes <span class="blank _6"> </span>como <span class="blank _2"> </span>\u201c10 <span class="blank _6"> </span>es <span class="blank _6"> </span>más <span class="blank _2"> </span>grande <span class="blank _6"> </span>que <span class="blank _2"> </span>1<span class="blank _0"> </span>\u201d, <span class="blank _2"> </span>quiz<span class="blank _0"> </span>á </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y48 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">porque <span class="blank _2"> </span>saben <span class="blank _6"> </span>que <span class="blank _2"> </span>el <span class="blank _6"> </span>10 <span class="blank _2"> </span>viene <span class="blank _6"> </span>mu<span class="blank _3"></span>cho <span class="blank _6"> </span>más <span class="blank _2"> </span>tarde <span class="blank _2"> </span>e<span class="blank _0"> </span>n <span class="blank _6"> </span>la <span class="blank _2"> </span>secuencia <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _6"> </span>enumeración. <span class="blank _2"> </span>Hacia <span class="blank _2"> </span>l<span class="blank _0"> </span>os <span class="blank _6"> </span>cinco </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y49 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">años, <span class="blank _7"> </span>los <span class="blank _5"> </span>ni<span class="blank _0"> </span>ños <span class="blank _7"> </span>pueden <span class="blank _5"> </span>llegar <span class="blank _7"> </span>a <span class="blank _7"> </span>hacer <span class="blank _5"> </span>con <span class="blank _7"> </span>rapidez <span class="blank _7"> </span>comparaciones <span class="blank _7"> </span>precisas <span class="blank _7"> </span>entre <span class="blank _5"> </span>m<span class="blank _0"> </span>agnitudes <span class="blank _5"> </span>de<span class="blank _0"> </span> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y4a ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">números <span class="blank _d"> </span>seguidos <span class="blank _d"> </span>como <span class="blank _d"> </span>el <span class="blank _d"> </span>8 <span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank _3"></span> <span class="blank _d"> </span>el <span class="blank _4"> </span>9, <span class="blank _d"> </span>po<span class="blank _0"> </span>rque <span class="blank _d"> </span>están <span class="blank _d"> </span>mu<span class="blank _0"> </span>y<span class="blank _3"></span> <span class="blank _d"> </span>familiarizados <span class="blank"> </span>c<span class="blank _3"></span>on <span class="blank _d"> </span>las <span class="blank _d"> </span>relaciones <span class="blank _d"> </span>de </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y4b ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">sucesión <span class="blank _7"> </span>numérica <span class="blank _5"> </span>(\u201ccuand<span class="blank _0"> </span>o <span class="blank _5"> </span>me <span class="blank _7"> </span>pongo <span class="blank _7"> </span>a <span class="blank _7"> </span>contar, <span class="blank _5"> </span>el <span class="blank _7"> </span>9 <span class="blank _7"> </span>viene <span class="blank _5"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>espués <span class="blank _7"> </span>del <span class="blank _5"> </span>8<span class="blank _0"> </span>, <span class="blank _5"> </span>así <span class="blank _7"> </span>que <span class="blank _7"> </span>el <span class="blank _7"> </span>9 <span class="blank _5"> </span>es <span class="blank _7"> </span>más<span class="blank _0"> </span> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y4c ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">grande\u201d). </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y4d ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y4e ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">Por <span class="blank _5"> </span>tanto, <span class="blank _7"> </span>contar <span class="blank _6"> </span>p<span class="blank _0"> </span>ara <span class="blank _5"> </span>determinar <span class="blank _5"> </span>q<span class="blank _0"> </span>ue <span class="blank _5"> </span>un <span class="blank _7"> </span>c<span class="blank _3"></span>onjunt<span class="blank _0"> </span>o <span class="blank _5"> </span>de <span class="blank _7"> </span>nueve<span class="blank _3"></span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>pun<span class="blank _0"> </span>tos <span class="blank _5"> </span>es <span class="blank _5"> </span>m<span class="blank _0"> </span>ás <span class="blank _5"> </span>que <span class="blank _5"> </span>u<span class="blank _0"> </span>n <span class="blank _5"> </span>conjunto <span class="blank _7"> </span>de </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y4f ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">ocho <span class="blank _4"> </span>no <span class="blank _4"> </span>es, <span class="blank _4"> </span>cognosci<span class="blank _0"> </span>tivamente <span class="blank _4"> </span>hablando, <span class="blank _4"> </span>un <span class="blank _4"> </span>acto<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _4"> </span>trivial. <span class="blank _4"> </span>Aunque <span class="blank _4"> </span>los <span class="blank _d"> </span>adultos <span class="blank _4"> </span>pueden <span class="blank _4"> </span>dar <span class="blank _4"> </span>por </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y50 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">sentadas <span class="blank _6"> </span>las <span class="blank _5"> </span>cuatro <span class="blank _6"> </span>técnicas <span class="blank _6"> </span>i<span class="blank _0"> </span>mplicadas, <span class="blank _6"> </span>éstas <span class="blank _6"> </span>co<span class="blank _0"> </span>nstituyen <span class="blank _6"> </span>un <span class="blank _6"> </span>reto <span class="blank _6"> </span>int<span class="blank _0"> </span>electual <span class="blank _6"> </span>impon<span class="blank _0"> </span>ente <span class="blank _6"> </span>para <span class="blank _6"> </span>los </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y51 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">niños <span class="blank _7"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _7"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>os <span class="blank _a"> </span>años <span class="blank _7"> </span>de<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _a"> </span>edad. <span class="blank _7"> </span>Cu<span class="blank _0"> </span>ando <span class="blank _7"> </span>lle<span class="blank _0"> </span>guen <span class="blank _7"> </span>a <span class="blank _a"> </span>l<span class="blank _0"> </span>os <span class="blank _a"> </span>cinco <span class="blank _a"> </span>años, <span class="blank _7"> </span>la<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>ma<span class="blank _0"> </span>yoría <span class="blank _a"> </span>de <span class="blank _7"> </span>los <span class="blank _a"> </span>niños <span class="blank _a"> </span>habrán </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y52 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">dominado estas técnicas básicas y estarán listos para enfrentarse a nuevos desafíos. </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y53 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y54 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">Algunos <span class="blank _0"> </span>de <span class="blank _2"> </span>ell<span class="blank _0"> </span>os <span class="blank _0"> </span>(sobre <span class="blank _2"> </span>tod<span class="blank _0"> </span>o <span class="blank _0"> </span>los <span class="blank _2"> </span>que <span class="blank _2"> </span>proceden <span class="blank _0"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _2"> </span>entornos <span class="blank _0"> </span>con <span class="blank _2"> </span>caren<span class="blank _0"> </span>cias, <span class="blank _0"> </span>los <span class="blank _2"> </span>que <span class="blank _2"> </span>tienen <span class="blank _0"> </span>l<span class="blank _0"> </span>esiones </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y55 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">cerebrales o los <span class="blank _0"> </span>mentalmente at<span class="blank _0"> </span>rasados) pueden <span class="blank _0"> </span>no h<span class="blank _0"> </span>aber llegado a <span class="blank _0"> </span>dominar <span class="blank _0"> </span>estas técnicas básicas </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y56 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">y <span class="blank _0"> </span>n<span class="blank _0"> </span>ecesitarán <span class="blank _2"> </span>un<span class="blank _0"> </span>a <span class="blank _2"> </span>atención <span class="blank _6"> </span>especial. <span class="blank _2"> </span>En <span class="blank _2"> </span>lo <span class="blank _6"> </span>que <span class="blank _2"> </span>resta <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _6"> </span>capítulo <span class="blank _2"> </span>se <span class="blank _2"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>escribirán <span class="blank _2"> </span>con <span class="blank _6"> </span>mayor <span class="blank _2"> </span>detalle </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y57 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">las <span class="blank _0"> </span>cuatro <span class="blank _0"> </span>técni<span class="blank _0"> </span>cas <span class="blank _0"> </span>bási<span class="blank _0"> </span>cas <span class="blank _0"> </span>para <span class="blank _0"> </span>cont<span class="blank _0"> </span>ar <span class="blank _2"> </span>y o<span class="blank _0"> </span>tras <span class="blank _2"> </span>técnicas <span class="blank _0"> </span>más <span class="blank _2"> </span>elaboradas <span class="blank _0"> </span>que <span class="blank _2"> </span>se <span class="blank _0"> </span>desa<span class="blank _0"> </span>rrollan <span class="blank _0"> </span>durante<span class="blank _0"> </span> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y58 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">las primeras etapas de la escolarización. </div><div class="t m2 x2 h8 y59 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h8 y5a ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">Contar oralmente </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y5b ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y5c ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">A una ed<span class="blank _0"> </span>ad tan <span class="blank _0"> </span>corta co<span class="blank _0"> </span>mo los d<span class="blank _0"> </span>ieciocho <span class="blank _0"> </span>meses, los n<span class="blank _0"> </span>iños empiezan <span class="blank _0"> </span>a contar <span class="blank _0"> </span>oralmente de u<span class="blank _0"> </span>no en<span class="blank _0"> </span> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y5d ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">uno <span class="blank _0"> </span>(<span class="blank _0"> </span>\u201c1, 2, <span class="blank _2"> </span>3...\u201d). <span class="blank _0"> </span>La <span class="blank _2"> </span>mayoría d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _0"> </span>los <span class="blank _0"> </span>niñ<span class="blank _0"> </span>os <span class="blank _0"> </span>de <span class="blank _0"> </span>dos <span class="blank _2"> </span>años <span class="blank _0"> </span>pueden <span class="blank _0"> </span>contar <span class="blank _2"> </span>\u201c1, 2<span class="blank _0"> </span>\u201d <span class="blank _0"> </span>pero <span class="blank _2"> </span>luego <span class="blank _0"> </span>empiezan </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y5e ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">a <span class="blank _2"> </span>omitir <span class="blank _6"> </span>términos <span class="blank _2"> </span>(<span class="blank _0"> </span>Fuson <span class="blank _2"> </span><span class="ff3">et <span class="blank _6"> </span>al., <span class="blank _2"> </span></span>198<span class="blank _0"> </span>2). <span class="blank _2"> </span>Al <span class="blank _6"> </span>principio, <span class="blank _2"> </span>los <span class="blank _2"> </span>n<span class="blank _0"> </span>iños <span class="blank _6"> </span>pueden <span class="blank _0"> </span>ap<span class="blank _0"> </span>render <span class="blank _2"> </span>partes <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _6"> </span>la <span class="blank _2"> </span>serie<span class="blank _0"> </span> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y5f ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">numérica hasta <span class="blank _0"> </span>10 <span class="blank _0"> </span>para <span class="blank _0"> </span>unirlas <span class="blank _0"> </span>más <span class="blank _0"> </span>adelante. <span class="blank _0"> </span>Por <span class="blank _0"> </span>ejemplo, Alex<span class="blank _0"> </span>i <span class="blank _0"> </span>(hacia l<span class="blank _0"> </span>os <span class="blank _0"> </span>veinte mes<span class="blank _0"> </span>es d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e edad)<span class="blank _0"> </span> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y60 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">empezó <span class="blank _7"> </span>a <span class="blank _5"> </span>usar, <span class="blank _7"> </span>de <span class="blank _7"> </span>una <span class="blank _7"> </span>manera <span class="blank _7"> </span>regular, <span class="blank _5"> </span>la <span class="blank _7"> </span>serie <span class="blank _7"> </span>\u201c8, <span class="blank _7"> </span>9, <span class="blank _5"> </span>10<span class="blank _0"> </span>\u201d. <span class="blank _7"> </span>Más <span class="blank _7"> </span>adelante <span class="blank _5"> </span>añadió <span class="blank _7"> </span>\u201c2, <span class="blank _7"> </span>3, <span class="blank _7"> </span>4\u201d <span class="blank _5"> </span>p<span class="blank _0"> </span>ara </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y61 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">hacer <span class="blank _6"> </span>\u201c2, <span class="blank _6"> </span>3, <span class="blank _6"> </span>4, <span class="blank _6"> </span>8, <span class="blank _6"> </span>9, <span class="blank _6"> </span>1<span class="blank _0"> </span>0\u201d. <span class="blank _6"> </span>Después <span class="blank _6"> </span>añadió <span class="blank _6"> </span>el <span class="blank _6"> </span>5 <span class="blank _6"> </span>y <span class="blank _6"> </span>el <span class="blank _6"> </span>6 <span class="blank _5"> </span>y<span class="blank _3"></span>, <span class="blank _6"> </span>finalmente, <span class="blank _6"> </span>el <span class="blank _6"> </span>1 <span class="blank _5"> </span>y<span class="blank _3"></span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>el <span class="blank _6"> </span>7 <span class="blank _6"> </span>para <span class="blank _6"> </span>completar <span class="blank _6"> </span>la </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y62 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">serie hasta lo. A los <span class="blank _0"> </span>veintiséis meses, Alex<span class="blank _0"> </span>i añadió los números de dos cif<span class="blank _0"> </span>ras 19 <span class="blank _0"> </span>y 20 y, mu<span class="blank _0"> </span>y poco </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y63 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">después, insertaba la ristra \u201c11, 12, 13\u201d entre el 10 <span class="blank _0"> </span>y el <span class="blank _3"></span>19. </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y64 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"> </div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf3" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="3"><div class="pc pc3 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">e-Educa, Cibercultura para la Educación<span class="blank _0"> </span> AC </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">COMPETENCIAS DIDÁCTICAS: MATEMÁTICAS. LECTU<span class="blank _0"> </span>RA 1 <span class="blank _1"> </span>3</div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y37 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">Contar <span class="blank _a"> </span>oralmente <span class="blank _a"> </span>suele<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _a"> </span>equipararse <span class="blank _a"> </span>con <span class="blank _4"> </span>\u201ccontar <span class="blank _a"> </span>de <span class="blank _a"> </span>memoria\u201d. <span class="blank _a"> </span>Como <span class="blank _a"> </span>il<span class="blank _0"> </span>ustra <span class="blank _a"> </span>el <span class="blank _4"> </span>caso <span class="blank _7"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _a"> </span>Alexi, </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y38 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">contar <span class="blank _a"> </span>de <span class="blank _a"> </span>memoria <span class="blank _a"> </span>es <span class="blank _a"> </span>u<span class="blank _0"> </span>na <span class="blank _a"> </span>buena <span class="blank _a"> </span>descripción <span class="blank _a"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _a"> </span>las <span class="blank _a"> </span>primeras <span class="blank _a"> </span>técnic<span class="blank _0"> </span>as <span class="blank _7"> </span>o<span class="blank _0"> </span>rales <span class="blank _a"> </span>que <span class="blank _a"> </span>e<span class="blank _0"> </span>mplean <span class="blank _7"> </span>lo<span class="blank _0"> </span>s </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y39 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">niños <span class="blank _7"> </span>para <span class="blank _7"> </span>contar. <span class="blank _7"> </span>Su <span class="blank _7"> </span>m<span class="blank _0"> </span>anera <span class="blank _7"> </span>de <span class="blank _7"> </span>contar <span class="blank _7"> </span>era, <span class="blank _7"> </span>simplemente, <span class="blank _7"> </span>una <span class="blank _7"> </span>cantinela <span class="blank _7"> </span>verbal <span class="blank _7"> </span>sin <span class="blank _7"> </span>sentid<span class="blank _0"> </span>o. <span class="blank _7"> </span>La </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y3a ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">serie <span class="blank _0"> </span>numéric<span class="blank _0"> </span>a <span class="blank _0"> </span>inicial <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _2"> </span>Alexi <span class="blank _2"> </span>parecía <span class="blank _0"> </span>no <span class="blank _2"> </span>ser <span class="blank _2"> </span>más <span class="blank _2"> </span>que <span class="blank _2"> </span>una <span class="blank _0"> </span>cadena <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _2"> </span>asociaciones <span class="blank _0"> </span>aprendi<span class="blank _0"> </span>das <span class="blank _0"> </span>de<span class="blank _0"> </span> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y3b ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">memoria <span class="blank _6"> </span>y <span class="blank _0"> </span>enlazadas <span class="blank _6"> </span>gr<span class="blank _3"></span>adualmente <span class="blank _2"> </span>entre <span class="blank _2"> </span>s<span class="blank _0"> </span>í. <span class="blank _2"> </span>Sin <span class="blank _6"> </span>embargo, <span class="blank _2"> </span>contar <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _6"> </span>memoria <span class="blank _0"> </span>es <span class="blank _6"> </span>una <span class="blank _2"> </span>descripción </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y3c ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">menos <span class="blank _0"> </span>adecuada <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _2"> </span>los <span class="blank _2"> </span>posteriores <span class="blank _0"> </span>intentos <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _2"> </span>contar. <span class="blank _0"> </span>Con <span class="blank _2"> </span>demasiada <span class="blank _0"> </span>frecuencia, <span class="blank _2"> </span>este <span class="blank _0"> </span>tér<span class="blank _0"> </span>mino <span class="blank _0"> </span>se </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y3d ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">emplea <span class="blank _0"> </span>para<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _0"> </span>i<span class="blank _0"> </span>ndicar <span class="blank _0"> </span>q<span class="blank _0"> </span>ue <span class="blank _2"> </span>lo<span class="blank _0"> </span>s <span class="blank _0"> </span>niños <span class="blank _2"> </span>aprenden <span class="blank _2"> </span>toda <span class="blank _2"> </span>l<span class="blank _0"> </span>a <span class="blank _0"> </span>seri<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _2"> </span>numérica <span class="blank _2"> </span>por <span class="blank _2"> </span>memorización. <span class="blank _2"> </span>Aunque <span class="blank _2"> </span>l<span class="blank _0"> </span>a </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y3e ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">memorización <span class="blank"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>esempeña <span class="blank"> </span>u<span class="blank _0"> </span>n <span class="blank"> </span>p<span class="blank _0"> </span>apel <span class="blank _c"> </span>determinado, <span class="blank _c"> </span>sobre <span class="blank _c"> </span>todo<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank"> </span>du<span class="blank _0"> </span>rante <span class="blank _c"> </span>las <span class="blank _c"> </span>etapas <span class="blank _c"> </span>iniciales, <span class="blank _c"> </span>el </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y3f ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">aprendizaje <span class="blank _0"> </span>re<span class="blank _0"> </span>gido <span class="blank _2"> </span>por <span class="blank _0"> </span>re<span class="blank _0"> </span>glas <span class="blank _0"> </span>tiene <span class="blank _2"> </span>una <span class="blank _6"> </span>imp<span class="blank _3"></span>ortancia <span class="blank _2"> </span>fundament<span class="blank _0"> </span>al <span class="blank _0"> </span>par<span class="blank _0"> </span>a <span class="blank _2"> </span>ampliar <span class="blank _0"> </span>esta <span class="blank _2"> </span>serie. <span class="blank _2"> </span>Aunque<span class="blank _0"> </span> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y40 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">es <span class="blank _6"> </span>probable <span class="blank _5"> </span>que <span class="blank _6"> </span>los <span class="blank _5"> </span>términos <span class="blank _5"> </span>hasta <span class="blank _5"> </span>el <span class="blank _6"> </span>1 <span class="blank _6"> </span>5<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>2 <span class="blank _5"> </span>se <span class="blank _6"> </span>aprendan <span class="blank _6"> </span>de <span class="blank _5"> </span>memoria, <span class="blank _6"> </span>la <span class="blank _5"> </span>ma<span class="blank _0"> </span>yor <span class="blank _6"> </span>parte <span class="blank _6"> </span>de <span class="blank _5"> </span>la <span class="blank _5"> </span>serie </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y41 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">numérica <span class="blank _a"> </span>po<span class="blank _0"> </span>sterior <span class="blank _4"> </span>puede <span class="blank _4"> </span>generarse <span class="blank _4"> </span>mediante <span class="blank _4"> </span>reglas <span class="blank _a"> </span>(Ginsbur<span class="blank _0"> </span>g, <span class="blank _a"> </span>198<span class="blank _0"> </span>2). <span class="blank _4"> </span>Los <span class="blank _a"> </span>r<span class="blank _0"> </span>estantes <span class="blank _a"> </span>nú<span class="blank _0"> </span>meros </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y42 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">hasta <span class="blank _5"> </span>el <span class="blank _5"> </span>20 <span class="blank _5"> </span>pueden <span class="blank _7"> </span>g<span class="blank _3"></span>enerarse <span class="blank _5"> </span>continu<span class="blank _0"> </span>ando <span class="blank _5"> </span>con <span class="blank _5"> </span>la <span class="blank _5"> </span>secuen<span class="blank _0"> </span>cia <span class="blank _6"> </span>ori<span class="blank _0"> </span>ginal <span class="blank _5"> </span>(6, <span class="blank _5"> </span>7, <span class="blank _7"> </span>8, <span class="blank _6"> </span>9) <span class="blank _7"> </span>y<span class="blank _3"></span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>anteponiendo<span class="blank _0"> </span> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y43 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">\u201c10 <span class="blank _6"> </span>y..\u201d; <span class="blank _2"> </span>(po<span class="blank _0"> </span>r <span class="blank _2"> </span>eje<span class="blank _0"> </span>mplo, <span class="blank _6"> </span>\u201cdieciséis, <span class="blank _6"> </span>diecisiete...\u201d). <span class="blank _2"> </span>Los <span class="blank _6"> </span>números <span class="blank _6"> </span>de <span class="blank _2"> </span>la <span class="blank _6"> </span>s<span class="blank _0"> </span>egunda <span class="blank _6"> </span>decena <span class="blank _6"> </span>(21, <span class="blank _2"> </span>22<span class="blank _0"> </span>, <span class="blank _6"> </span>23, </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y44 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">..., 29) <span class="blank _0"> </span>se pueden generar <span class="blank _0"> </span>mediante la regla <span class="blank _0"> </span>de anteponer \u201c20\u201d <span class="blank _0"> </span>a cada una de <span class="blank _0"> </span>las unidades <span class="blank _0"> </span>(del 1 al </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y45 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">9) <span class="blank _6"> </span>una <span class="blank _6"> </span>por <span class="blank _2"> </span>una.<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>En <span class="blank _2"> </span>r<span class="blank _0"> </span>ealidad, <span class="blank _6"> </span>para <span class="blank _6"> </span>contar <span class="blank _6"> </span>de <span class="blank _2"> </span>uno <span class="blank _5"> </span>en <span class="blank _6"> </span>uno <span class="blank _2"> </span>h<span class="blank _0"> </span>asta <span class="blank _6"> </span>99 <span class="blank _6"> </span>el <span class="blank _6"> </span>niño <span class="blank _2"> </span>só<span class="blank _0"> </span>lo <span class="blank _6"> </span>tiene <span class="blank _6"> </span>que <span class="blank _2"> </span>aprender </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y46 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">esta regla y el orden de las decenas (10, 20, 30..., 90<span class="blank _0"> </span>). </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y47 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y48 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">Los <span class="blank _4"> </span>errores <span class="blank _d"> </span>que <span class="blank _4"> </span>com<span class="blank _0"> </span>eten <span class="blank _4"> </span>los<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _4"> </span>niños <span class="blank _d"> </span>al <span class="blank _d"> </span>contar <span class="blank _4"> </span>son <span class="blank _d"> </span>una <span class="blank _4"> </span>buena <span class="blank _4"> </span>s<span class="blank _0"> </span>eñal <span class="blank _d"> </span>de <span class="blank _4"> </span>que <span class="blank _d"> </span>existen <span class="blank _4"> </span>re<span class="blank _0"> </span>glas <span class="blank _4"> </span>que </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y49 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">subyacen <span class="blank _4"> </span>a <span class="blank _d"> </span>su <span class="blank _4"> </span>cuenta <span class="blank _d"> </span>o<span class="blank _0"> </span>ral, <span class="blank _4"> </span>sobre <span class="blank _4"> </span>tod<span class="blank _0"> </span>o <span class="blank _4"> </span>de<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _4"> </span>20 <span class="blank _d"> </span>para <span class="blank _d"> </span>arriba. <span class="blank _4"> </span>Muchos <span class="blank _d"> </span>niños <span class="blank _4"> </span>(inclu<span class="blank _0"> </span>yendo <span class="blank _4"> </span>los <span class="blank _d"> </span>que </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y4a ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">presentan <span class="blank _6"> </span>retraso <span class="blank _5"> </span>mental<span class="blank _0"> </span>) <span class="blank _6"> </span>se <span class="blank _5"> </span>inventan <span class="blank _6"> </span>té<span class="blank _0"> </span>rminos <span class="blank _6"> </span>c<span class="blank _0"> </span>omo <span class="blank _5"> </span>\u201cdiecicinco\u201d <span class="blank _6"> </span>por <span class="blank _5"> </span>15, <span class="blank _5"> </span>\u201cdiecidiez\u201d <span class="blank _6"> </span>por <span class="blank _5"> </span>20, <span class="blank _5"> </span>o </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y4b ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">\u201cveintidiez, <span class="blank _4"> </span>veintionce\u201d, <span class="blank _4"> </span>para <span class="blank _4"> </span>30 <span class="blank _4"> </span>y <span class="blank _4"> </span>31 <span class="blank _a"> </span>(B<span class="blank _0"> </span>aroody <span class="blank _4"> </span>y <span class="blank _4"> </span>Ginsburg, <span class="blank _4"> </span>1984; <span class="blank _4"> </span>Baroody <span class="blank _4"> </span>y <span class="blank _4"> </span>Snyder, <span class="blank _4"> </span>1983; </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y4c ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">Ginsburg, <span class="blank _7"> </span>1982b). <span class="blank _a"> </span>Estos<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>errores <span class="blank _a"> </span>indican <span class="blank _7"> </span>clara<span class="blank _0"> </span>mente <span class="blank _7"> </span>qu<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _7"> </span>los <span class="blank _a"> </span>niños <span class="blank _a"> </span>no <span class="blank _a"> </span>se <span class="blank _7"> </span>limitan <span class="blank _a"> </span>a <span class="blank _7"> </span>imitar <span class="blank _a"> </span>a <span class="blank _7"> </span>lo<span class="blank _0"> </span>s </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y4d ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">adultos, <span class="blank _2"> </span>s<span class="blank _0"> </span>ino <span class="blank _6"> </span>que <span class="blank _2"> </span>tratan <span class="blank _2"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _2"> </span>construir <span class="blank _6"> </span>sus <span class="blank _2"> </span>propios <span class="blank _6"> </span>sistemas <span class="blank _6"> </span>de <span class="blank _2"> </span>reglas <span class="blank _6"> </span>(Baroody <span class="blank _6"> </span>y <span class="blank _0"> </span>Gin<span class="blank _0"> </span>sburg, <span class="blank _2"> </span>198<span class="blank _0"> </span>2). </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y4e ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">Se <span class="blank _0"> </span>trata <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _2"> </span>errores <span class="blank _2"> </span>razonables <span class="blank _2"> </span>porque <span class="blank _2"> </span>son <span class="blank _0"> </span>a<span class="blank _0"> </span>mpliaciones <span class="blank _2"> </span>lógicas, <span class="blank _0"> </span>aunque <span class="blank _2"> </span>in<span class="blank _0"> </span>correctas, <span class="blank _0"> </span>de <span class="blank _2"> </span>las <span class="blank _2"> </span>pautas </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y4f ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">de <span class="blank _2"> </span>la <span class="blank _6"> </span>serie <span class="blank _2"> </span>nu<span class="blank _0"> </span>mérica <span class="blank _6"> </span>que <span class="blank _2"> </span>el <span class="blank _6"> </span>niño <span class="blank _6"> </span>ha <span class="blank _2"> </span>abstraído. <span class="blank _6"> </span>Así, <span class="blank _6"> </span>aun <span class="blank _2"> </span>los <span class="blank _6"> </span>niños <span class="blank _6"> </span>mentalmente <span class="blank _2"> </span>atrasados <span class="blank _6"> </span>parecen </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y50 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">ser capaces de ver, emplear y, a veces, aplicar mal las pautas de la serie numérica. </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y51 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y52 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">Aunque <span class="blank _0"> </span>la <span class="blank _2"> </span>mayoría <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _2"> </span>los <span class="blank _0"> </span>ni<span class="blank _0"> </span>ños <span class="blank _0"> </span>que <span class="blank _2"> </span>se <span class="blank _2"> </span>acaban <span class="blank _0"> </span>de <span class="blank _2"> </span>incorporar <span class="blank _0"> </span>a <span class="blank _2"> </span>la <span class="blank _2"> </span>escuela <span class="blank _6"> </span>ya<span class="blank _3"></span> <span class="blank _2"> </span>hacen <span class="blank _0"> </span>progresos <span class="blank _2"> </span>con </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y53 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">la <span class="blank _0"> </span>parte <span class="blank _0"> </span>de <span class="blank _0"> </span>l<span class="blank _0"> </span>a <span class="blank _0"> </span>serie <span class="blank _0"> </span>num<span class="blank _0"> </span>érica <span class="blank _0"> </span>regida <span class="blank _0"> </span>por <span class="blank _0"> </span>r<span class="blank _0"> </span>eglas, <span class="blank _0"> </span>muchos <span class="blank _2"> </span>no <span class="blank _0"> </span>se <span class="blank _0"> </span>dan <span class="blank _2"> </span>cuenta <span class="blank _0"> </span>de <span class="blank _2"> </span>que <span class="blank _0"> </span>las <span class="blank _0"> </span>dec<span class="blank _0"> </span>enas (<span class="blank _0"> </span>\u201c10, </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y54 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">20, <span class="blank _0"> </span>30, 9<span class="blank _0"> </span>0\u201d) siguen <span class="blank _0"> </span>una <span class="blank _0"> </span>pauta paralela <span class="blank _0"> </span>a <span class="blank _0"> </span>la secuencia <span class="blank _0"> </span>de <span class="blank _0"> </span>las <span class="blank _0"> </span>unidades <span class="blank _0"> </span>(Fuson <span class="ff3">et <span class="blank _0"> </span>al., <span class="blank _0"> </span></span>1982). <span class="blank _0"> </span>Aún n<span class="blank _0"> </span>o </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y55 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">se <span class="blank _6"> </span>sabe <span class="blank _5"> </span>con <span class="blank _5"> </span>certeza <span class="blank _5"> </span>cómo <span class="blank _5"> </span>lle<span class="blank _0"> </span>gan <span class="blank _6"> </span>los <span class="blank _6"> </span>n<span class="blank _0"> </span>iños <span class="blank _6"> </span>a <span class="blank _5"> </span>reso<span class="blank _0"> </span>lver <span class="blank _6"> </span>el <span class="blank _5"> </span>\u201cproblema <span class="blank _6"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _6"> </span>l<span class="blank _0"> </span>as <span class="blank _6"> </span>decenas\u201d, <span class="blank _5"> </span>es <span class="blank _5"> </span>decir, <span class="blank _5"> </span>su </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y56 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">orden <span class="blank _0"> </span>co<span class="blank _0"> </span>rrecto <span class="blank _2"> </span>para <span class="blank _2"> </span>con<span class="blank _0"> </span>tar <span class="blank _2"> </span>hasta <span class="blank _2"> </span>100<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _2"> </span>uno <span class="blank _6"> </span>en <span class="blank _0"> </span>u<span class="blank _0"> </span>no. <span class="blank _2"> </span>Una <span class="blank _2"> </span>hi<span class="blank _0"> </span>pótesis <span class="blank _2"> </span>es <span class="blank _2"> </span>que<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _2"> </span>los <span class="blank _2"> </span>niños <span class="blank _6"> </span>aprenden <span class="blank _0"> </span>l<span class="blank _0"> </span>as </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y57 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">decenas <span class="blank _6"> </span>de <span class="blank _5"> </span>memoria<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>en<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>forma <span class="blank _6"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _6"> </span>ext<span class="blank _0"> </span>remos <span class="blank _6"> </span>finales <span class="blank _5"> </span>de <span class="blank _5"> </span>cada <span class="blank _5"> </span>serie <span class="blank _5"> </span>(por <span class="blank _5"> </span>ejemplo, <span class="blank _5"> </span>el <span class="blank _5"> </span>niño <span class="blank _6"> </span>fo<span class="blank _0"> </span>rma <span class="blank _6"> </span>la<span class="blank _0"> </span> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y58 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">asociación <span class="blank _5"> </span>entre<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>\u201c<span class="blank _3"></span>29-30\u201d <span class="blank _5"> </span>o<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>\u201c<span class="blank _3"></span>39-40\u201d). <span class="blank _7"> </span>Hay <span class="blank _5"> </span>algunos <span class="blank _7"> </span>datos <span class="blank _5"> </span>que <span class="blank _7"> </span>respaldan <span class="blank _5"> </span>esta <span class="blank _7"> </span>conjetura. <span class="blank _5"> </span>Al<span class="blank _0"> </span>gunos </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y65 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">niños <span class="blank _4"> </span>n<span class="blank _0"> </span>o <span class="blank _4"> </span>pueden <span class="blank _d"> </span>contar <span class="blank _d"> </span>por <span class="blank _4"> </span>decenas <span class="blank _4"> </span>p<span class="blank _0"> </span>ero <span class="blank _4"> </span>pued<span class="blank _0"> </span>en <span class="blank _4"> </span>contar <span class="blank _d"> </span>hasta <span class="blank _4"> </span>30 <span class="blank _d"> </span>ó39 <span class="blank _d"> </span>porque <span class="blank _4"> </span>parecen <span class="blank _d"> </span>haber </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y66 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">aprendido <span class="blank _7"> </span>que <span class="blank _7"> </span>30 <span class="blank _5"> </span>v<span class="blank _0"> </span>a <span class="blank _7"> </span>después <span class="blank _7"> </span>de <span class="blank _7"> </span>29, <span class="blank _7"> </span>pero <span class="blank _7"> </span>no <span class="blank _7"> </span>han <span class="blank _7"> </span>aprendido <span class="blank _7"> </span>qué <span class="blank _7"> </span>va <span class="blank _7"> </span>después <span class="blank _7"> </span>de <span class="blank _7"> </span>39 <span class="blank _7"> </span>(Baroody <span class="blank _7"> </span>y </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y5b ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">Ginsburg, <span class="blank _0"> </span>1984). <span class="blank _0"> </span>Otra <span class="blank _2"> </span>hipótesis <span class="blank _0"> </span>es <span class="blank _2"> </span>que <span class="blank _0"> </span>los <span class="blank _0"> </span>niños <span class="blank _0"> </span>aprenden <span class="blank _0"> </span>las <span class="blank _0"> </span>dec<span class="blank _0"> </span>enas <span class="blank _0"> </span>(contar <span class="blank _0"> </span>de <span class="blank _0"> </span>di<span class="blank _0"> </span>ez <span class="blank _0"> </span>en d<span class="blank _0"> </span>iez) <span class="blank _0"> </span>de </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y5c ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">memoria <span class="blank _5"> </span>y <span class="blank _6"> </span>emplean <span class="blank _6"> </span>este <span class="blank _5"> </span>conocimiento <span class="blank _6"> </span>para <span class="blank _6"> </span>rellen<span class="blank _0"> </span>ar <span class="blank _6"> </span>la <span class="blank _6"> </span>secuencia <span class="blank _5"> </span>de <span class="blank _6"> </span>cont<span class="blank _0"> </span>ar <span class="blank _6"> </span>de <span class="blank _6"> </span>uno <span class="blank _6"> </span>en<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>uno. <span class="blank _5"> </span>Otra </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y5d ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">hipótesis, <span class="blank"> </span>completamente <span class="blank"> </span>distinta, <span class="blank _d"> </span>es <span class="blank"> </span>que <span class="blank"> </span>los <span class="blank"> </span>niños <span class="blank"> </span>aprenden <span class="blank"> </span>las <span class="blank"> </span>decenas <span class="blank"> </span>como <span class="blank _d"> </span>un<span class="blank _0"> </span>a <span class="blank"> </span>versión </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y5e ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">modificada d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e l<span class="blank _0"> </span>a <span class="blank _0"> </span>secuencia <span class="blank _0"> </span>del <span class="blank _0"> </span>1 <span class="blank _0"> </span>al <span class="blank _0"> </span>9<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _2"> </span>y<span class="blank _3"></span> <span class="blank _0"> </span>emplean <span class="blank _0"> </span>esta <span class="blank _0"> </span>pauta <span class="blank _0"> </span>(repetir <span class="blank _0"> </span>la <span class="blank _0"> </span>secuencia <span class="blank _0"> </span>de <span class="blank _0"> </span>las <span class="blank _0"> </span>un<span class="blank _0"> </span>idades <span class="blank _2"> </span>y </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y5f ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">añadir <span class="ff3">-enta) </span>p<span class="blank _0"> </span>ara rellenar <span class="blank _0"> </span>la cuenta d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e uno <span class="blank _0"> </span>en uno. <span class="blank _0"> </span>Un ejemplo <span class="blank _0"> </span>de esta últi<span class="blank _0"> </span>ma hipótesis <span class="blank _0"> </span>es el <span class="blank _0"> </span>caso </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y60 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">de Ten,<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _0"> </span>una n<span class="blank _0"> </span>iña <span class="blank _0"> </span>levemen<span class="blank _0"> </span>te atrasada <span class="blank _0"> </span>qu<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _0"> </span>cuando l<span class="blank _0"> </span>legaba <span class="blank _0"> </span>al <span class="blank _0"> </span>final <span class="blank _0"> </span>de <span class="blank _0"> </span>una <span class="blank _0"> </span>decena <span class="blank _0"> </span>(por <span class="blank _0"> </span>ejemplo, <span class="blank _2"> </span>\u201c..., </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y61 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">58, <span class="blank _0"> </span>59\u201d) se <span class="blank _0"> </span>ponía <span class="blank _0"> </span>a <span class="blank _0"> </span>contar <span class="blank _0"> </span>para sí <span class="blank _0"> </span>para <span class="blank _0"> </span>averi<span class="blank _0"> </span>guar la <span class="blank _0"> </span>si<span class="blank _0"> </span>g<span class="blank _3"></span>uiente d<span class="blank _0"> </span>ecena <span class="blank _0"> </span>(por e<span class="blank _0"> </span>jemplo, <span class="blank _0"> </span>\u201c1, 2, <span class="blank _0"> </span>3, <span class="blank _0"> </span>4, <span class="blank _0"> </span>5, <span class="blank _0"> </span>6 </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y62 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">ah, <span class="blank _4"> </span>..., <span class="blank _4"> </span>sesenta\u201d) <span class="blank _4"> </span>(Baroo<span class="blank _0"> </span>dy <span class="blank _4"> </span>y <span class="blank _4"> </span>Ginsburg, <span class="blank _4"> </span>1984). <span class="blank _d"> </span>Luego <span class="blank _4"> </span>iba <span class="blank _4"> </span>repitiendo <span class="blank _4"> </span>es<span class="blank _0"> </span>te <span class="blank _4"> </span>procedimiento <span class="blank _4"> </span>hasta </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y63 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">llegar a 100. </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y64 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"> </div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf4" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="4"><div class="pc pc4 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">e-Educa, Cibercultura para la Educación<span class="blank _0"> </span> AC </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">COMPETENCIAS DIDÁCTICAS: MATEMÁTICAS. LECTU<span class="blank _0"> </span>RA 1 <span class="blank _1"> </span>4</div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y37 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">En <span class="blank _2"> </span>realidad, <span class="blank _0"> </span>la <span class="blank _2"> </span>ma<span class="blank _0"> </span>y<span class="blank _3"></span>oría <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _2"> </span>los <span class="blank _2"> </span>niños <span class="blank _2"> </span>pueden <span class="blank _0"> </span>ap<span class="blank _0"> </span>render <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _2"> </span>memoria <span class="blank _0"> </span>al<span class="blank _0"> </span>gunas <span class="blank _2"> </span>decenas <span class="blank _0"> </span>(hipótesis <span class="blank _2"> </span>1 <span class="blank _2"> </span>y </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y38 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">2) <span class="blank _0"> </span>y emplear re<span class="blank _0"> </span>glas para <span class="blank _0"> </span>generar el r<span class="blank _0"> </span>esto (hipótesis <span class="blank _0"> </span>3). Esto <span class="blank _0"> </span>tiene s<span class="blank _0"> </span>entido porque <span class="blank _0"> </span>la ma<span class="blank _0"> </span>yoría de las<span class="blank _0"> </span> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y39 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">decenas <span class="blank _5"> </span>si<span class="blank _0"> </span>gue<span class="blank _3"></span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>un<span class="blank _0"> </span>a <span class="blank _5"> </span>pauta <span class="blank _7"> </span>y<span class="blank _3"></span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>sería <span class="blank _7"> </span>inef<span class="blank _3"></span>icaz <span class="blank _5"> </span>apr<span class="blank _0"> </span>enderlas <span class="blank _5"> </span>todas <span class="blank _7"> </span>de <span class="blank _5"> </span>memoria. <span class="blank _5"> </span>Sin <span class="blank _5"> </span>emb<span class="blank _0"> </span>argo, <span class="blank _5"> </span>se <span class="blank _5"> </span>puede<span class="blank _0"> </span> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y3a ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">tener <span class="blank _2"> </span>que <span class="blank _2"> </span>aprender <span class="blank _2"> </span>de<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _2"> </span>memoria <span class="blank _2"> </span>la <span class="blank _2"> </span>pri<span class="blank _0"> </span>mera <span class="blank _2"> </span>parte, <span class="blank _2"> </span>inclu<span class="blank _0"> </span>yendo <span class="blank _0"> </span>qui<span class="blank _0"> </span>zá <span class="blank _2"> </span>algunos <span class="blank _6"> </span>ca<span class="blank _3"></span>sos <span class="blank _2"> </span>regula<span class="blank _0"> </span>res <span class="blank _2"> </span>como </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y3b ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">40, <span class="blank _6"> </span>antes <span class="blank _6"> </span>de <span class="blank _2"> </span>descubrirse <span class="blank _6"> </span>la <span class="blank _6"> </span>pauta. <span class="blank _2"> </span>Po<span class="blank _0"> </span>r <span class="blank _2"> </span>tan<span class="blank _0"> </span>to, <span class="blank _6"> </span>aprender <span class="blank _2"> </span>las <span class="blank _6"> </span>decenas <span class="blank _6"> </span>(contar <span class="blank _6"> </span>de <span class="blank _2"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>iez <span class="blank _6"> </span>en <span class="blank _2"> </span>diez) <span class="blank _6"> </span>puede </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y3c ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">ser <span class="blank _2"> </span>al<span class="blank _0"> </span>go <span class="blank _6"> </span>parecido <span class="blank _6"> </span>a <span class="blank _6"> </span>aprender <span class="blank _6"> </span>a <span class="blank _6"> </span>contar <span class="blank _6"> </span>de <span class="blank _6"> </span>uno <span class="blank _6"> </span>en <span class="blank _6"> </span>uno: <span class="blank _6"> </span>al <span class="blank _6"> </span>principio, <span class="blank _6"> </span>los <span class="blank _6"> </span>niños <span class="blank _6"> </span>adquieren <span class="blank _6"> </span>una <span class="blank _6"> </span>parte </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y3d ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">por memorización y luego emplean una pauta para <span class="blank _0"> </span>ampliar la secuencia. </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y3e ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y3f ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">Elaboraciones <span class="blank _e"> </span>de <span class="blank _e"> </span>la <span class="blank _e"> </span>seri<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _e"> </span>numérica<span class="ff3">. <span class="blank _e"> </span></span>Con <span class="blank _e"> </span>la <span class="blank _f"> </span>experiencia, <span class="blank _e"> </span>los <span class="blank _e"> </span>niños <span class="blank _f"> </span>apre<span class="blank _3"></span>nden <span class="blank _e"> </span>a <span class="blank _e"> </span>u<span class="blank _0"> </span>sar <span class="blank _e"> </span>su<span class="blank _0"> </span> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y40 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">representación <span class="blank _4"> </span>mental <span class="blank _4"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _4"> </span>la <span class="blank _4"> </span>serie <span class="blank _4"> </span>numéri<span class="blank _0"> </span>ca <span class="blank _4"> </span>con <span class="blank _4"> </span>más<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _4"> </span>elaboración <span class="blank _d"> </span>y <span class="blank _a"> </span>fl<span class="blank _0"> </span>exibilidad <span class="blank _4"> </span>(<span class="blank _0"> </span>Fuson <span class="blank _a"> </span><span class="ff3">et<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _4"> </span>al., </span></div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y41 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">1982). <span class="blank _6"> </span>A <span class="blank _6"> </span>med<span class="blank _3"></span>ida <span class="blank _6"> </span>que <span class="blank _6"> </span>se <span class="blank _6"> </span>van <span class="blank _6"> </span>familiarizando <span class="blank _2"> </span>más <span class="blank _6"> </span>y <span class="blank _6"> </span>más <span class="blank _6"> </span>con <span class="blank _2"> </span>la <span class="blank _6"> </span>se<span class="blank _0"> </span>rie <span class="blank _2"> </span>n<span class="blank _0"> </span>umérica <span class="blank _6"> </span>correcta, <span class="blank _6"> </span>los <span class="blank _6"> </span>niños </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y42 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">pueden <span class="blank _a"> </span>citar <span class="blank _a"> </span>automáticamente <span class="blank _7"> </span>el <span class="blank _a"> </span>nú<span class="blank _0"> </span>mero <span class="blank _7"> </span>siguie<span class="blank _0"> </span>nte <span class="blank _7"> </span>a <span class="blank _a"> </span>un<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>nú<span class="blank _0"> </span>mero <span class="blank _7"> </span>dado. <span class="blank _4"> </span>A <span class="blank _7"> </span>los <span class="blank _a"> </span>veintiséis <span class="blank _a"> </span>mes<span class="blank _0"> </span>es, </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y43 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">Alison ya podía hacerlo <span class="ff3">si </span>se le \u201cdaba el pie\u201d. </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y44 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y45 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">MADRE: Alison, ¿qué número va después del 9? </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y46 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">ALISON: [No responde.] </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y47 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">MADRE: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 <span class="blank _0"> </span>y..<span class="blank _3"></span>. </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y48 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">ALISON: 10. </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y49 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y4a ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">De no ser así, Alison no lo podía hacer o sólo lo hacía a veces. </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y4b ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">MADRE: ¿Qué número va después del ocho? </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y4c ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">ALISON: El ocho. </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y4d ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">MADRE: ¿Y después del dos? </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y4e ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">ALISON: El nueve. </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y4f ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">MADRE: ¿Y después del seis? </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y50 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">ALISON: [No responde.] </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y51 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">MADRE: (Un poco más tarde): ¿Qué va después del ocho? </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y52 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">ALISON: Nueve, diez. </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y53 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">MADRE: ¿Y después del dos? </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y54 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">ALISON: El cuatro. </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y55 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y56 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">Hacia <span class="blank _d"> </span>los <span class="blank"> </span>c<span class="blank _3"></span>uatro <span class="blank _d"> </span>o <span class="blank"> </span>cinco <span class="blank _d"> </span>años <span class="blank _d"> </span>de <span class="blank _d"> </span>edad, <span class="blank"> </span>los <span class="blank _d"> </span>niños <span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank _3"></span>a <span class="blank _d"> </span>no <span class="blank"> </span>ne<span class="blank _3"></span>cesitan <span class="blank _d"> </span>e<span class="blank _0"> </span>mpezar <span class="blank _d"> </span>desde <span class="blank _d"> </span>el <span class="blank"> </span>1 <span class="blank _4"> </span>pa<span class="blank _0"> </span>ra </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y57 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">responder <span class="blank _5"> </span>de <span class="blank _7"> </span>manera <span class="blank _5"> </span>coh<span class="blank _0"> </span>erente <span class="blank _5"> </span>y <span class="blank _7"> </span>au<span class="blank _3"></span>tomática <span class="blank _7"> </span>preguntas <span class="blank _5"> </span>relativas <span class="blank _7"> </span>a <span class="blank _5"> </span>números <span class="blank _7"> </span>seg<span class="blank _3"></span>uidos, <span class="blank _7"> </span>al <span class="blank _5"> </span>menos </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y58 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">hasta <span class="blank _5"> </span>cerca <span class="blank _6"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>el <span class="blank _5"> </span>28 <span class="blank _5"> </span>(<span class="blank _0"> </span>Fuson <span class="blank _6"> </span><span class="ff3">et <span class="blank _5"> </span>a<span class="blank _0"> </span>l., <span class="blank _5"> </span></span>1982; <span class="blank _5"> </span>Ginsburg <span class="blank _7"> </span>y<span class="blank _3"></span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>Barood<span class="blank _0"> </span>y, <span class="blank _6"> </span>1<span class="blank _0"> </span>983). <span class="blank _5"> </span>Uno<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>de <span class="blank _6"> </span>l<span class="blank _0"> </span>os <span class="blank _5"> </span>desarrollos <span class="blank _5"> </span>que </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y65 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">pueden <span class="blank _7"> </span>producirse <span class="blank _7"> </span>un <span class="blank _a"> </span>poco <span class="blank _7"> </span>más <span class="blank _7"> </span>tarde <span class="blank _a"> </span>es <span class="blank _7"> </span>la <span class="blank _7"> </span>cap<span class="blank _0"> </span>acidad <span class="blank _7"> </span>de <span class="blank _7"> </span>citar <span class="blank _7"> </span>el <span class="blank _7"> </span>nú<span class="blank _0"> </span>mero <span class="blank _7"> </span>anterior. <span class="blank _7"> </span>Cu<span class="blank _0"> </span>ando <span class="blank _7"> </span>los </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y66 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">niños <span class="blank _6"> </span>captan <span class="blank _2"> </span>las <span class="blank _2"> </span>relacion<span class="blank _0"> </span>es <span class="blank _2"> </span>entre <span class="blank _2"> </span>un<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _2"> </span>número <span class="blank _6"> </span>dado <span class="blank _6"> </span>y<span class="blank _3"></span> <span class="blank _2"> </span>el <span class="blank _6"> </span>anterior, <span class="blank _6"> </span>ya<span class="blank _3"></span> <span class="blank _2"> </span>está <span class="blank _6"> </span>preparado <span class="blank _2"> </span>el <span class="blank _6"> </span>terreno <span class="blank _2"> </span>para </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y5b ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">contar <span class="blank _7"> </span>reg<span class="blank _3"></span>resivamente. <span class="blank _7"> </span>Además, <span class="blank _7"> </span>los <span class="blank _5"> </span>niñ<span class="blank _0"> </span>os <span class="blank _5"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _7"> </span>edad <span class="blank _5"> </span>escolar <span class="blank _7"> </span>aprenden <span class="blank _7"> </span>gr<span class="blank _3"></span>adualmente <span class="blank _7"> </span>a <span class="blank _5"> </span>contar <span class="blank _7"> </span>por </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y5c ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">grupos. <span class="blank _0"> </span>Ent<span class="blank _0"> </span>re <span class="blank _0"> </span>las <span class="blank _2"> </span>más <span class="blank _2"> </span>pr<span class="blank _0"> </span>ecoces <span class="blank _0"> </span>de <span class="blank _2"> </span>estas <span class="blank _2"> </span>nuev<span class="blank _0"> </span>as <span class="blank _0"> </span>pau<span class="blank _0"> </span>tas <span class="blank _0"> </span>se <span class="blank _2"> </span>encuentran <span class="blank _2"> </span>contar <span class="blank _2"> </span>por <span class="blank _2"> </span>parejas, <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _2"> </span>cinco </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y5d ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">en cinco y de diez en diez. </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y5e ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h8 y67 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">Numeración </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y60 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y61 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">Enumeración. <span class="blank _2"> </span><span class="ff2">Los <span class="blank _2"> </span>niños <span class="blank _6"> </span>deben <span class="blank _0"> </span>aprender <span class="blank _2"> </span>qu<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _2"> </span>contar <span class="blank _2"> </span>objetos <span class="blank _2"> </span>impli<span class="blank _0"> </span>ca <span class="blank _0"> </span>al<span class="blank _0"> </span>go <span class="blank _2"> </span>más <span class="blank _2"> </span>que <span class="blank _6"> </span>agitar <span class="blank _0"> </span>un <span class="blank _6"> </span>dedo </span></div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y62 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">señalando <span class="blank _6"> </span>un <span class="blank _6"> </span>conjunto <span class="blank _6"> </span>o <span class="blank _5"> </span>deslizarlo <span class="blank _6"> </span>por <span class="blank _6"> </span>encima <span class="blank _6"> </span>de <span class="blank _6"> </span>otro <span class="blank _6"> </span>mientras <span class="blank _6"> </span>p<span class="blank _0"> </span>ronuncian <span class="blank _6"> </span>con <span class="blank _6"> </span>rapidez <span class="blank _6"> </span>la <span class="blank _6"> </span>serie<span class="blank _0"> </span> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y63 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">numérica. <span class="blank _2"> </span>Aunque <span class="blank _2"> </span>los <span class="blank _6"> </span>niños <span class="blank _2"> </span>pequeños <span class="blank _6"> </span>aprenden <span class="blank _2"> </span>con <span class="blank _2"> </span>rapidez <span class="blank _2"> </span>al <span class="blank _6"> </span>menos <span class="blank _0"> </span>l<span class="blank _0"> </span>a <span class="blank _2"> </span>p<span class="blank _0"> </span>arte <span class="blank _2"> </span>memorística <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _2"> </span>la<span class="blank _0"> </span> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y64 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">serie <span class="blank _6"> </span>numérica <span class="blank _6"> </span>(véase, <span class="blank _6"> </span>por <span class="blank _6"> </span>ejemplo, <span class="blank _5"> </span>F<span class="blank _3"></span>uson <span class="blank _5"> </span>y <span class="blank _6"> </span>Hall, <span class="blank _6"> </span>1983) <span class="blank _5"> </span>y<span class="blank _3"></span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>no <span class="blank _6"> </span>tienen <span class="blank _6"> </span>problemas <span class="blank _6"> </span>para <span class="blank _6"> </span>señal<span class="blank _0"> </span>ar <span class="blank _6"> </span>los </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y68 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">objetos <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _2"> </span>uno <span class="blank _6"> </span>en <span class="blank _2"> </span>uno <span class="blank _2"> </span>(<span class="blank _0"> </span>Beckwith <span class="blank _6"> </span>y<span class="blank _3"></span> <span class="blank _0"> </span>R<span class="blank _0"> </span>estle, <span class="blank _2"> </span>1966), <span class="blank _6"> </span>coordinar <span class="blank _2"> </span>estas <span class="blank _2"> </span>dos <span class="blank _2"> </span>téc<span class="blank _0"> </span>nicas <span class="blank _2"> </span>para <span class="blank _2"> </span>enumerar <span class="blank _2"> </span>u<span class="blank _0"> </span>n </div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf5" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="5"><div class="pc pc5 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">e-Educa, Cibercultura para la Educación<span class="blank _0"> </span> AC </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">COMPETENCIAS DIDÁCTICAS: MATEMÁTICAS. LECTU<span class="blank _0"> </span>RA 1 <span class="blank _1"> </span>5</div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y37 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">conjunto <span class="blank _2"> </span>no <span class="blank _6"> </span>es <span class="blank _2"> </span>una <span class="blank _2"> </span>tarea<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _2"> </span>fácil. <span class="blank _2"> </span>En <span class="blank _6"> </span>realidad, <span class="blank _2"> </span>la <span class="blank _6"> </span>enumeración <span class="blank _2"> </span>(sobre <span class="blank _2"> </span>tod<span class="blank _0"> </span>o <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _2"> </span>conjuntos<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _2"> </span>con <span class="blank _6"> </span>más <span class="blank _2"> </span>de </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y38 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">cuatro <span class="blank _7"> </span>elementos) <span class="blank _5"> </span>s<span class="blank _0"> </span>ólo <span class="blank _7"> </span>llega <span class="blank _7"> </span>a <span class="blank _7"> </span>hacerse <span class="blank _5"> </span>automátic<span class="blank _0"> </span>a <span class="blank _7"> </span>de <span class="blank _7"> </span>una <span class="blank _5"> </span>manera <span class="blank _a"> </span>gradual <span class="blank _7"> </span>(Beckwith <span class="blank _7"> </span>y<span class="blank _3"></span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>Reside, </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y39 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">1966; <span class="blank _0"> </span>Gelman <span class="blank _0"> </span>y Gallis<span class="blank _0"> </span>tel, <span class="blank _0"> </span>1978, <span class="blank _0"> </span>y Schaeffer <span class="blank _0"> </span><span class="ff3">et <span class="blank _0"> </span>al., <span class="blank _0"> </span></span>1974). <span class="blank _0"> </span>Con <span class="blank _0"> </span>colecciones <span class="blank _0"> </span>grandes <span class="blank _2"> </span>y, sobre <span class="blank _0"> </span>todo,<span class="blank _0"> </span> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y3a ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">desordenadas, los <span class="blank _0"> </span>niños t<span class="blank _0"> </span>ienen que <span class="blank _0"> </span>aprender est<span class="blank _0"> </span>rategias para ll<span class="blank _0"> </span>evar la<span class="blank _0"> </span> cuenta d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e los <span class="blank _0"> </span>elementos que<span class="blank _0"> </span> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y3b ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">han <span class="blank _6"> </span>contado <span class="blank _6"> </span>y <span class="blank _2"> </span>los <span class="blank _6"> </span>que <span class="blank _6"> </span>no. <span class="blank _6"> </span>Cuando <span class="blank _6"> </span>los <span class="blank _6"> </span>elementos <span class="blank _6"> </span>se <span class="blank _2"> </span>po<span class="blank _0"> </span>nen <span class="blank _6"> </span>en <span class="blank _2"> </span>fila, <span class="blank _6"> </span>hace <span class="blank _6"> </span>falta <span class="blank _6"> </span>poco <span class="blank _6"> </span>esfuerzo <span class="blank _2"> </span>p<span class="blank _0"> </span>ara </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y3c ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">no <span class="blank _7"> </span>perder <span class="blank _5"> </span>la <span class="blank _7"> </span>cue<span class="blank _3"></span>nta <span class="blank _7"> </span>si <span class="blank _7"> </span>se <span class="blank _5"> </span>empieza <span class="blank _7"> </span>desde <span class="blank _5"> </span>uno <span class="blank _7"> </span>de <span class="blank _5"> </span>lo<span class="blank _0"> </span>s <span class="blank _7"> </span>e<span class="blank _3"></span>xtremos. <span class="blank _7"> </span>Si <span class="blank _5"> </span>la <span class="blank _7"> </span>colección <span class="blank _7"> </span>está <span class="blank _5"> </span>colocada <span class="blank _5"> </span>en<span class="blank _0"> </span> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y3d ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">círculo, <span class="blank"> </span>el <span class="blank _c"> </span>niño <span class="blank"> </span>sólo<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank"> </span>necesita <span class="blank _c"> </span>recordar <span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank"> </span>elemento <span class="blank _c"> </span>por <span class="blank"> </span>el <span class="blank _c"> </span>que <span class="blank _c"> </span>ha <span class="blank"> </span>em<span class="blank _0"> </span>pezado <span class="blank"> </span>a <span class="blank _c"> </span>contar. <span class="blank"> </span>Co<span class="blank _0"> </span>n </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y3e ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">distribuciones <span class="blank _2"> </span>deso<span class="blank _0"> </span>rdenadas, <span class="blank _6"> </span>el <span class="blank _2"> </span>niño <span class="blank _6"> </span>debe <span class="blank _2"> </span>recordar <span class="blank _6"> </span>qué <span class="blank _2"> </span>elem<span class="blank _0"> </span>entos <span class="blank _2"> </span>ha <span class="blank _6"> </span>etiquetado <span class="blank _6"> </span>y <span class="blank _2"> </span>cuáles <span class="blank _2"> </span>q<span class="blank _0"> </span>uedan </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y3f ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">por <span class="blank _2"> </span>etiqu<span class="blank _0"> </span>etar. <span class="blank _2"> </span>Esto <span class="blank _6"> </span>se <span class="blank _6"> </span>ve <span class="blank _2"> </span>facilitado <span class="blank _6"> </span>por <span class="blank _6"> </span>el <span class="blank _2"> </span>empl<span class="blank _0"> </span>eo <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _6"> </span>un <span class="blank _6"> </span>método <span class="blank _2"> </span>sistemático<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _2"> </span>(por <span class="blank _6"> </span>ejemplo, <span class="blank _2"> </span>conta<span class="blank _0"> </span>r </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y40 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">de <span class="blank _d"> </span>i<span class="blank _0"> </span>zquierda <span class="blank"> </span>a <span class="blank _d"> </span>derecha <span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank _3"></span> <span class="blank"> </span>de <span class="blank"> </span>arr<span class="blank _3"></span>iba <span class="blank"> </span>abajo) <span class="blank _d"> </span>o <span class="blank"> </span>separando <span class="blank"> </span>los <span class="blank _d"> </span>elementos <span class="blank"> </span>etiquetados <span class="blank _d"> </span>de <span class="blank"> </span>los <span class="blank _d"> </span>no<span class="blank _0"> </span> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y41 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">etiquetados. <span class="blank _2"> </span>Fuson <span class="blank _2"> </span>(en <span class="blank _2"> </span>p<span class="blank _0"> </span>rensa) <span class="blank _2"> </span>encontró <span class="blank _2"> </span>q<span class="blank _0"> </span>ue <span class="blank _2"> </span>muchos <span class="blank _6"> </span>de <span class="blank _0"> </span>sus <span class="blank _6"> </span>sujetos <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _2"> </span>párv<span class="blank _0"> </span>ulos <span class="blank _2"> </span>no <span class="blank _2"> </span>empleaban <span class="blank _2"> </span>l<span class="blank _0"> </span>a </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y42 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">estrategia de crear un montón aparte con los elementos <span class="blank _0"> </span>ya contados. </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y43 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y44 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">Regla <span class="blank _6"> </span>del <span class="blank _2"> </span>va<span class="blank _0"> </span>lor <span class="blank _6"> </span>cardinal. <span class="blank _6"> </span><span class="ff2">Al <span class="blank _6"> </span>principio, <span class="blank _6"> </span>los <span class="blank _6"> </span>niños <span class="blank _6"> </span>pueden <span class="blank _2"> </span>no <span class="blank _6"> </span>darse <span class="blank _6"> </span>cuenta <span class="blank _6"> </span>de <span class="blank _6"> </span>que <span class="blank _6"> </span>la <span class="blank _6"> </span>enumeración </span></div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y45 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">sirve <span class="blank _8"> </span>para <span class="blank _9"> </span>numerar. <span class="blank _8"> </span>C<span class="blank _0"> </span>uando <span class="blank _9"> </span>se <span class="blank _8"> </span>les <span class="blank _9"> </span>pide <span class="blank _9"> </span>que <span class="blank _9"> </span>cuenten <span class="blank _8"> </span>un <span class="blank _9"> </span>conjunto, <span class="blank _9"> </span>los <span class="blank _9"> </span>niños <span class="blank _9"> </span>se <span class="blank _8"> </span>limitan <span class="blank _9"> </span>a </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y46 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">enumerarlo y esperan que esto, en sí mismo, satis<span class="blank _0"> </span>fará al adulto (cosa que ocurre a veces). Si se les </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y47 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">pregunta cu<span class="blank _0"> </span>ántos ob<span class="blank _0"> </span>jetos <span class="blank _0"> </span>acaban <span class="blank _0"> </span>de <span class="blank _0"> </span>contar, <span class="blank _0"> </span>vuelven <span class="blank _0"> </span>a <span class="blank _0"> </span>enumerar <span class="blank _0"> </span>todos <span class="blank _0"> </span>los <span class="blank _0"> </span>el<span class="blank _0"> </span>ementos <span class="blank _0"> </span>del <span class="blank _0"> </span>conjunto. </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y48 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">Por <span class="blank _2"> </span>ejemplo, <span class="blank _2"> </span>id<span class="blank _0"> </span>a, <span class="blank _2"> </span>una <span class="blank _2"> </span>n<span class="blank _0"> </span>iña <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _6"> </span>tres <span class="blank _2"> </span>años <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _6"> </span>edad, <span class="blank _2"> </span>enumeró <span class="blank _2"> </span>cuatro<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _2"> </span>estrellas <span class="blank _6"> </span>(\u201c1, <span class="blank _0"> </span>2,<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _2"> </span>3, <span class="blank _6"> </span>4\u201d) <span class="blank _2"> </span>sin <span class="blank _2"> </span>hac<span class="blank _0"> </span>er </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y49 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">ningún <span class="blank"> </span>intento <span class="blank _c"> </span>serio <span class="blank"> </span>de <span class="blank"> </span>emple<span class="blank _0"> </span>ar <span class="blank"> </span>o <span class="blank"> </span>r<span class="blank _0"> </span>ecordar <span class="blank"> </span>la <span class="blank"> </span>in<span class="blank _0"> </span>formación. <span class="blank"> </span>Cuando <span class="blank"> </span>s<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank"> </span>le <span class="blank _c"> </span>preguntó <span class="blank"> </span>cuántas </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y4a ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">estrellas <span class="blank _7"> </span>había <span class="blank _7"> </span>acabado <span class="blank _7"> </span>de <span class="blank _7"> </span>contar, <span class="blank _7"> </span>alzó <span class="blank _7"> </span>los <span class="blank _7"> </span>hombros <span class="blank _7"> </span>y <span class="blank _5"> </span>volvió <span class="blank _7"> </span>a <span class="blank _a"> </span>enumerarlas <span class="blank _7"> </span>otra <span class="blank _7"> </span>vez. <span class="blank _7"> </span>Como <span class="blank _7"> </span>la </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y4b ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">enumeración <span class="blank _0"> </span>se <span class="blank _0"> </span>contempla <span class="blank _0"> </span>como <span class="blank _0"> </span>un <span class="blank _2"> </span>fin <span class="blank _0"> </span>en <span class="blank _0"> </span>sí <span class="blank _2"> </span>misma<span class="blank _3"></span> <span class="blank _2"> </span>y<span class="blank _3"></span> <span class="blank _0"> </span>no <span class="blank _0"> </span>co<span class="blank _0"> </span>mo <span class="blank _0"> </span>un <span class="blank _0"> </span>medio <span class="blank _2"> </span>para l<span class="blank _0"> </span>legar <span class="blank _0"> </span>a <span class="blank _0"> </span>un <span class="blank _0"> </span>fi<span class="blank _0"> </span>n, <span class="blank _0"> </span>los </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y4c ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">niños <span class="blank _7"> </span>mu<span class="blank _0"> </span>y <span class="blank _7"> </span>peq<span class="blank _0"> </span>ueños <span class="blank _7"> </span>p<span class="blank _0"> </span>ueden <span class="blank _a"> </span>no <span class="blank _a"> </span>llegar <span class="blank _a"> </span>a <span class="blank _a"> </span>comprender <span class="blank _a"> </span>el <span class="blank _a"> </span>sentido <span class="blank _a"> </span>de <span class="blank _7"> </span>p<span class="blank _0"> </span>reguntas <span class="blank _a"> </span>como <span class="blank _a"> </span>\u201c¿Cuántos </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y4d ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">hay?\u201d. Ni preocuparse de recordar los resultados de lo que han contado.<span class="blank _0"> </span> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y4e ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y4f ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">Cuando <span class="blank _4"> </span>tienen <span class="blank _a"> </span>c<span class="blank _0"> </span>erca <span class="blank _a"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _4"> </span>dos <span class="blank _4"> </span>años, <span class="blank _4"> </span>muchos <span class="blank _a"> </span>niño<span class="blank _0"> </span>s <span class="blank _4"> </span>desarrollan <span class="blank _4"> </span>una <span class="blank _4"> </span>conciencia <span class="blank _a"> </span>pri<span class="blank _0"> </span>mitiva <span class="blank _a"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _4"> </span>que </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y50 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">contar <span class="blank _d"> </span>es <span class="blank _d"> </span>un <span class="blank"> </span>pro<span class="blank _3"></span>cedimiento <span class="blank _d"> </span>empleado <span class="blank _d"> </span>para <span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank _3"></span>signar <span class="blank _d"> </span>números <span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank _3"></span> <span class="blank _d"> </span>coleccion<span class="blank _0"> </span>es <span class="blank _d"> </span>(para <span class="blank _d"> </span>responder <span class="blank _d"> </span>a </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y51 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">preguntas del <span class="blank _0"> </span>tipo <span class="blank _0"> </span>\u201c¿Cuántos <span class="blank _0"> </span>hay?\u201d). Aho<span class="blank _0"> </span>ra <span class="blank _0"> </span>ya realizan el <span class="blank _2"> </span>intento <span class="blank _0"> </span>de recordar <span class="blank _0"> </span>lo <span class="blank _0"> </span>que h<span class="blank _0"> </span>an contado. </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y52 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">Sin <span class="blank _d"> </span>embar<span class="blank _0"> </span>go, <span class="blank _d"> </span>como <span class="blank"> </span>no <span class="blank _d"> </span>se <span class="blank"> </span>dan <span class="blank _4"> </span>cuent<span class="blank _0"> </span>a <span class="blank _d"> </span>de <span class="blank"> </span>que <span class="blank _d"> </span>el <span class="blank"> </span>proceso <span class="blank _d"> </span>de <span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank _3"></span>umeración <span class="blank"> </span>se <span class="blank _d"> </span>puede <span class="blank"> </span>re<span class="blank _3"></span>sumir, </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y53 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">responden <span class="blank _d"> </span>a <span class="blank"> </span>este <span class="blank _d"> </span>tipo <span class="blank"> </span>de <span class="blank _d"> </span>preguntas <span class="blank _d"> </span>repitiendo <span class="blank"> </span>la <span class="blank _d"> </span>serie <span class="blank"> </span>n<span class="blank _3"></span>umérica. <span class="blank _d"> </span>Después <span class="blank"> </span>de <span class="blank _d"> </span>\u201csoltar\u201d <span class="blank"> </span>varios </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y54 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">términos <span class="blank _0"> </span>(\u201c7, <span class="blank _0"> </span>8,<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _0"> </span>9\u201d) <span class="blank _0"> </span>o<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _0"> </span>de <span class="blank _2"> </span>repetir <span class="blank _0"> </span>el <span class="blank _6"> </span>mism<span class="blank _3"></span>o <span class="blank _0"> </span>(<span class="blank _0"> </span>\u201c9, <span class="blank _0"> </span>9, <span class="blank _2"> </span>9\u201d) <span class="blank _0"> </span>ante <span class="blank _2"> </span>un <span class="blank _0"> </span>conjunto <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _2"> </span>tres <span class="blank _0"> </span>objetos, <span class="blank _0"> </span>un<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _0"> </span>niño <span class="blank _0"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y55 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">dos <span class="blank _7"> </span>años <span class="blank _7"> </span>puede <span class="blank _5"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>esignar <span class="blank _7"> </span>este <span class="blank _7"> </span>conjunto <span class="blank _7"> </span>volviendo <span class="blank _7"> </span>a <span class="blank _7"> </span>contar <span class="blank _7"> </span>(por <span class="blank _7"> </span>ejemplo, <span class="blank _7"> </span>\u201c7, <span class="blank _5"> </span>8<span class="blank _0"> </span>, <span class="blank _7"> </span>9\u201d <span class="blank _7"> </span>o <span class="blank _7"> </span>\u201c9, <span class="blank _7"> </span>9, <span class="blank _7"> </span>9\u201d) </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y56 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">(Wagner <span class="blank _2"> </span>y <span class="blank _0"> </span>Walters, <span class="blank _0"> </span>1<span class="blank _0"> </span>982). <span class="blank _2"> </span>Aun <span class="blank _0"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>espués <span class="blank _0"> </span>de <span class="blank _2"> </span>haber <span class="blank _2"> </span>aprendido <span class="blank _0"> </span>a <span class="blank _2"> </span>enumerar <span class="blank _2"> </span>correctamente, <span class="blank _0"> </span>l<span class="blank _0"> </span>os <span class="blank _2"> </span>niños </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y57 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">pueden <span class="blank _7"> </span>no <span class="blank _7"> </span>darse <span class="blank _7"> </span>cuenta <span class="blank _7"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _7"> </span>que <span class="blank _7"> </span>es <span class="blank _7"> </span>innecesario <span class="blank _7"> </span>recitar <span class="blank _7"> </span>otra <span class="blank _7"> </span>vez <span class="blank _7"> </span>toda <span class="blank _7"> </span>la<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>secuencia <span class="blank _7"> </span>cuando <span class="blank _7"> </span>se <span class="blank _7"> </span>les </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y58 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">pregunta <span class="blank _6"> </span>por <span class="blank _5"> </span>una <span class="blank _5"> </span>cantidad. <span class="blank _6"> </span>Por <span class="blank _5"> </span>ejemplo, <span class="blank _6"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>espués <span class="blank _5"> </span>de <span class="blank _5"> </span>enumerar <span class="blank _6"> </span>cuatro <span class="blank _5"> </span>estrell<span class="blank _0"> </span>as <span class="blank _6"> </span>que <span class="blank _5"> </span>había <span class="blank _6"> </span>en <span class="blank _5"> </span>una </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y65 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">tarjeta, <span class="blank _6"> </span>G<span class="blank _0"> </span>eorge <span class="blank _5"> </span>(sin <span class="blank _5"> </span>volv<span class="blank _0"> </span>er <span class="blank _5"> </span>a <span class="blank _5"> </span>mirar <span class="blank _7"> </span>la <span class="blank _6"> </span>tarjeta) <span class="blank _5"> </span>r<span class="blank _0"> </span>espondió <span class="blank _7"> </span>a <span class="blank _6"> </span>la <span class="blank _5"> </span>p<span class="blank _0"> </span>regunta <span class="blank _5"> </span>¿\u201dCuántas <span class="blank _5"> </span>estrellas<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>hay\u201d? </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y66 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">con: <span class="blank _7"> </span>\u201cPues <span class="blank _5"> </span>ha<span class="blank _0"> </span>y <span class="blank _7"> </span>1, <span class="blank _7"> </span>2, <span class="blank _7"> </span>3 <span class="blank _5"> </span>y <span class="blank _7"> </span>4 <span class="blank _7"> </span>estrellas\u201d. <span class="blank _7"> </span>Sin <span class="blank _7"> </span>embargo, <span class="blank _7"> </span>a <span class="blank _5"> </span>u<span class="blank _0"> </span>na <span class="blank _7"> </span>edad <span class="blank _7"> </span>tan <span class="blank _7"> </span>corta <span class="blank _7"> </span>como <span class="blank _5"> </span>los<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>dos <span class="blank _7"> </span>años <span class="blank _7"> </span>y </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y5b ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">medio <span class="blank _5"> </span>de <span class="blank _7"> </span>edad, <span class="blank _5"> </span>al<span class="blank _0"> </span>gunos <span class="blank _7"> </span>niños <span class="blank _5"> </span>descubren <span class="blank _7"> </span>el <span class="blank _7"> </span>\u201ca<span class="blank _3"></span>tajo\u201d <span class="blank _7"> </span>consistente <span class="blank _5"> </span>en <span class="blank _7"> </span>recitar <span class="blank _5"> </span>la <span class="blank _7"> </span>última <span class="blank _5"> </span>eti<span class="blank _0"> </span>queta <span class="blank _7"> </span>del<span class="blank _3"></span> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y5c ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">proceso <span class="blank _0"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _2"> </span>enum<span class="blank _0"> </span>eración <span class="blank _2"> </span>para <span class="blank _2"> </span>indic<span class="blank _0"> </span>ar <span class="blank _2"> </span>la <span class="blank _2"> </span>c<span class="blank _0"> </span>antidad. <span class="blank _2"> </span>En <span class="blank _6"> </span>el <span class="blank _0"> </span>fondo, <span class="blank _2"> </span>l<span class="blank _0"> </span>a <span class="blank _2"> </span>r<span class="blank _0"> </span>egla <span class="blank _0"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>el <span class="blank _6"> </span>valor <span class="blank _0"> </span>c<span class="blank _0"> </span>ardinal <span class="blank _2"> </span>traduce </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y5d ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">el término <span class="blank _0"> </span>aplicado a u<span class="blank _0"> </span>n <span class="blank _0"> </span>elemento determinado de<span class="blank _0"> </span> un <span class="blank _0"> </span>conjunto (el ú<span class="blank _0"> </span>ltimo) <span class="blank _0"> </span>al término <span class="blank _0"> </span>cardinal que </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y5e ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">representa el conjunto entero. </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y5f ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y60 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">Regla <span class="blank _a"> </span>de <span class="blank _a"> </span>la <span class="blank _a"> </span>cuenta <span class="blank _a"> </span>card<span class="blank _0"> </span>inal. <span class="blank _4"> </span><span class="ff2">La<span class="blank _3"></span> <span class="blank _a"> </span>regla <span class="blank _a"> </span>inversa <span class="blank _a"> </span>a<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _a"> </span>la <span class="blank _a"> </span>del <span class="blank _a"> </span>valor <span class="blank _4"> </span>cardinal <span class="blank _7"> </span>es<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _a"> </span>la <span class="blank _a"> </span>regla <span class="blank _a"> </span>de <span class="blank _a"> </span>la <span class="blank _4"> </span>cuenta </span></div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y61 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">cardinal. Esta <span class="blank _0"> </span>re<span class="blank _0"> </span>gla <span class="blank _0"> </span>especifica <span class="blank _0"> </span>que u<span class="blank _0"> </span>n <span class="blank _0"> </span>término <span class="blank _0"> </span>cardinal <span class="blank _0"> </span>como <span class="blank _0"> </span>\u201c5\u201d <span class="blank _0"> </span>es <span class="blank _0"> </span>la <span class="blank _0"> </span>etiqueta <span class="blank _0"> </span>asignada <span class="blank _0"> </span>al <span class="blank _0"> </span>último </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y62 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">elemento <span class="blank _6"> </span>cuando <span class="blank _2"> </span>se <span class="blank _6"> </span>enumera <span class="blank _6"> </span>un <span class="blank _6"> </span>conjunto <span class="blank _6"> </span>de <span class="blank _2"> </span>cinco <span class="blank _6"> </span>objetos <span class="blank _6"> </span>(Fuson <span class="blank _6"> </span>y <span class="blank _2"> </span>Hal<span class="blank _0"> </span>l, <span class="blank _6"> </span>1983). <span class="blank _6"> </span>Par<span class="blank _3"></span>ece <span class="blank _6"> </span>que <span class="blank _2"> </span>los<span class="blank _0"> </span> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y63 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">niños <span class="blank _4"> </span>tienen <span class="blank _4"> </span>que <span class="blank _4"> </span>aprender <span class="blank _a"> </span>que <span class="blank _4"> </span>un <span class="blank _4"> </span>término <span class="blank _4"> </span>como <span class="blank _4"> </span><span class="ff3">cinco <span class="blank _4"> </span></span>es <span class="blank _4"> </span>al <span class="blank _4"> </span>mismo <span class="blank _4"> </span>tiempo <span class="blank _a"> </span>el<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _4"> </span>nombre <span class="blank _4"> </span>de <span class="blank _a"> </span>u<span class="blank _0"> </span>n </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y64 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">conjunto <span class="blank _2"> </span>(número <span class="blank _2"> </span>cardinal) <span class="blank _6"> </span>y<span class="blank _3"></span> <span class="blank _2"> </span>un <span class="blank _2"> </span>nú<span class="blank _0"> </span>mero <span class="blank _2"> </span>para <span class="blank _2"> </span>cont<span class="blank _0"> </span>ar. <span class="blank _0"> </span>Co<span class="blank _0"> </span>nsideremos <span class="blank _2"> </span>el <span class="blank _2"> </span>caso <span class="blank _6"> </span>de <span class="blank _0"> </span>un <span class="blank _6"> </span>niño <span class="blank _0"> </span>al <span class="blank _6"> </span>que <span class="blank _0"> </span>s<span class="blank _0"> </span>e </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y68 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">da <span class="blank _4"> </span>un <span class="blank _d"> </span>conjunto <span class="blank _4"> </span>de <span class="blank _d"> </span>cinco <span class="blank _4"> </span>canicas <span class="blank _4"> </span>junto<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _4"> </span>con <span class="blank _d"> </span>la <span class="blank _4"> </span>consi<span class="blank _0"> </span>gn<span class="blank _3"></span>a: <span class="blank _d"> </span>\u201cAquí <span class="blank _4"> </span>hay <span class="blank _4"> </span>ci<span class="blank _0"> </span>nco <span class="blank _4"> </span>canicas; <span class="blank _4"> </span>pon <span class="blank _d"> </span>cinco </div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf6" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="6"><div class="pc pc6 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">e-Educa, Cibercultura para la Educación<span class="blank _0"> </span> AC </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">COMPETENCIAS DIDÁCTICAS: MATEMÁTICAS. LECTU<span class="blank _0"> </span>RA 1 <span class="blank _1"> </span>6</div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y37 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">canicas <span class="blank _7"> </span>en <span class="blank _a"> </span>la <span class="blank _7"> </span>taz<span class="blank _0"> </span>a.\u201d <span class="blank _7"> </span>El <span class="blank _a"> </span>niño <span class="blank _7"> </span>q<span class="blank _0"> </span>ue <span class="blank _7"> </span>no <span class="blank _a"> </span>aprecia <span class="blank _7"> </span>la <span class="blank _a"> </span>regla <span class="blank _7"> </span>de <span class="blank _a"> </span>la <span class="blank _7"> </span>cuenta <span class="blank _a"> </span>cardinal <span class="blank _7"> </span>t<span class="blank _0"> </span>iene <span class="blank _7"> </span>qu<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _7"> </span>ponerse <span class="blank _7"> </span>a<span class="blank _0"> </span> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y38 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">contar <span class="blank _7"> </span>las <span class="blank _a"> </span>canicas <span class="blank _a"> </span>a <span class="blank _a"> </span>medid<span class="blank _0"> </span>a <span class="blank _7"> </span>que <span class="blank _a"> </span>las <span class="blank _7"> </span>v<span class="blank _0"> </span>a <span class="blank _a"> </span>soltando <span class="blank _a"> </span>en <span class="blank _7"> </span>la <span class="blank _a"> </span>taza. <span class="blank _a"> </span>Este <span class="blank _a"> </span>niño <span class="blank _a"> </span>no <span class="blank _a"> </span>puede <span class="blank _7"> </span>pr<span class="blank _0"> </span>ever <span class="blank _a"> </span>que <span class="blank _7"> </span>l<span class="blank _0"> </span>a </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y39 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">etiqueta cinco<span class="ff3 ls3"> </span>empleada <span class="blank _0"> </span>para desi<span class="blank _0"> </span>gnar el <span class="blank _0"> </span>conjunto <span class="blank _0"> </span>es <span class="blank _0"> </span>la <span class="blank _0"> </span>misma que <span class="blank _0"> </span>se <span class="blank _0"> </span>debe <span class="blank _0"> </span>aplicar al <span class="blank _2"> </span>resultado de </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y3a ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">contar el conjunto. <span class="blank _0"> </span>En cambio, <span class="blank _0"> </span>el niño <span class="blank _0"> </span>que da por <span class="blank _0"> </span>sentada la regla de l<span class="blank _0"> </span>a cuen<span class="blank _0"> </span>ta cardinal se limita <span class="blank _0"> </span>a </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y3b ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">colocar todo el conjunto en la taza sin contar. </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y3c ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y3d ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">Separación. <span class="blank _7"> </span><span class="ff2">C<span class="blank _0"> </span>ontar <span class="blank _a"> </span>(separar) <span class="blank _7"> </span>un <span class="blank _a"> </span>número <span class="blank _a"> </span>concret<span class="blank _0"> </span>o <span class="blank _7"> </span>de <span class="blank _a"> </span>objetos <span class="blank _a"> </span>es <span class="blank _a"> </span>una <span class="blank _7"> </span>té<span class="blank _0"> </span>cnica <span class="blank _7"> </span>q<span class="blank _0"> </span>ue <span class="blank _a"> </span>empleamos <span class="blank _a"> </span>a </span></div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y3e ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">diario <span class="blank"> </span>(por <span class="blank _c"> </span>ejemplo, <span class="blank _c"> </span>«Dame <span class="blank"> </span>tr<span class="blank _0"> </span>es <span class="blank"> </span>lápi<span class="blank _0"> </span>ces», <span class="blank"> </span>\u201c<span class="blank _0"> </span>Me <span class="blank"> </span>quedare <span class="blank _c"> </span>con <span class="blank"> </span>cu<span class="blank _0"> </span>atro <span class="blank _c"> </span>camisas\u201d, <span class="blank"> </span>\u201cToma <span class="blank _c"> </span>cinco </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y3f ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">clavos\u201d). <span class="blank _2"> </span>Sin <span class="blank _2"> </span>embar<span class="blank _0"> </span>go, <span class="blank _2"> </span>no <span class="blank _2"> </span>se <span class="blank _2"> </span>t<span class="blank _0"> </span>rata <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _2"> </span>una <span class="blank _2"> </span>tar<span class="blank _0"> </span>ea <span class="blank _2"> </span>cognoscitiva <span class="blank _2"> </span>sen<span class="blank _0"> </span>cilla <span class="blank _2"> </span>porque <span class="blank _2"> </span>i<span class="blank _0"> </span>mplica: <span class="blank _2"> </span>a) <span class="blank _2"> </span>observar </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y40 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">y <span class="blank _6"> </span>recordar <span class="blank _5"> </span>el <span class="blank _6"> </span>número <span class="blank _5"> </span>de <span class="blank _6"> </span>elementos <span class="blank _5"> </span>solicitado <span class="blank _5"> </span>(el <span class="blank _6"> </span>objetivo<span class="blank _0"> </span>); <span class="blank _6"> </span>b) <span class="blank _5"> </span>etiquetar <span class="blank _6"> </span>cada <span class="blank _5"> </span>elemento <span class="blank _6"> </span>separado </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y41 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">con una etiqueta numérica, <span class="blank _0"> </span>y c) controlar <span class="blank _0"> </span>y detener el proceso de separación. <span class="blank _0"> </span>En otras palabras, se<span class="blank _0"> </span> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y42 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">requiere <span class="blank _0"> </span>almacenar <span class="blank _0"> </span>el <span class="blank _0"> </span>o<span class="blank _0"> </span>bjetivo <span class="blank _2"> </span>en <span class="blank _0"> </span>la <span class="blank _0"> </span>me<span class="blank _0"> </span>moria <span class="blank _0"> </span>de <span class="blank _0"> </span>tr<span class="blank _0"> </span>abajo, <span class="blank _0"> </span>un <span class="blank _0"> </span>proceso <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _0"> </span>enu<span class="blank _0"> </span>meración <span class="blank _0"> </span>y, <span class="blank _2"> </span>al <span class="blank _0"> </span>mismo </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y43 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">tiempo, <span class="blank _7"> </span>ir <span class="blank _7"> </span>comparando <span class="blank _7"> </span>l<span class="blank _0"> </span>os <span class="blank _7"> </span>números <span class="blank _7"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>el <span class="blank _7"> </span>proceso <span class="blank _7"> </span>de <span class="blank _a"> </span>enumeración <span class="blank _7"> </span>con <span class="blank _7"> </span>el <span class="blank _a"> </span>número <span class="blank _7"> </span>almacenado <span class="blank _a"> </span>y </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y44 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">detener <span class="blank _7"> </span>este <span class="blank _7"> </span>proceso <span class="blank _7"> </span>cuando <span class="blank _7"> </span>se <span class="blank _7"> </span>llegan <span class="blank _7"> </span>a <span class="blank _5"> </span>i<span class="blank _0"> </span>gualar <span class="blank _7"> </span>(Resnick <span class="blank _a"> </span>y <span class="blank _7"> </span>Ford, <span class="blank _5"> </span>19<span class="blank _0"> </span>81). <span class="blank _7"> </span>La <span class="blank _7"> </span>regla <span class="blank _7"> </span>de <span class="blank _7"> </span>la <span class="blank _7"> </span>cuenta </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y45 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">cardinal <span class="blank _d"> </span>ofrece <span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank _3"></span>l <span class="blank _d"> </span>niño<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank"> </span>una <span class="blank _4"> </span>r<span class="blank _0"> </span>azón <span class="blank _d"> </span>par<span class="blank _0"> </span>a <span class="blank _d"> </span>tomar <span class="blank"> </span>nota <span class="blank _d"> </span>del <span class="blank _d"> </span>objetivo<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _d"> </span>en <span class="blank _d"> </span>l<span class="blank _0"> </span>a <span class="blank _d"> </span>memoria <span class="blank"> </span>d<span class="blank _3"></span>e <span class="blank"> </span>tr<span class="blank _3"></span>abajo <span class="blank"> </span>y </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y46 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">constituye <span class="blank"> </span>la <span class="blank _c"> </span>base <span class="blank _c"> </span>para<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _c"> </span>detener <span class="blank"> </span>el <span class="blank _c"> </span>proceso <span class="blank _c"> </span>de<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank"> </span>enu<span class="blank _0"> </span>meración <span class="blank"> </span>(B<span class="blank _0"> </span>aroody <span class="blank _c"> </span>y <span class="blank"> </span>Mason, <span class="blank _c"> </span>1984). <span class="blank _c"> </span>Por </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y47 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">ejemplo, si <span class="blank _0"> </span>se <span class="blank _0"> </span>pide <span class="blank _2"> </span>a un <span class="blank _0"> </span>n<span class="blank _0"> </span>iño <span class="blank _0"> </span>que separ<span class="blank _0"> </span>e tres <span class="blank _0"> </span>lápices <span class="blank _0"> </span>tiene <span class="blank _0"> </span>que <span class="blank _0"> </span>darse <span class="blank _0"> </span>cuenta <span class="blank _0"> </span>de <span class="blank _0"> </span>que <span class="blank _0"> </span>para r<span class="blank _0"> </span>ealizar <span class="blank _0"> </span>la </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y48 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">tarea <span class="blank _0"> </span>es <span class="blank _2"> </span>importante <span class="blank _2"> </span>recor<span class="blank _0"> </span>dar <span class="blank _2"> </span>\u201ctres\u201d <span class="blank _2"> </span>y <span class="blank _0"> </span>qu<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _0"> </span>debe <span class="blank _2"> </span>parar <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _2"> </span>contar <span class="blank _0"> </span>láp<span class="blank _0"> </span>ices <span class="blank _2"> </span>cuando <span class="blank _2"> </span>llegue <span class="blank _2"> </span>a <span class="blank _0"> </span>la <span class="blank _2"> </span>eti<span class="blank _0"> </span>queta </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y49 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">\u201ctres\u201d. </div><div class="t m2 x2 h8 y69 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h8 y6a ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">Comparación de magnitudes </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y4c ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y4d ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">Cuando tienen u<span class="blank _0"> </span>nos tres <span class="blank _0"> </span>años de <span class="blank _0"> </span>edad, los<span class="blank _0"> </span> niños descubren q<span class="blank _0"> </span>ue los <span class="blank _0"> </span>términos <span class="blank _0"> </span>para contar <span class="blank _0"> </span>más altos </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y4e ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">se asocian <span class="blank _2"> </span>a m<span class="blank _0"> </span>agnitudes <span class="blank _0"> </span>superiores (<span class="blank _0"> </span>Wagner <span class="blank _0"> </span>y <span class="blank _0"> </span>Walters, 19<span class="blank _0"> </span>82). Así <span class="blank _0"> </span>se <span class="blank _0"> </span>dan <span class="blank _0"> </span>cuenta <span class="blank _0"> </span>de <span class="blank _0"> </span>que <span class="blank _0"> </span>\u201cdos\u201d no<span class="blank _0"> </span> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y4f ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">sólo sigue a \u201cuno\u201d sino que también representa un<span class="blank _0"> </span>a cantidad mayor. Hacia los 3 años <span class="blank _0"> </span>y med<span class="blank _3"></span>io, los </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y50 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">niños <span class="blank _5"> </span>suelen <span class="blank _5"> </span>apreciar <span class="blank _5"> </span>qu<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _5"> </span>\u201ctres\u201d <span class="blank _5"> </span>es <span class="blank _5"> </span>ma<span class="blank _0"> </span>yor <span class="blank _6"> </span>qu<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _5"> </span>\u201cdos\u201d <span class="blank _5"> </span>(Shaeffer <span class="blank _5"> </span><span class="ff3">et <span class="blank _5"> </span>a<span class="blank _0"> </span>l., <span class="blank _5"> </span></span>1974). <span class="blank _5"> </span>Partiendo <span class="blank _5"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _5"> </span>estos </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y51 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">datos, <span class="blank _2"> </span>los<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _2"> </span>niñ<span class="blank _0"> </span>os <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _6"> </span>cerca <span class="blank _6"> </span>de <span class="blank _2"> </span>cuatro <span class="blank _6"> </span>años <span class="blank _2"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _6"> </span>edad <span class="blank _2"> </span>p<span class="blank _0"> </span>arecen <span class="blank _2"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>escubrir <span class="blank _2"> </span>una <span class="blank _6"> </span>regla <span class="blank _6"> </span>general: <span class="blank _2"> </span>el <span class="blank _6"> </span>término </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y52 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">numérico <span class="blank"> </span>que <span class="blank _d"> </span>viene <span class="blank"> </span>después <span class="blank"> </span>en <span class="blank"> </span>la <span class="blank"> </span>secuencia <span class="blank _d"> </span>si<span class="blank _0"> </span>gnifica <span class="blank"> </span>\u201cmás\u201d <span class="blank"> </span>que <span class="blank"> </span>e<span class="blank _3"></span>l <span class="blank"> </span>término <span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank _3"></span> <span class="blank"> </span>un <span class="blank"> </span>número </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y53 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">anterior. <span class="blank _2"> </span>Aun <span class="blank _0"> </span>ant<span class="blank _0"> </span>es <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _2"> </span>entrar <span class="blank _2"> </span>en <span class="blank _0"> </span>l<span class="blank _0"> </span>a <span class="blank _2"> </span>escuela, <span class="blank _0"> </span>l<span class="blank _0"> </span>os <span class="blank _0"> </span>n<span class="blank _0"> </span>iños <span class="blank _2"> </span>parecen <span class="blank _2"> </span>usar <span class="blank _2"> </span>su <span class="blank _2"> </span>represent<span class="blank _0"> </span>ación <span class="blank _0"> </span>ment<span class="blank _0"> </span>al <span class="blank _0"> </span>de <span class="blank _6"> </span>la </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y54 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">serie <span class="blank _6"> </span>nu<span class="blank _0"> </span>mérica <span class="blank _6"> </span>para <span class="blank _6"> </span>h<span class="blank _0"> </span>acer <span class="blank _5"> </span>comparaciones <span class="blank _6"> </span>t<span class="blank _0"> </span>oscas, <span class="blank _5"> </span>pero <span class="blank _6"> </span>ef<span class="blank _0"> </span>icaces, <span class="blank _6"> </span>entre <span class="blank _5"> </span>magni<span class="blank _0"> </span>tudes, <span class="blank _6"> </span>es <span class="blank _5"> </span>decir, <span class="blank _6"> </span>par<span class="blank _0"> </span>a </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y55 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">comparar <span class="blank _0"> </span>con <span class="blank _2"> </span>rapidez <span class="blank _6"> </span>y<span class="blank _3"></span> <span class="blank _2"> </span>exactitud <span class="blank _2"> </span>dos <span class="blank _2"> </span>números <span class="blank _0"> </span>bastante <span class="blank _2"> </span>separados <span class="blank _0"> </span>entr<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _0"> </span>sí <span class="blank _6"> </span>dentro <span class="blank _0"> </span>de <span class="blank _0"> </span>la <span class="blank _2"> </span>secuencia </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y56 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">(por <span class="blank _6"> </span>ejemplo, <span class="blank _6"> </span>el <span class="blank _6"> </span>3 <span class="blank _5"> </span>y <span class="blank _6"> </span>el <span class="blank _6"> </span>9, <span class="blank _6"> </span>o <span class="blank _6"> </span>el <span class="blank _6"> </span>2 <span class="blank _5"> </span>y<span class="blank _3"></span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>el <span class="blank _6"> </span>8) <span class="blank _6"> </span>(Resnick, <span class="blank _5"> </span>1983). <span class="blank _6"> </span>A <span class="blank _6"> </span>medida <span class="blank _6"> </span>que <span class="blank _6"> </span>la <span class="blank _6"> </span>relación <span class="blank _6"> </span>\u201cel <span class="blank _6"> </span>si<span class="blank _0"> </span>guiente </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y57 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">de\u201d <span class="blank _7"> </span>se <span class="blank _7"> </span>va <span class="blank _7"> </span>haciendo <span class="blank _a"> </span>automática, <span class="blank _a"> </span>los <span class="blank _7"> </span>niños <span class="blank _a"> </span>pueden <span class="blank _7"> </span>llegar <span class="blank _7"> </span>a <span class="blank _7"> </span>ser <span class="blank _7"> </span>cap<span class="blank _0"> </span>aces <span class="blank _7"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _7"> </span>hacer <span class="blank _7"> </span>compara<span class="blank _0"> </span>ciones </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y58 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">entre <span class="blank _2"> </span>magnitudes <span class="blank _0"> </span>m<span class="blank _0"> </span>ás <span class="blank _0"> </span>pr<span class="blank _0"> </span>óximas <span class="blank _0"> </span>(entre<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _0"> </span>nú<span class="blank _0"> </span>meros <span class="blank _0"> </span>s<span class="blank _0"> </span>eguidos). <span class="blank _2"> </span>En <span class="blank _0"> </span>r<span class="blank _0"> </span>ealidad, <span class="blank _2"> </span>cuando <span class="blank _0"> </span>l<span class="blank _0"> </span>a <span class="blank _2"> </span>mayoría <span class="blank _0"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _2"> </span>los </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y65 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">niños <span class="blank _7"> </span>e<span class="blank _3"></span>mpiezan <span class="blank _5"> </span>a <span class="blank _7"> </span>asistir <span class="blank _5"> </span>al <span class="blank _7"> </span>parv<span class="blank _3"></span>ulario <span class="blank _7"> </span>ya <span class="blank _5"> </span>pueden <span class="blank _5"> </span>realizar <span class="blank _7"> </span>con <span class="blank _6"> </span>b<span class="blank _0"> </span>astante <span class="blank _5"> </span>precisió<span class="blank _0"> </span>n <span class="blank _5"> </span>comparaciones<span class="blank _0"> </span> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y66 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">entre números adyacentes hasta el 5 e incluso hasta el 10. </div><div class="t m2 x2 h8 y6b ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h8 y6c ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">B) <span class="blank _10"> </span>IMPLICACIONES <span class="blank _11"> </span>EDUCATIVAS: <span class="blank _11"> </span>DIFICULT<span class="blank _0"> </span>ADES <span class="blank _11"> </span>PARA <span class="blank _11"> </span>CONTAR <span class="blank _11"> </span>Y </div><div class="t m2 x2 h8 y6d ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">SOLUCIONES </div><div class="t m2 x2 h8 y6e ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h8 y67 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">Contar oralmente </div><div class="t m2 x2 ha y60 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y61 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">Serie <span class="blank _7"> </span>numérica. <span class="blank _7"> </span><span class="ff2">L<span class="blank _3"></span>a <span class="blank _7"> </span>mayoría <span class="blank _7"> </span>de <span class="blank _5"> </span>los <span class="blank _7"> </span>niños, <span class="blank _7"> </span>incluyendo <span class="blank _7"> </span>los <span class="blank _5"> </span>que <span class="blank _7"> </span>pertenecen <span class="blank _7"> </span>a <span class="blank _7"> </span>minorías <span class="blank _7"> </span>y<span class="blank _3"></span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>a <span class="blank _7"> </span>clases </span></div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y62 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">sociales <span class="blank _2"> </span>desfavore<span class="blank _0"> </span>cidas, <span class="blank _6"> </span>rec<span class="blank _3"></span>iben <span class="blank _2"> </span>u<span class="blank _0"> </span>na <span class="blank _2"> </span>ex<span class="blank _0"> </span>posición <span class="blank _6"> </span>intensa<span class="blank _3"></span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>a <span class="blank _2"> </span>la <span class="blank _2"> </span>p<span class="blank _0"> </span>rimera <span class="blank _2"> </span>parte <span class="blank _6"> </span>(la <span class="blank _2"> </span>memorística) <span class="blank _6"> </span>de <span class="blank _2"> </span>la </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y63 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">serie <span class="blank _0"> </span>numéric<span class="blank _0"> </span>a <span class="blank _0"> </span>por <span class="blank _2"> </span>parte <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _0"> </span>fa<span class="blank _0"> </span>miliares, <span class="blank _0"> </span>amigos, <span class="blank _2"> </span>personal <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _2"> </span>guardería, <span class="blank _0"> </span>l<span class="blank _0"> </span>a <span class="blank _0"> </span>te<span class="blank _0"> </span>levisión, <span class="blank _2"> </span>etc., <span class="blank _0"> </span>antes <span class="blank _2"> </span>de </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y64 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">llegar <span class="blank _c"> </span>a <span class="blank _c"> </span>la <span class="blank _c"> </span>escuela. <span class="blank _8"> </span>Si <span class="blank _c"> </span>un <span class="blank _c"> </span>niño<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _c"> </span>que <span class="blank _c"> </span>acaba <span class="blank"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _c"> </span>i<span class="blank _0"> </span>ncorporar<span class="blank _3"></span>se <span class="blank _8"> </span>al <span class="blank _c"> </span>jardín <span class="blank _c"> </span>de <span class="blank _c"> </span>infancia <span class="blank _8"> </span>manifiesta </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y68 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">incapacidad <span class="blank _0"> </span>para <span class="blank _0"> </span>generar <span class="blank _0"> </span>la <span class="blank _2"> </span>secuencia m<span class="blank _0"> </span>emorística <span class="blank _0"> </span>hasta <span class="blank _0"> </span>un <span class="blank _0"> </span>mínimo <span class="blank _0"> </span>de <span class="blank _0"> </span>1<span class="blank _0"> </span>0, <span class="blank _0"> </span>puede <span class="blank _0"> </span>dar <span class="blank _0"> </span>señal <span class="blank _0"> </span>de <span class="blank _0"> </span>un<span class="blank _0"> </span> </div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf7" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="7"><div class="pc pc7 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">e-Educa, Cibercultura para la Educación<span class="blank _0"> </span> AC </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">COMPETENCIAS DIDÁCTICAS: MATEMÁTICAS. LECTU<span class="blank _0"> </span>RA 1 <span class="blank _1"> </span>7</div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y37 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">problema <span class="blank _0"> </span>grave <span class="blank _0"> </span>y de <span class="blank _0"> </span>la <span class="blank _0"> </span>n<span class="blank _0"> </span>ecesidad de <span class="blank _0"> </span>una <span class="blank _0"> </span>intervención<span class="blank _0"> </span> de <span class="blank _0"> </span>apo<span class="blank _0"> </span>yo inmediata <span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _0"> </span>intensiva <span class="blank _0"> </span>(Barood<span class="blank _0"> </span>y y </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y38 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">Ginsburg, <span class="blank"> </span>1<span class="blank _0"> </span>982b). <span class="blank _c"> </span>Aunque <span class="blank _8"> </span>se <span class="blank _c"> </span>dan <span class="blank _c"> </span>grandes <span class="blank _c"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>iferencias <span class="blank _c"> </span>individ<span class="blank _0"> </span>uales, <span class="blank _c"> </span>el <span class="blank _c"> </span>dominio <span class="blank _c"> </span>de <span class="blank _c"> </span>l<span class="blank _0"> </span>a <span class="blank _c"> </span>parte </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y39 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">memorística d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e la <span class="blank _0"> </span>serie <span class="blank _0"> </span>numérica <span class="blank _0"> </span>no <span class="blank _0"> </span>debería d<span class="blank _0"> </span>arse <span class="blank _0"> </span>por <span class="blank _0"> </span>sentado <span class="blank _0"> </span>en niño<span class="blank _0"> </span>s atr<span class="blank _0"> </span>asados del <span class="blank _0"> </span>ciclo <span class="blank _0"> </span>medio<span class="blank _0"> </span> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y3a ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">(Barood<span class="blank _0"> </span>y<span class="blank _3"></span> <span class="blank _a"> </span>y <span class="blank _7"> </span>Ginsburg, <span class="blank _7"> </span>1984<span class="blank _0"> </span>). <span class="blank _7"> </span>La <span class="blank _7"> </span>ma<span class="blank _0"> </span>yoría <span class="blank _7"> </span>de <span class="blank _a"> </span>los <span class="blank _7"> </span>niños <span class="blank _7"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _7"> </span>cuatro <span class="blank _4"> </span>y<span class="blank _3"></span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>medio <span class="blank _a"> </span>a <span class="blank _7"> </span>seis <span class="blank _7"> </span>años <span class="blank _7"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _a"> </span>edad </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y3b ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">pueden <span class="blank _d"> </span>llegar <span class="blank"> </span>a <span class="blank _d"> </span>contar <span class="blank"> </span>h<span class="blank _3"></span>asta <span class="blank _d"> </span>29 <span class="blank _d"> </span>ó <span class="blank _d"> </span>39<span class="blank _0"> </span>. <span class="blank"> </span>S<span class="blank _3"></span>in <span class="blank"> </span>e<span class="blank _3"></span>mbargo, <span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank _3"></span> <span class="blank _d"> </span>dado <span class="blank"> </span>q<span class="blank _3"></span>ue <span class="blank"> </span>to<span class="blank _3"></span>davía <span class="blank _d"> </span>no <span class="blank"> </span>han <span class="blank _d"> </span>resuelto <span class="blank"> </span>e<span class="blank _3"></span>l </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y3c ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">problema de las <span class="blank _0"> </span>decenas,<span class="blank _0"> </span> muchos d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e ellos so<span class="blank _0"> </span>n incapaces de <span class="blank _0"> </span>ampliar l<span class="blank _0"> </span>a parte <span class="blank _0"> </span>regida por r<span class="blank _0"> </span>eglas <span class="blank _0"> </span>más </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y3d ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">allá <span class="blank _5"> </span>de <span class="blank _7"> </span>estas <span class="blank _6"> </span>cifras. <span class="blank _7"> </span>Muchos <span class="blank _7"> </span>niños <span class="blank _5"> </span>pequeños <span class="blank _5"> </span>con <span class="blank _5"> </span>retraso <span class="blank _7"> </span>mental <span class="blank _5"> </span>necesitarán <span class="blank _7"> </span>ay<span class="blank _3"></span>uda <span class="blank _5"> </span>p<span class="blank _0"> </span>ara <span class="blank _5"> </span>llegar <span class="blank _7"> </span>a </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y3e ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">dominar incluso la primera parte de la secuencia re<span class="blank _0"> </span>gida por reglas (del 16 al 19 y del 20 al 29). </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y3f ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y40 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">A <span class="blank _7"> </span>partir <span class="blank _a"> </span>del <span class="blank _a"> </span>15, <span class="blank _7"> </span>aprox<span class="blank _0"> </span>imadamente, <span class="blank _7"> </span>la <span class="blank _a"> </span>enseñanza <span class="blank _a"> </span>de <span class="blank _7"> </span>l<span class="blank _0"> </span>a <span class="blank _7"> </span>serie <span class="blank _7"> </span>n<span class="blank _0"> </span>umérica <span class="blank _7"> </span>n<span class="blank _0"> </span>o <span class="blank _a"> </span>debería <span class="blank _7"> </span>insistir <span class="blank _a"> </span>en <span class="blank _a"> </span>la </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y41 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">memorización. <span class="blank _b"> </span>En <span class="blank _b"> </span>cambio, <span class="blank _b"> </span>s<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _b"> </span>debería <span class="blank _b"> </span>animar <span class="blank _b"> </span>a <span class="blank _b"> </span>los <span class="blank _b"> </span>n<span class="blank _0"> </span>iños <span class="blank _b"> </span>a <span class="blank _b"> </span>buscar <span class="blank _12"> </span>y<span class="blank _3"></span> <span class="blank _b"> </span>discutir <span class="blank _b"> </span>las <span class="blank _12"> </span>pautas </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y42 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">subyacentes <span class="blank _7"> </span>a <span class="blank _a"> </span>la <span class="blank _a"> </span>serie <span class="blank _a"> </span>n<span class="blank _0"> </span>umérica. <span class="blank _7"> </span>En <span class="blank _a"> </span>algunos <span class="blank _a"> </span>casos, <span class="blank _a"> </span>el <span class="blank _a"> </span>maestro <span class="blank _7"> </span>p<span class="blank _0"> </span>uede <span class="blank _a"> </span>tener <span class="blank _a"> </span>que <span class="blank _7"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>ar <span class="blank _a"> </span>\u201cpistas\u201d <span class="blank _7"> </span>o </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y43 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">ayudar <span class="blank _6"> </span>a <span class="blank _6"> </span>que <span class="blank _6"> </span>l<span class="blank _0"> </span>as <span class="blank _6"> </span>pautas <span class="blank _5"> </span>se <span class="blank _6"> </span>hagan <span class="blank _6"> </span>ex<span class="blank _0"> </span>plícitas <span class="blank _6"> </span>(véas<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _6"> </span>el <span class="blank _6"> </span>eje<span class="blank _0"> </span>mplo <span class="blank _6"> </span>6.1). <span class="blank _6"> </span>Además, <span class="blank _6"> </span>es <span class="blank _5"> </span>positivo <span class="blank _6"> </span>que<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>los </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y44 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">niños <span class="blank _6"> </span>cometan <span class="blank _6"> </span>errores <span class="blank _6"> </span>al<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>aplicar <span class="blank _6"> </span>reglas <span class="blank _6"> </span>como <span class="blank _6"> </span>sust<span class="blank _0"> </span>ituir <span class="blank _6"> </span>30 <span class="blank _6"> </span>po<span class="blank _0"> </span>r <span class="blank _6"> </span>\u201cveintidiez\u201d. <span class="blank _6"> </span>Se <span class="blank _6"> </span>trata <span class="blank _6"> </span>de <span class="blank _6"> </span>un<span class="blank _0"> </span>a <span class="blank _6"> </span>señal </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y45 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">prometedora <span class="blank _4"> </span>porque <span class="blank _4"> </span>ind<span class="blank _0"> </span>ica <span class="blank _a"> </span>el <span class="blank _d"> </span>reconocimiento <span class="blank _4"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _4"> </span>una <span class="blank _4"> </span>pauta <span class="blank _4"> </span>nu<span class="blank _0"> </span>mérica <span class="blank _d"> </span>y <span class="blank _4"> </span>constituye <span class="blank _4"> </span>un <span class="blank _4"> </span>intento </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y46 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">activo, <span class="blank _c"> </span>por <span class="blank _c"> </span>part<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _c"> </span>del <span class="blank _c"> </span>niñ<span class="blank _0"> </span>o, <span class="blank _c"> </span>de <span class="blank _c"> </span>tratar <span class="blank _8"> </span>con <span class="blank _c"> </span>lo <span class="blank _c"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>esconocido <span class="blank _c"> </span>en <span class="blank _8"> </span>función <span class="blank _c"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _c"> </span>las <span class="blank _c"> </span>re<span class="blank _0"> </span>glas <span class="blank _c"> </span>o <span class="blank _c"> </span>de <span class="blank _c"> </span>l<span class="blank _0"> </span>a </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y47 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">comprensión <span class="blank _0"> </span>que <span class="blank _0"> </span>ya tiene. <span class="blank _0"> </span>C<span class="blank _0"> </span>uando un <span class="blank _0"> </span>niño <span class="blank _0"> </span>comet<span class="blank _0"> </span>e un <span class="blank _0"> </span>error <span class="blank _0"> </span>al <span class="blank _0"> </span>aplicar <span class="blank _0"> </span>una <span class="blank _0"> </span>r<span class="blank _0"> </span>egla, el <span class="blank _0"> </span>maestro <span class="blank _0"> </span>puede </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y48 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">aprovechar <span class="blank _6"> </span>el <span class="blank _6"> </span>conoci<span class="blank _0"> </span>miento <span class="blank _6"> </span>que <span class="blank _6"> </span>ya <span class="blank _6"> </span>tiene <span class="blank _6"> </span>diciéndole, <span class="blank _5"> </span>por <span class="blank _6"> </span>ejemplo: <span class="blank _5"> </span>\u201c<span class="ff3">Otro <span class="blank _6"> </span>nombre</span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>para <span class="blank _6"> </span>veintidiez </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y49 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">es <span class="blank _a"> </span>30\u201d. <span class="blank _a"> </span>Se <span class="blank _4"> </span>trata <span class="blank _a"> </span>de <span class="blank _a"> </span>una <span class="blank _4"> </span>manera <span class="blank _a"> </span>constructiva <span class="blank _a"> </span>de <span class="blank _4"> </span>corregir <span class="blank _a"> </span>al <span class="blank _a"> </span>niño <span class="blank _a"> </span>porque<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _a"> </span>el <span class="blank _a"> </span>maestro <span class="blank _4"> </span>aprecia <span class="blank _a"> </span>su </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y4a ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">capacidad para pensar sin dejar de ofrecerle el <span class="ff3 ws1">feedback</span> necesario para su desarrollo posterior. </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y4b ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y4c ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">Ejemplo 6.1. <span class="ff2">Empleo de pautas para enseñar las decenas </span></div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y4d ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y4e ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">Aun <span class="blank"> </span>los <span class="blank"> </span>niños <span class="blank"> </span>algo <span class="blank"> </span>retrasados <span class="blank"> </span>pueden <span class="blank"> </span>beneficiarse <span class="blank"> </span>de <span class="blank"> </span>la <span class="blank"> </span>instrucción <span class="blank"> </span>que <span class="blank"> </span>explota <span class="blank"> </span>las <span class="blank"> </span>pautas </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y4f ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">subyacentes <span class="blank _6"> </span>a <span class="blank _5"> </span>la <span class="blank _5"> </span>serie <span class="blank _6"> </span>numérica. <span class="blank _5"> </span>Tomemos <span class="blank _5"> </span>el <span class="blank _6"> </span>c<span class="blank _0"> </span>aso <span class="blank _6"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _6"> </span>Mike, <span class="blank _6"> </span>un <span class="blank _5"> </span>hombre <span class="blank _5"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _6"> </span>veinte <span class="blank _6"> </span>añ<span class="blank _0"> </span>os <span class="blank _6"> </span>de <span class="blank _5"> </span>edad </div><div class="t m2 x2 h8 y50 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">con <span class="blank _5"> </span>un <span class="blank _5"> </span>CI <span class="blank _5"> </span>de <span class="blank _5"> </span>4<span class="blank _0"> </span>0.<span class="ff1 ls4"> </span>Mike <span class="blank _6"> </span>t<span class="blank _0"> </span>rataba <span class="blank _5"> </span>de <span class="blank _5"> </span>aprender <span class="blank _7"> </span>cómo <span class="blank _6"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>ecir <span class="blank _5"> </span>la <span class="blank _5"> </span>hora <span class="blank _5"> </span>ajus<span class="blank _0"> </span>tándola <span class="blank _5"> </span>a <span class="blank _5"> </span>los <span class="blank _5"> </span>cinco <span class="blank _7"> </span>minutos </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y51 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">más p<span class="blank _0"> </span>róximos, <span class="blank _0"> </span>pero <span class="blank _0"> </span>co<span class="blank _0"> </span>mo <span class="blank _0"> </span>no <span class="blank _0"> </span>conocía <span class="blank _0"> </span>las <span class="blank _2"> </span>decenas <span class="blank _0"> </span>su<span class="blank _0"> </span>periores <span class="blank _0"> </span>a <span class="blank _0"> </span>30, <span class="blank _0"> </span>no <span class="blank _2"> </span>podía <span class="blank _0"> </span>pasar <span class="blank _0"> </span>de <span class="blank _0"> </span>35. <span class="blank _2"> </span>Después </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y52 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">de 35 <span class="blank _0"> </span>se limitaba a repetir<span class="blank _0"> </span> expresiones <span class="blank _0"> </span>usadas previamente (por eje<span class="blank _0"> </span>mplo, 5, 10<span class="blank _0"> </span>, 15, 20, <span class="blank _0"> </span>25, 30, 35, </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y53 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">30a). <span class="blank _0"> </span><span class="ff2">Para <span class="blank _0"> </span>establecer <span class="blank _0"> </span>una <span class="blank _2"> </span>conexión <span class="blank _2"> </span>entre <span class="blank _0"> </span>la <span class="blank _0"> </span>secuencia d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _0"> </span>las <span class="blank _0"> </span>unidades <span class="blank _2"> </span>y las <span class="blank _2"> </span>decenas, <span class="blank _0"> </span>l<span class="blank _0"> </span>a <span class="blank _0"> </span>educadora </span></div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y54 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">de <span class="blank _6"> </span>Mike <span class="blank _5"> </span>escribió <span class="blank _5"> </span>los <span class="blank _5"> </span>números <span class="blank _6"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>el <span class="blank _6"> </span>1 <span class="blank _6"> </span>al<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>6 <span class="blank _5"> </span>en <span class="blank _5"> </span>una <span class="blank _5"> </span>tarjeta. <span class="blank _6"> </span>Deb<span class="blank _0"> </span>ajo <span class="blank _6"> </span>de <span class="blank _5"> </span>cada <span class="blank _5"> </span>cifra <span class="blank _6"> </span>es<span class="blank _0"> </span>cribió <span class="blank _6"> </span>la <span class="blank _5"> </span>decena </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y55 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">correspondiente <span class="blank _2"> </span>y l<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _0"> </span>explicó <span class="blank _0"> </span>que <span class="blank _2"> </span>podía <span class="blank _0"> </span>usar <span class="blank _2"> </span>los <span class="blank _0"> </span>primeros <span class="blank _0"> </span>núm<span class="blank _0"> </span>eros <span class="blank _0"> </span>que <span class="blank _0"> </span>e<span class="blank _0"> </span>mpleaba p<span class="blank _0"> </span>ara <span class="blank _0"> </span>contar <span class="blank _0"> </span>p<span class="blank _0"> </span>ara </div><div class="t m2 x2 h8 y56 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">averiguar <span class="blank _0"> </span>l<span class="blank _0"> </span>as <span class="blank _0"> </span>decenas. <span class="blank _2"> </span>\u201c¿Ves? <span class="blank _2"> </span>El <span class="blank _2"> </span>1 <span class="blank _2"> </span>es <span class="blank _0"> </span>como <span class="blank _0"> </span>el<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _2"> </span>10, <span class="blank _2"> </span>el <span class="blank _0"> </span>2 <span class="blank _2"> </span>como <span class="blank _0"> </span>el <span class="blank _2"> </span>20<span class="ff1">, <span class="blank _2"> </span></span>el <span class="blank _2"> </span>3 <span class="blank _2"> </span>como el <span class="blank _2"> </span>30, <span class="blank _2"> </span>el <span class="blank _2"> </span>4 <span class="blank _2"> </span>como <span class="blank _0"> </span>el </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y57 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">40, <span class="blank _2"> </span>el <span class="blank _2"> </span>5 <span class="blank _2"> </span>co<span class="blank _0"> </span>mo <span class="blank _2"> </span>el <span class="blank _6"> </span>50 <span class="blank _2"> </span>y <span class="blank _2"> </span>el <span class="blank _6"> </span>6<span class="ff3 ls5"> </span>como <span class="blank _2"> </span>el <span class="blank _2"> </span>60\u201d. <span class="blank _6"> </span>Mike <span class="blank _0"> </span>u<span class="blank _0"> </span>só <span class="blank _2"> </span>la <span class="blank _6"> </span>lista <span class="blank _2"> </span>numérica <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _6"> </span>esta <span class="blank _2"> </span>tarjeta <span class="blank _2"> </span>para <span class="blank _2"> </span>contar <span class="blank _6"> </span>de </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y58 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">cinco <span class="blank _2"> </span>en <span class="blank _2"> </span>cinco <span class="blank _6"> </span>y<span class="blank _3"></span> <span class="blank _2"> </span>al <span class="blank _2"> </span>ver <span class="blank _2"> </span>qu<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _2"> </span>con <span class="blank _2"> </span>ella <span class="blank _2"> </span>podía <span class="blank _2"> </span>ex<span class="blank _0"> </span>presar <span class="blank _0"> </span>t<span class="blank _0"> </span>odas <span class="blank _2"> </span>las <span class="blank _2"> </span>horas <span class="blank _2"> </span>del <span class="blank _2"> </span>rel<span class="blank _0"> </span>oj <span class="blank _2"> </span>se <span class="blank _2"> </span>puso <span class="blank _6"> </span>tan <span class="blank _0"> </span>contento </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y65 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">que <span class="blank _d"> </span>pidió <span class="blank _d"> </span>más <span class="blank"> </span>co<span class="blank _3"></span>pias <span class="blank _d"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _d"> </span>la <span class="blank _d"> </span>tarjeta <span class="blank _d"> </span>para <span class="blank _d"> </span>usarlas<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _d"> </span>en <span class="blank _d"> </span>clase <span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank _3"></span> <span class="blank _d"> </span>en <span class="blank _d"> </span>casa. <span class="blank"> </span>Los <span class="blank _d"> </span>siguientes <span class="blank _d"> </span>pasos <span class="blank _d"> </span>se </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y66 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">encaminaron <span class="blank _0"> </span>a <span class="blank _2"> </span>hacer <span class="blank _2"> </span>que <span class="blank _2"> </span>Mike <span class="blank _0"> </span>determinara <span class="blank _2"> </span>la <span class="blank _2"> </span>siguiente <span class="blank _2"> </span>decena <span class="blank _0"> </span>usando <span class="blank _2"> </span><span class="ff3">menta<span class="blank _0"> </span>lmente <span class="blank _0"> </span></span>la <span class="blank _2"> </span>secuencia </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y5b ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">para <span class="blank _a"> </span>contar <span class="blank _4"> </span>y <span class="blank _a"> </span>a <span class="blank _4"> </span>que <span class="blank _a"> </span>pr<span class="blank _0"> </span>acticara <span class="blank _a"> </span>contando <span class="blank _4"> </span>de <span class="blank _a"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>iez <span class="blank _4"> </span>en <span class="blank _a"> </span>diez <span class="blank _4"> </span>y <span class="blank _a"> </span>de <span class="blank _4"> </span>cinco <span class="blank _a"> </span>en <span class="blank _4"> </span>cinco <span class="blank _4"> </span>hasta <span class="blank _a"> </span>que <span class="blank _a"> </span>est<span class="blank _0"> </span>as </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y5c ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">técnicas se hicieran automáticas. Al final, Mike d<span class="blank _0"> </span>ecía enseguida la hora sin necesitar la tarjeta. </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y5d ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">La educación de Mike y la recopilación del caso se deben a Cath<span class="blank _0"> </span>y A. Mason. </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y5e ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y5f ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">Los <span class="blank _0"> </span>obstá<span class="blank _0"> </span>culos <span class="blank _0"> </span>más <span class="blank _2"> </span>fr<span class="blank _0"> </span>ecuentes <span class="blank _0"> </span>para <span class="blank _2"> </span>los <span class="blank _2"> </span>niños, <span class="blank _2"> </span>sea <span class="blank _2"> </span>cual <span class="blank _2"> </span>sea <span class="blank _2"> </span>su <span class="blank _0"> </span>c<span class="blank _0"> </span>apacidad <span class="blank _2"> </span>mental, <span class="blank _0"> </span>so<span class="blank _0"> </span>n <span class="blank _0"> </span>lo<span class="blank _0"> </span>s <span class="blank _0"> </span>n<span class="blank _0"> </span>ombres </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y60 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">irregulares <span class="blank _7"> </span>de <span class="blank _5"> </span>los <span class="blank _7"> </span>números <span class="blank _5"> </span>14 <span class="blank _7"> </span>y <span class="blank _5"> </span>15 <span class="blank _a"> </span>y<span class="blank _3"></span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _5"> </span>las <span class="blank _7"> </span>decenas <span class="blank _7"> </span>(por <span class="blank _5"> </span>ejemplo, <span class="blank _7"> </span>Baroody <span class="blank _7"> </span>y<span class="blank _3"></span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>Snyder, <span class="blank _5"> </span>1983, <span class="blank _7"> </span>y </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y61 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">Fuson <span class="blank _0"> </span><span class="ff3">et <span class="blank _2"> </span>al., <span class="blank _2"> </span></span>1982). <span class="blank _2"> </span>Como <span class="blank _0"> </span>1<span class="blank _0"> </span>4 <span class="blank _2"> </span>y<span class="blank _3"></span> <span class="blank _2"> </span>15 <span class="blank _0"> </span>son<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _0"> </span>una <span class="blank _2"> </span>excepción <span class="blank _2"> </span>a <span class="blank _0"> </span>la <span class="blank _2"> </span>pauta <span class="blank _0"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _0"> </span>elaboración, <span class="blank _2"> </span>es <span class="blank _2"> </span>frecuente <span class="blank _0"> </span>que </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y62 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">sean <span class="blank _7"> </span>los <span class="blank _a"> </span>últimos <span class="blank _a"> </span>números <span class="blank _7"> </span>q<span class="blank _0"> </span>ue <span class="blank _7"> </span>se <span class="blank _a"> </span>aprenden <span class="blank _7"> </span>hasta <span class="blank _a"> </span>19. <span class="blank _a"> </span>Algunos <span class="blank _7"> </span>niños <span class="blank _a"> </span>simplemente <span class="blank _7"> </span>se <span class="blank _a"> </span>los <span class="blank _a"> </span>saltan </div><div class="t m2 x2 h8 y63 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws1">(\u201c<span class="ff2 ws2">..., <span class="blank _6"> </span>13, <span class="blank _2"> </span>1<span class="blank _0"> </span>6,<span class="ff1 ls6"> </span>...\u201d) <span class="blank _2"> </span>o<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>los <span class="blank _6"> </span>cam<span class="blank _3"></span>bian <span class="blank _2"> </span>po<span class="blank _0"> </span>r <span class="blank _6"> </span>otro <span class="blank _2"> </span><span class="ff1">(\u201c..., <span class="blank _6"> </span></span>13,<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>16, <span class="blank _6"> </span>16, <span class="blank _2"> </span>16<span class="blank _0"> </span>, <span class="blank _6"> </span>...\u201d). <span class="blank _2"> </span>Un <span class="blank _6"> </span>diagnóstico <span class="blank _2"> </span>ex<span class="blank _0"> </span>peditivo, <span class="blank _6"> </span>el </span></div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y64 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">empleo <span class="blank _6"> </span>de <span class="blank _6"> </span>modelos <span class="blank _6"> </span>y <span class="blank _2"> </span>l<span class="blank _0"> </span>a <span class="blank _6"> </span>práctica <span class="blank _6"> </span>pueden <span class="blank _6"> </span>establecer <span class="blank _6"> </span>la <span class="blank _6"> </span>secuencia <span class="blank _6"> </span>adecuada<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>como <span class="blank _2"> </span>un<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>hábito <span class="blank _6"> </span>antes </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y68 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">de que se instaure una secuencia incompleta o incorrecta. </div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf8" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="8"><div class="pc pc8 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">e-Educa, Cibercultura para la Educación<span class="blank _0"> </span> AC </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">COMPETENCIAS DIDÁCTICAS: MATEMÁTICAS. LECTU<span class="blank _0"> </span>RA 1 <span class="blank _1"> </span>8</div><div class="t m2 xd h9 y37 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">Elaboraciones <span class="blank _4"> </span>de <span class="blank _4"> </span>l<span class="blank _0"> </span>a <span class="blank _d"> </span>serie <span class="blank _d"> </span>numérica. <span class="blank _4"> </span><span class="ff2">C<span class="blank _0"> </span>uando <span class="blank _4"> </span>están <span class="blank _d"> </span>en <span class="blank _4"> </span>p<span class="blank _0"> </span>árvulos, <span class="blank _4"> </span>lo<span class="blank _0"> </span>s <span class="blank _4"> </span>niñ<span class="blank _0"> </span>os <span class="blank _4"> </span>no<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _4"> </span>deb<span class="blank _0"> </span>erían <span class="blank _4"> </span>tener </span></div><div class="t m2 xd h9 y38 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">problemas <span class="blank _7"> </span>para <span class="blank _7"> </span>citar <span class="blank _7"> </span>el <span class="blank _a"> </span>número <span class="blank _7"> </span>siguiente <span class="blank _7"> </span>a <span class="blank _7"> </span>o<span class="blank _0"> </span>tro, <span class="blank _a"> </span>y <span class="blank _7"> </span>ni <span class="blank _7"> </span>siquiera <span class="blank _7"> </span>el <span class="blank _7"> </span>anterior<span class="blank _0"> </span>, <span class="blank _7"> </span>al <span class="blank _7"> </span>menos <span class="blank _7"> </span>h<span class="blank _0"> </span>asta <span class="blank _7"> </span>ello </div><div class="t m2 xd h9 y39 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">(Fuson <span class="blank _5"> </span><span class="ff3">et <span class="blank _7"> </span>al., <span class="blank _7"> </span></span>1982; <span class="blank _7"> </span>Ginsburg <span class="blank _7"> </span>y <span class="blank _7"> </span>Baroody, <span class="blank _5"> </span>1983).<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>Los <span class="blank _5"> </span>niñ<span class="blank _0"> </span>os <span class="blank _5"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _7"> </span>bajo <span class="blank _7"> </span>rendimiento <span class="blank _7"> </span>y <span class="blank _5"> </span>con <span class="blank _7"> </span>retraso </div><div class="t m2 xd h9 y3a ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">mental <span class="blank _2"> </span>pued<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _2"> </span>qu<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _6"> </span>no <span class="blank _2"> </span>sea<span class="blank _0"> </span>n <span class="blank _6"> </span>capaces <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _6"> </span>citar <span class="blank _6"> </span>el <span class="blank _6"> </span>número <span class="blank _2"> </span>si<span class="blank _0"> </span>guiente <span class="blank _6"> </span>y <span class="blank _2"> </span>quizá <span class="blank _6"> </span>deban <span class="blank _6"> </span>empezar <span class="blank _2"> </span>a <span class="blank _6"> </span>cont<span class="blank _0"> </span>ar </div><div class="t m2 xd h9 y3b ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">desde <span class="blank _2"> </span>el <span class="blank _6"> </span>1 <span class="blank _6"> </span>o <span class="blank _6"> </span>hacer <span class="blank _6"> </span>conjeturas. <span class="blank _6"> </span>Es <span class="blank _2"> </span>p<span class="blank _0"> </span>robable <span class="blank _2"> </span>que <span class="blank _6"> </span>cit<span class="blank _0"> </span>ar <span class="blank _6"> </span>e<span class="blank _3"></span>l <span class="blank _6"> </span>número <span class="blank _6"> </span>anterior <span class="blank _6"> </span>sea <span class="blank _2"> </span>r<span class="blank _0"> </span>elativamente <span class="blank _2"> </span>difícil<span class="blank _0"> </span> </div><div class="t m2 xd h9 y3c ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">porque <span class="blank _2"> </span>los <span class="blank _2"> </span>niños <span class="blank _2"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>eben <span class="blank _0"> </span>o<span class="blank _0"> </span>perar <span class="blank _2"> </span>sobre <span class="blank _2"> </span>la<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _2"> </span>serie <span class="blank _2"> </span>nu<span class="blank _0"> </span>mérica <span class="blank _0"> </span>en <span class="blank _6"> </span>dirección <span class="blank _0"> </span>o<span class="blank _0"> </span>puesta <span class="blank _2"> </span>a <span class="blank _2"> </span>l<span class="blank _0"> </span>a <span class="blank _2"> </span>se<span class="blank _0"> </span>guida <span class="blank _0"> </span>duran<span class="blank _0"> </span>te </div><div class="t m2 xd h9 y3d ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">su <span class="blank _0"> </span>aprendizaje. <span class="blank _0"> </span>Además, <span class="blank _2"> </span>puede <span class="blank _0"> </span>que <span class="blank _0"> </span>el <span class="blank _0"> </span>con<span class="blank _0"> </span>cepto <span class="blank _0"> </span>de <span class="blank _0"> </span><span class="ff3">anterior<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _0"> </span></span>sea <span class="blank _0"> </span>más <span class="blank _0"> </span>difícil <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _0"> </span>comprender <span class="blank _0"> </span>qu<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _0"> </span>el </div><div class="t m2 xd h9 y3e ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">de <span class="ff3">siguiente. </span>Por tanto, <span class="blank _0"> </span>al principio lo mejor sería concentrar l<span class="blank _0"> </span>a enseñanza de apo<span class="blank _0"> </span>yo en el número </div><div class="t m2 xd h9 y3f ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">siguiente. <span class="blank _5"> </span>Esta <span class="blank _7"> </span>enseñanza <span class="blank _7"> </span>deberí<span class="blank _3"></span>a <span class="blank _7"> </span>empezar <span class="blank _5"> </span>con <span class="blank _7"> </span>la <span class="blank _5"> </span>p<span class="blank _0"> </span>arte <span class="blank _5"> </span>más <span class="blank _7"> </span>familiar <span class="blank _5"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _7"> </span>la <span class="blank _5"> </span>secuencia <span class="blank _7"> </span>numérica </div><div class="t m2 xd h9 y40 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">(del <span class="blank _2"> </span>1 <span class="blank _2"> </span>al <span class="blank _2"> </span>4 <span class="blank _2"> </span>o<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _2"> </span>al <span class="blank _2"> </span>5<span class="blank _0"> </span>). <span class="blank _0"> </span>Ade<span class="blank _0"> </span>más, <span class="blank _2"> </span>si <span class="blank _6"> </span>el <span class="blank _0"> </span>ni<span class="blank _0"> </span>ño <span class="blank _2"> </span>puede <span class="blank _2"> </span>leer <span class="blank _2"> </span>l<span class="blank _0"> </span>as <span class="blank _2"> </span>cifras <span class="blank _2"> </span>se <span class="blank _2"> </span>pued<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _2"> </span>empez<span class="blank _0"> </span>ar <span class="blank _0"> </span>con <span class="blank _6"> </span>actividades <span class="blank _2"> </span>en </div><div class="t m2 xd h9 y41 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">las <span class="blank _7"> </span>que <span class="blank _7"> </span>intervenga <span class="blank _5"> </span>una <span class="blank _7"> </span>representación <span class="blank _7"> </span>concreta <span class="blank _7"> </span>de <span class="blank _7"> </span>la <span class="blank _7"> </span>serie <span class="blank _7"> </span>numérica <span class="blank _5"> </span>(una <span class="blank _7"> </span>li<span class="blank _0"> </span>sta <span class="blank _7"> </span>numérica)<span class="blank _3"></span>. <span class="blank _7"> </span>Una </div><div class="t m2 xd h9 y42 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">vez <span class="blank _d"> </span>el <span class="blank _d"> </span>niño <span class="blank"> </span>h<span class="blank _3"></span>a <span class="blank _d"> </span>comprendido <span class="blank _d"> </span>la <span class="blank _d"> </span>cuestión <span class="blank"> </span>r<span class="blank _3"></span>elativa <span class="blank _d"> </span>al <span class="blank"> </span>nú<span class="blank _3"></span>mero <span class="blank _d"> </span>siguiente <span class="blank _d"> </span>(anterior) <span class="blank _d"> </span>y <span class="blank _d"> </span>puede <span class="blank"> </span>dar<span class="blank _3"></span> </div><div class="t m2 xd h9 y43 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">respuestas <span class="blank _0"> </span>con <span class="blank _0"> </span>f<span class="blank _0"> </span>acilidad <span class="blank _0"> </span>mediant<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _0"> </span>el <span class="blank _2"> </span>empleo <span class="blank _0"> </span>de <span class="blank _2"> </span>un<span class="blank _0"> </span>a <span class="blank _0"> </span>lista <span class="blank _2"> </span>numérica, <span class="blank _0"> </span>puede <span class="blank _2"> </span>pasar <span class="blank _2"> </span>a <span class="blank _0"> </span>actividades <span class="blank _2"> </span>sin </div><div class="t m2 xd h9 y44 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">lista numérica que le exijan determinar mentalmente la respuesta. </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y45 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y46 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">Contar <span class="blank _6"> </span>regresivamente <span class="blank _5"> </span>desde <span class="blank _6"> </span>10 <span class="blank _5"> </span>depende <span class="blank _6"> </span>del <span class="blank _5"> </span>conocimiento <span class="blank _6"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _6"> </span>las <span class="blank _5"> </span>relaciones <span class="blank _6"> </span>ex<span class="blank _0"> </span>istentes <span class="blank _6"> </span>entre <span class="blank _6"> </span>u<span class="blank _0"> </span>n </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y47 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">número <span class="blank _5"> </span>y <span class="blank _5"> </span>su <span class="blank _7"> </span>a<span class="blank _3"></span>nterior, <span class="blank _7"> </span>y<span class="blank _3"></span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>es <span class="blank _5"> </span>una <span class="blank _5"> </span>té<span class="blank _0"> </span>cnica <span class="blank _5"> </span>oral <span class="blank _5"> </span>relativam<span class="blank _0"> </span>ente <span class="blank _6"> </span>dif<span class="blank _0"> </span>ícil. <span class="blank _6"> </span>C<span class="blank _0"> </span>on <span class="blank _5"> </span>tod<span class="blank _0"> </span>o, <span class="blank _5"> </span>suele <span class="blank _5"> </span>ser <span class="blank _5"> </span>do<span class="blank _0"> </span>minada </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y48 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">por <span class="blank _a"> </span>los <span class="blank _4"> </span>niños <span class="blank _a"> </span>cu<span class="blank _0"> </span>ando <span class="blank _a"> </span>ll<span class="blank _0"> </span>egan <span class="blank _4"> </span>a <span class="blank _a"> </span>primer <span class="blank _a"> </span>cu<span class="blank _0"> </span>rso <span class="blank _4"> </span>(Fuson <span class="blank _a"> </span><span class="ff3">et <span class="blank _4"> </span>al., <span class="blank _a"> </span></span>1982; <span class="blank _4"> </span>Ginsbur<span class="blank _0"> </span>g <span class="blank _4"> </span>y <span class="blank _7"> </span>Ba<span class="blank _0"> </span>rood<span class="blank _0"> </span>y<span class="blank _3"></span>, <span class="blank _a"> </span>1983).<span class="blank _0"> </span> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y49 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">Contar <span class="blank _6"> </span>regresivamente <span class="blank _2"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>esde <span class="blank _6"> </span>20 <span class="blank _6"> </span>es <span class="blank _2"> </span>una <span class="blank _6"> </span>técnica <span class="blank _6"> </span>esp<span class="blank _0"> </span>ecialmente <span class="blank _2"> </span>difícil <span class="blank _5"> </span>y <span class="blank _2"> </span>no<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>suele <span class="blank _6"> </span>dominarse <span class="blank _2"> </span>hasta </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y4a ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">poco antes de tercer curs<span class="blank _0"> </span>o. Los maestros de educación especial deb<span class="blank _0"> </span>en esperar muchas dificultades </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y4b ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">con <span class="blank _5"> </span>las <span class="blank _5"> </span>dos <span class="blank _5"> </span>técnicas. <span class="blank _7"> </span>L<span class="blank _3"></span>a <span class="blank _5"> </span>enseñanza <span class="blank _5"> </span>de<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>apo<span class="blank _0"> </span>y<span class="blank _3"></span>o <span class="blank _5"> </span>pu<span class="blank _0"> </span>ede <span class="blank _5"> </span>empezar <span class="blank _5"> </span>haciendo <span class="blank _5"> </span>que <span class="blank _5"> </span>el <span class="blank _5"> </span>ni<span class="blank _0"> </span>ño <span class="blank _5"> </span>lea <span class="blank _5"> </span>una <span class="blank _5"> </span>lista </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y4c ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">numérica <span class="blank _7"> </span>hacia <span class="blank _7"> </span>atrás <span class="blank _7"> </span>(de <span class="blank _7"> </span>derecha <span class="blank _7"> </span>a <span class="blank _7"> </span>izquierda). <span class="blank _7"> </span>Con <span class="blank _7"> </span>los <span class="blank _7"> </span>niños <span class="blank _7"> </span>que <span class="blank _7"> </span>dominan <span class="blank _7"> </span>o <span class="blank _7"> </span>han <span class="blank _7"> </span>dominado <span class="blank _7"> </span>el </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y4d ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">número <span class="blank _d"> </span>siguiente, <span class="blank _d"> </span>se <span class="blank _d"> </span>pued<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _d"> </span>tapar <span class="blank _d"> </span>la <span class="blank _d"> </span>lista <span class="blank"> </span>n<span class="blank _3"></span>umérica <span class="blank _d"> </span>dejando <span class="blank _d"> </span>a <span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank _3"></span> <span class="blank _d"> </span>vista <span class="blank _d"> </span>el <span class="blank"> </span>núm<span class="blank _3"></span>ero <span class="blank _d"> </span>de <span class="blank _d"> </span>partida. </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y4e ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">Entonces, <span class="blank _6"> </span>a <span class="blank _2"> </span>medida <span class="blank _6"> </span>que <span class="blank _6"> </span>el <span class="blank _6"> </span>niño <span class="blank _6"> </span>va <span class="blank _2"> </span>contando <span class="blank _6"> </span>hacia <span class="blank _6"> </span>atrás, <span class="blank _2"> </span>se <span class="blank _6"> </span>pueden <span class="blank _6"> </span>ir <span class="blank _2"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>estapando <span class="blank _6"> </span>sucesivamente </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y4f ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">los <span class="blank _0"> </span>n<span class="blank _0"> </span>úmeros <span class="blank _0"> </span>menores. <span class="blank _2"> </span>Este <span class="blank _2"> </span>procedimiento <span class="blank _0"> </span>confir<span class="blank _0"> </span>ma <span class="blank _0"> </span>las <span class="blank _2"> </span>respuestas <span class="blank _2"> </span>correctas <span class="blank _2"> </span>y <span class="blank _0"> </span>ofrec<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _0"> </span>un <span class="blank _2"> </span><span class="ff3">feedback </span></div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y50 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">corrector para las respuestas incorrectas. </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y51 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y52 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">Para <span class="blank _7"> </span>contar <span class="blank _7"> </span>a <span class="blank _7"> </span>intervalos <span class="blank _7"> </span>de <span class="blank _7"> </span>cinco <span class="blank _5"> </span>como <span class="blank _a"> </span>mínimo, <span class="blank _7"> </span>puede <span class="blank _7"> </span>animarse <span class="blank _7"> </span>a <span class="blank _5"> </span>lo<span class="blank _0"> </span>s <span class="blank _7"> </span>niños <span class="blank _7"> </span>a <span class="blank _7"> </span>que <span class="blank _7"> </span>empleen <span class="blank _5"> </span>la<span class="blank _0"> </span> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y53 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">secuencia <span class="blank _9"> </span>familiar <span class="blank _b"> </span>de <span class="blank _9"> </span>c<span class="blank _0"> </span>ontar <span class="blank _9"> </span>de <span class="blank _9"> </span>u<span class="blank _0"> </span>no <span class="blank _9"> </span>en <span class="blank _b"> </span>uno, <span class="blank _b"> </span>pero <span class="blank _9"> </span>susurrando <span class="blank _b"> </span>los <span class="blank _9"> </span>números <span class="blank _b"> </span>intermedios <span class="blank _b"> </span>y </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y54 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">destacando <span class="blank _5"> </span>los <span class="blank _5"> </span>q<span class="blank _0"> </span>ue <span class="blank _7"> </span>forman <span class="blank _5"> </span>la <span class="blank _5"> </span>pauta.<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>Por <span class="blank _7"> </span>ejemplo, <span class="blank _5"> </span>para <span class="blank _7"> </span>aprender <span class="blank _5"> </span>a <span class="blank _5"> </span>cont<span class="blank _0"> </span>ar <span class="blank _5"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _5"> </span>dos <span class="blank _7"> </span>en <span class="blank _6"> </span>dos<span class="blank _0"> </span>, <span class="blank _5"> </span>puede<span class="blank _0"> </span> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y55 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">decirse <span class="blank _0"> </span>al niñ<span class="blank _0"> </span>o <span class="blank _0"> </span>que <span class="blank _0"> </span>cuenta <span class="blank _0"> </span>así: <span class="blank _0"> </span>\u201cuno <span class="blank _0"> </span>[en <span class="blank _0"> </span>voz <span class="blank _0"> </span>baja],<span class="blank _0"> </span> d<span class="blank _0"> </span>os [en <span class="blank _0"> </span>vo<span class="blank _0"> </span>z alta<span class="blank _0"> </span>], <span class="blank _0"> </span>tres <span class="blank _0"> </span>[en <span class="blank _0"> </span>voz baj<span class="blank _0"> </span>a], <span class="blank _0"> </span>cuatro <span class="blank _0"> </span>[en </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y56 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">voz <span class="blank _6"> </span>alta]...<span class="blank _0"> </span>\u201d. <span class="blank _6"> </span>Si <span class="blank _5"> </span>hace <span class="blank _5"> </span>falta, <span class="blank _5"> </span>puede <span class="blank _5"> </span>empezarse <span class="blank _6"> </span>con <span class="blank _5"> </span>una <span class="blank _5"> </span>lista <span class="blank _6"> </span>nu<span class="blank _0"> </span>mérica <span class="blank _6"> </span>para <span class="blank _5"> </span>ali<span class="blank _0"> </span>gerar <span class="blank _6"> </span>el <span class="blank _6"> </span>es<span class="blank _0"> </span>fuerzo <span class="blank _6"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y57 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">expresar <span class="blank _0"> </span>el <span class="blank _2"> </span>término <span class="blank _0"> </span>correcto <span class="blank _2"> </span>y <span class="blank _0"> </span>permitir <span class="blank _0"> </span>q<span class="blank _0"> </span>ue <span class="blank _0"> </span>el <span class="blank _2"> </span>niño <span class="blank _0"> </span>se <span class="blank _2"> </span>concentre <span class="blank _0"> </span>en <span class="blank _2"> </span>la <span class="blank _0"> </span>pauta.<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _0"> </span>En <span class="blank _0"> </span>el<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _0"> </span>ejemplo <span class="blank _0"> </span>6<span class="blank _0"> </span>.2 <span class="blank _0"> </span>se<span class="blank _0"> </span> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y58 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">muestra <span class="blank _2"> </span>otro <span class="blank _6"> </span>método <span class="blank _0"> </span>par<span class="blank _0"> </span>a <span class="blank _2"> </span>contar <span class="blank _2"> </span>a <span class="blank _2"> </span>i<span class="blank _0"> </span>ntervalos <span class="blank _2"> </span>a <span class="blank _2"> </span>partir <span class="blank _2"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _2"> </span>la <span class="blank _2"> </span>secuencia <span class="blank _2"> </span>f<span class="blank _0"> </span>amiliar <span class="blank _2"> </span>para <span class="blank _6"> </span>contar <span class="blank _0"> </span>de <span class="blank _6"> </span>uno </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y65 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">en uno. </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y66 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y5b ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">Ejemplo 6.2. <span class="ff2">Enseñanza de contar a intervalos </span></div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y5c ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y5d ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">Se <span class="blank _7"> </span>puede <span class="blank _7"> </span>h<span class="blank _0"> </span>acer <span class="blank _7"> </span>que <span class="blank _a"> </span>contar <span class="blank _a"> </span>a <span class="blank _7"> </span>int<span class="blank _0"> </span>ervalos <span class="blank _7"> </span>tenga <span class="blank _7"> </span>si<span class="blank _0"> </span>gnificado <span class="blank _7"> </span>para <span class="blank _a"> </span>los <span class="blank _7"> </span>niñ<span class="blank _0"> </span>os <span class="blank _7"> </span>r<span class="blank _0"> </span>elacionándolo <span class="blank _7"> </span>con <span class="blank _a"> </span>el </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y5e ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">procedimiento <span class="blank _6"> </span>familiar <span class="blank _6"> </span>de <span class="blank _6"> </span>contar <span class="blank _6"> </span>objetos <span class="blank _6"> </span>re<span class="blank _0"> </span>ales <span class="blank _6"> </span>de <span class="blank _6"> </span>uno<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>en <span class="blank _6"> </span>uno. <span class="blank _6"> </span>Josh, <span class="blank _5"> </span>un <span class="blank _6"> </span>adolescente <span class="blank _6"> </span>con <span class="blank _6"> </span>retraso </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y5f ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">moderado, <span class="blank _d"> </span>estaba <span class="blank _4"> </span>apren<span class="blank _0"> </span>diendo <span class="blank _4"> </span>a <span class="blank"> </span>c<span class="blank _3"></span>ontar <span class="blank _4"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _4"> </span>ci<span class="blank _0"> </span>nco <span class="blank _d"> </span>en <span class="blank _d"> </span>cinco. <span class="blank _4"> </span>Su <span class="blank _d"> </span>educadora <span class="blank _d"> </span>le <span class="blank _d"> </span>había <span class="blank _4"> </span>di<span class="blank _0"> </span>cho <span class="blank _d"> </span>que </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y60 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">colocara <span class="blank _0"> </span>unos <span class="blank _2"> </span>dis<span class="blank _0"> </span>cos <span class="blank _0"> </span>de <span class="blank _0"> </span>plástico<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _0"> </span>de <span class="blank _2"> </span>color <span class="blank _0"> </span>q<span class="blank _0"> </span>ue <span class="blank _0"> </span>le <span class="blank _2"> </span>gustaban <span class="blank _2"> </span>mucho <span class="blank _0"> </span>en <span class="blank _2"> </span>pilas <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _0"> </span>a <span class="blank _2"> </span>cinco <span class="blank _2"> </span>y <span class="blank _0"> </span>después <span class="blank _2"> </span>le </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y61 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">ayudo <span class="blank _0"> </span>a <span class="blank _2"> </span>contarlos <span class="blank _0"> </span>de <span class="blank _0"> </span>cin<span class="blank _0"> </span>co <span class="blank _0"> </span>en <span class="blank _2"> </span>cinco. <span class="blank _0"> </span>Lue<span class="blank _0"> </span>go, <span class="blank _0"> </span>hizo <span class="blank _2"> </span>que <span class="blank _0"> </span>Josh <span class="blank _0"> </span>los<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _0"> </span>desparra<span class="blank _0"> </span>mara <span class="blank _2"> </span>y<span class="blank _3"></span> <span class="blank _0"> </span>los <span class="blank _2"> </span>contara <span class="blank _0"> </span>de<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _0"> </span>uno<span class="blank _0"> </span> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y62 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">en <span class="blank _2"> </span>uno. <span class="blank _2"> </span>Josh <span class="blank _6"> </span>se <span class="blank _0"> </span>q<span class="blank _0"> </span>uedó <span class="blank _6"> </span>muy <span class="blank _0"> </span>sorprendido <span class="blank _6"> </span>al <span class="blank _2"> </span>ver <span class="blank _2"> </span>que <span class="blank _2"> </span>o<span class="blank _0"> </span>btenía <span class="blank _2"> </span>el <span class="blank _2"> </span>mis<span class="blank _0"> </span>mo <span class="blank _0"> </span>r<span class="blank _0"> </span>esultado. <span class="blank _2"> </span>Luego <span class="blank _6"> </span>comprobó </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y63 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">la <span class="blank _6"> </span>validez <span class="blank _6"> </span>ge<span class="blank _3"></span>neral <span class="blank _6"> </span>de <span class="blank _6"> </span>este <span class="blank _2"> </span>descubri<span class="blank _0"> </span>miento <span class="blank _6"> </span>con <span class="blank _2"> </span>distinto<span class="blank _0"> </span>s <span class="blank _6"> </span>números <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _6"> </span>pilas. <span class="blank _2"> </span>E<span class="blank _0"> </span>n <span class="blank _6"> </span>la <span class="blank _6"> </span>sesión <span class="blank _2"> </span>siguiente, </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y64 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">Josh insistía en repetir el experimento por su cuenta. </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y68 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"> </div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf9" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="9"><div class="pc pc9 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">e-Educa, Cibercultura para la Educación<span class="blank _0"> </span> AC </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">COMPETENCIAS DIDÁCTICAS: MATEMÁTICAS. LECTU<span class="blank _0"> </span>RA 1 <span class="blank _1"> </span>9</div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y37 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">Durante <span class="blank _2"> </span>la <span class="blank _0"> </span>te<span class="blank _0"> </span>rcera <span class="blank _2"> </span>sesión, <span class="blank _2"> </span>Josh <span class="blank _2"> </span>pidió <span class="blank _2"> </span>tarjetas <span class="blank _2"> </span>con <span class="blank _6"> </span>númer<span class="blank _3"></span>os <span class="blank _2"> </span>(5, <span class="blank _6"> </span>10, <span class="blank _0"> </span>15, <span class="blank _2"> </span>20, <span class="blank _2"> </span>25,<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _0"> </span>etc.) <span class="blank _6"> </span>y l<span class="blank _0"> </span>as <span class="blank _2"> </span>emparejó </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y38 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">con <span class="blank _7"> </span>sus <span class="blank _7"> </span>p<span class="blank _0"> </span>ilas. <span class="blank _7"> </span>A <span class="blank _7"> </span>continuación <span class="blank _7"> </span>añadió <span class="blank _7"> </span>una <span class="blank _7"> </span>nueva <span class="blank _a"> </span>etapa <span class="blank _7"> </span>a <span class="blank _7"> </span>su <span class="blank _7"> </span>proceso <span class="blank _7"> </span>de <span class="blank _7"> </span>c<span class="blank _0"> </span>omprobación: <span class="blank _7"> </span>leer <span class="blank _7"> </span>los </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y39 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">números <span class="blank _4"> </span>de <span class="blank _d"> </span>las <span class="blank _d"> </span>tarjetas <span class="blank _d"> </span>a <span class="blank _d"> </span>medida <span class="blank _4"> </span>que <span class="blank _d"> </span>iba <span class="blank _d"> </span>contando <span class="blank _d"> </span>los <span class="blank _d"> </span>discos <span class="blank _d"> </span>de <span class="blank _d"> </span>uno <span class="blank _4"> </span>en <span class="blank _d"> </span>uno. <span class="blank _d"> </span>Comprobó <span class="blank _d"> </span>el </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y3a ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">resultado <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _2"> </span>contar <span class="blank _2"> </span>la <span class="blank _2"> </span>p<span class="blank _0"> </span>rimera <span class="blank _2"> </span>pila <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _2"> </span>u<span class="blank _0"> </span>no <span class="blank _2"> </span>en <span class="blank _2"> </span>uno <span class="blank _6"> </span>con <span class="blank _0"> </span>el<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _2"> </span>número <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _2"> </span>la <span class="blank _2"> </span>pri<span class="blank _0"> </span>mera <span class="blank _2"> </span>tarjeta <span class="blank _2"> </span>y <span class="blank _2"> </span>encontró </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y3b ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">que, <span class="blank _2"> </span>en <span class="blank _6"> </span>ambos <span class="blank _2"> </span>casos, <span class="blank _6"> </span>el <span class="blank _2"> </span>resultado <span class="blank _2"> </span>era <span class="blank _6"> </span>\u201c5\u201d. <span class="blank _2"> </span>Al <span class="blank _6"> </span>continuar <span class="blank _2"> </span>contando <span class="blank _6"> </span>de <span class="blank _2"> </span>uno <span class="blank _6"> </span>en <span class="blank _2"> </span>uno <span class="blank _6"> </span>la <span class="blank _2"> </span>segunda <span class="blank _2"> </span>pila, </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y3c ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">encontró que <span class="blank _0"> </span>el resultado<span class="blank _0"> </span> coincidía con<span class="blank _0"> </span> el <span class="blank _0"> </span>número <span class="blank _0"> </span>de la s<span class="blank _0"> </span>egunda tarjeta <span class="blank _0"> </span>(10), <span class="blank _0"> </span>y así s<span class="blank _0"> </span>ucesivamente. </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y3d ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">Mientras <span class="blank _0"> </span>Josh <span class="blank _2"> </span>iba <span class="blank _0"> </span>contando<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _0"> </span>de <span class="blank _0"> </span>uno <span class="blank _0"> </span>en<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _0"> </span>uno, <span class="blank _0"> </span>l<span class="blank _0"> </span>a <span class="blank _2"> </span>educadora <span class="blank _0"> </span>recalcaba <span class="blank _2"> </span>el <span class="blank _0"> </span>número <span class="blank _2"> </span>final <span class="blank _0"> </span>de <span class="blank _2"> </span>cada <span class="blank _0"> </span>grupo </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y3e ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">(5, <span class="blank _2"> </span>10, <span class="blank _6"> </span>15, <span class="blank _2"> </span>etc.) <span class="blank _6"> </span>diciéndolo <span class="blank _6"> </span>en <span class="blank _2"> </span>voz <span class="blank _6"> </span>alta <span class="blank _2"> </span>con <span class="blank _2"> </span>él. <span class="blank _6"> </span>Luego, <span class="blank _2"> </span>Josh <span class="blank _6"> </span>se <span class="blank _2"> </span>inventó <span class="blank _6"> </span>un <span class="blank _2"> </span>j<span class="blank _0"> </span>uego <span class="blank _2"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _2"> </span>adivinar <span class="blank _6"> </span>en <span class="blank _2"> </span>el </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y3f ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">que <span class="blank _2"> </span>se <span class="blank _2"> </span>tapaba <span class="blank _2"> </span>lo<span class="blank _0"> </span>s <span class="blank _2"> </span>ojos, <span class="blank _2"> </span>la<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _2"> </span>educadora <span class="blank _2"> </span>tomab<span class="blank _0"> </span>a <span class="blank _2"> </span>una <span class="blank _2"> </span>tarjeta <span class="blank _2"> </span>(p<span class="blank _0"> </span>or <span class="blank _2"> </span>ejemplo, <span class="blank _2"> </span>la<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _2"> </span>del <span class="blank _6"> </span>15) <span class="blank _0"> </span>y <span class="blank _2"> </span>Josh <span class="blank _6"> </span>tenía <span class="blank _2"> </span>que </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y40 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">adivinar <span class="blank _5"> </span>de <span class="blank _6"> </span>q<span class="blank _0"> </span>ué <span class="blank _6"> </span>n<span class="blank _0"> </span>úmero <span class="blank _5"> </span>se <span class="blank _5"> </span>trataba. <span class="blank _5"> </span>Hacia <span class="blank _5"> </span>la <span class="blank _5"> </span>cuar<span class="blank _0"> </span>ta <span class="blank _5"> </span>sesión <span class="blank _5"> </span>ya <span class="blank _6"> </span>podía <span class="blank _5"> </span>contar <span class="blank _5"> </span>h<span class="blank _0"> </span>asta <span class="blank _5"> </span>30 <span class="blank _5"> </span>de <span class="blank _5"> </span>cinco <span class="blank _6"> </span>en<span class="blank _0"> </span> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y41 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">cinco <span class="blank _2"> </span>y sin<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _0"> </span>a<span class="blank _0"> </span>y<span class="blank _3"></span>uda. <span class="blank _0"> </span>El<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _0"> </span>uso <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _0"> </span>objetos <span class="blank _2"> </span>reales <span class="blank _2"> </span>y la <span class="blank _2"> </span>secuencia <span class="blank _0"> </span>p<span class="blank _0"> </span>ara <span class="blank _0"> </span>contar <span class="blank _0"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _0"> </span>uno <span class="blank _2"> </span>en <span class="blank _0"> </span>uno <span class="blank _0"> </span>hicieron <span class="blank _2"> </span>que </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y42 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">contar a intervalos fuera, para Josh, algo comprensible e interesante. </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y43 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h8 y6f ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">Numeración </div><div class="t m2 x2 h8 y70 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y46 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">Enumeración. <span class="blank _0"> </span><span class="ff2">C<span class="blank _0"> </span>uando <span class="blank _0"> </span>los <span class="blank _2"> </span>niños <span class="blank _2"> </span>llegan <span class="blank _2"> </span>al <span class="blank _0"> </span>jardín <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _2"> </span>infancia <span class="blank _0"> </span>suelen <span class="blank _2"> </span>ser <span class="blank _2"> </span>bastante <span class="blank _0"> </span>comp<span class="blank _0"> </span>etentes <span class="blank _0"> </span>para<span class="blank _0"> </span> </span></div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y47 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">contar <span class="blank _5"> </span>conjuntos <span class="blank _5"> </span>de <span class="blank _5"> </span>uno<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>a <span class="blank _5"> </span>cinco <span class="blank _5"> </span>objetos, <span class="blank _7"> </span>y <span class="blank _6"> </span>l<span class="blank _0"> </span>a <span class="blank _5"> </span>mayoría <span class="blank _5"> </span>de <span class="blank _7"> </span>los <span class="blank _6"> </span>niños <span class="blank _5"> </span>de<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>cinco <span class="blank _5"> </span>años <span class="blank _7"> </span>enumera <span class="blank _6"> </span>con<span class="blank _0"> </span> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y48 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">exactitud <span class="blank _a"> </span>h<span class="blank _0"> </span>asta <span class="blank _a"> </span>20 <span class="blank _4"> </span>objetos <span class="blank _a"> </span>(Fuson, <span class="blank _a"> </span>en <span class="blank _4"> </span>prensa). <span class="blank _4"> </span>Por <span class="blank _a"> </span>tanto, <span class="blank _4"> </span>si <span class="blank _a"> </span>un <span class="blank _4"> </span>niño <span class="blank _a"> </span>qu<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _a"> </span>empieza <span class="blank _a"> </span>el <span class="blank _4"> </span>curso <span class="blank _4"> </span>de </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y49 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">párvulos <span class="blank"> </span>presenta <span class="blank _c"> </span>dificultades <span class="blank"> </span>con <span class="blank"> </span>con<span class="blank _0"> </span>juntos <span class="blank"> </span>de <span class="blank _c"> </span>uno <span class="blank _c"> </span>a <span class="blank"> </span>cinco <span class="blank"> </span>elementos, <span class="blank _c"> </span>es <span class="blank"> </span>que <span class="blank"> </span>n<span class="blank _0"> </span>ecesita <span class="blank"> </span>de </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y4a ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">inmediato una atención in<span class="blank _0"> </span>dividual. El niño que no ha<span class="blank _0"> </span>ga ningún intento de etiquetar cada objeto de </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y4b ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">un <span class="blank _7"> </span>conjunto, <span class="blank _7"> </span>por <span class="blank _7"> </span>pequeño <span class="blank _7"> </span>que <span class="blank _7"> </span>éste <span class="blank _7"> </span>sea, <span class="blank _7"> </span>con <span class="blank _5"> </span>un<span class="blank _0"> </span>a <span class="blank _7"> </span>palabra <span class="blank _7"> </span>para <span class="blank _7"> </span>contar <span class="blank _7"> </span>(soltando <span class="blank _7"> </span>al <span class="blank _7"> </span>azar <span class="blank _7"> </span>palabras </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y4c ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">para <span class="blank _a"> </span>contar <span class="blank _4"> </span>mientras <span class="blank _a"> </span>desliza <span class="blank _4"> </span>el <span class="blank _a"> </span>dedo <span class="blank _a"> </span>por <span class="blank _4"> </span>encima <span class="blank _a"> </span>de <span class="blank _a"> </span>los <span class="blank _4"> </span>objetos) <span class="blank _a"> </span>ni<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _a"> </span>de <span class="blank _a"> </span>llevar <span class="blank _a"> </span>la <span class="blank _4"> </span>cuenta <span class="blank _a"> </span>de <span class="blank _a"> </span>los<span class="blank _0"> </span> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y4d ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">objetos <span class="blank _a"> </span>contados <span class="blank _a"> </span>y <span class="blank _a"> </span>sin <span class="blank _7"> </span>co<span class="blank _0"> </span>ntar <span class="blank _7"> </span>(<span class="blank _0"> </span>etiquetando <span class="blank _7"> </span>los <span class="blank _a"> </span>o<span class="blank _0"> </span>bjetos <span class="blank _7"> </span>del <span class="blank _a"> </span>conjunto <span class="blank _a"> </span>de <span class="blank _a"> </span>una <span class="blank _a"> </span>manera <span class="blank _a"> </span>totalmente </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y4e ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">asistemática) presenta graves problemas (Barood<span class="blank _0"> </span>y y Ginsburg, 1982b). </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y4f ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y50 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">Como <span class="blank _6"> </span>la <span class="blank _2"> </span>enumeración <span class="blank _6"> </span>requiere <span class="blank _6"> </span>la <span class="blank _6"> </span>coordinación <span class="blank _6"> </span>de <span class="blank _2"> </span>dos <span class="blank _6"> </span>subtécnicas, <span class="blank _6"> </span>los <span class="blank _6"> </span>errores <span class="blank _2"> </span>p<span class="blank _0"> </span>ueden <span class="blank _6"> </span>deberse <span class="blank _6"> </span>a </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y51 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">tres <span class="blank _2"> </span>causas: <span class="blank _6"> </span>a) <span class="blank _2"> </span>generar <span class="blank _2"> </span>u<span class="blank _0"> </span>na <span class="blank _2"> </span>serie <span class="blank _2"> </span>nu<span class="blank _0"> </span>mérica <span class="blank _2"> </span>incorrecta <span class="blank _6"> </span><span class="ff3">(errores <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _2"> </span>secuenci<span class="blank _0"> </span>a); <span class="blank _2"> </span></span>b) <span class="blank _2"> </span>llev<span class="blank _0"> </span>ar <span class="blank _2"> </span>un <span class="blank _2"> </span>co<span class="blank _0"> </span>ntrol </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y52 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">inexacto <span class="blank _7"> </span>de <span class="blank _7"> </span>los <span class="blank _7"> </span>elementos <span class="blank _7"> </span>contados <span class="blank _7"> </span>y <span class="blank _7"> </span>no <span class="blank _7"> </span>contados <span class="blank _7"> </span><span class="ff3">(errores <span class="blank _7"> </span>de <span class="blank _7"> </span>partición), <span class="blank _a"> </span></span>y <span class="blank _5"> </span>c)<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>no <span class="blank _7"> </span>coordinar <span class="blank _7"> </span>la </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y53 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">elaboración d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e l<span class="blank _0"> </span>a s<span class="blank _0"> </span>erie n<span class="blank _0"> </span>umérica <span class="blank _2"> </span>y el <span class="blank _0"> </span>proceso <span class="blank _0"> </span>de <span class="blank _2"> </span>control <span class="blank _0"> </span>de los <span class="blank _0"> </span>el<span class="blank _0"> </span>ementos <span class="blank _0"> </span>contados <span class="blank _2"> </span>y no <span class="blank _0"> </span>contados<span class="blank _0"> </span> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y54 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">(errores <span class="blank _4"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _d"> </span>coordinación) <span class="blank _d"> </span><span class="ff2">(Gelman <span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank _3"></span> <span class="blank _4"> </span>Gall<span class="blank _0"> </span>istel, <span class="blank _d"> </span>1978). <span class="blank _d"> </span>En <span class="blank _d"> </span>la <span class="blank _d"> </span>figura <span class="blank _d"> </span>6.1 <span class="blank _d"> </span>se <span class="blank _d"> </span>muestran <span class="blank _d"> </span>algunos </span></div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y55 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">ejemplos de cada tipo de error. En ocasiones, los ni<span class="blank _0"> </span>ños pueden tener un desliz al generar una serie </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y56 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">numérica, <span class="blank _13"> </span>pero <span class="blank _13"> </span>si <span class="blank _13"> </span>los <span class="blank _13"> </span>errores <span class="blank _13"> </span>de <span class="blank _13"> </span>secuencia <span class="blank _13"> </span>son <span class="blank _13"> </span>sistemáticos <span class="blank _13"> </span>(por <span class="blank _13"> </span>ejem<span class="blank _3"></span>plo, <span class="blank _13"> </span>etiquetar </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y57 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">sistemáticamente <span class="blank _d"> </span>conjuntos <span class="blank _d"> </span>de <span class="blank _d"> </span>13 <span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank _3"></span> <span class="blank _4"> </span>14 <span class="blank _d"> </span>element<span class="blank _0"> </span>os <span class="blank _d"> </span>con <span class="blank _d"> </span>\u201c13\u201d) <span class="blank _d"> </span>es <span class="blank _4"> </span>s<span class="blank _0"> </span>eñal <span class="blank _d"> </span>de <span class="blank _d"> </span>que <span class="blank _d"> </span>hace <span class="blank _d"> </span>falta <span class="blank _d"> </span>una </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y58 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">enseñanza <span class="blank _2"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _6"> </span>apoyo <span class="blank _6"> </span>orientada <span class="blank _6"> </span>a <span class="blank _6"> </span>reforzar <span class="blank _6"> </span>la <span class="blank _6"> </span>técnica <span class="blank _6"> </span>necesaria <span class="blank _6"> </span>para <span class="blank _6"> </span>contar <span class="blank _2"> </span>o<span class="blank _0"> </span>ralmente. <span class="blank _2"> </span>E<span class="blank _0"> </span>l <span class="blank _6"> </span>niño <span class="blank _6"> </span>que </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y65 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">comete <span class="blank _6"> </span>con <span class="blank _6"> </span>regularidad <span class="blank _6"> </span>errores <span class="blank _5"> </span>de <span class="blank _6"> </span>partición <span class="blank _6"> </span>como <span class="blank _6"> </span>pasar <span class="blank _6"> </span>al<span class="blank _0"> </span>gún <span class="blank _6"> </span>elemento <span class="blank _6"> </span>por <span class="blank _6"> </span>alto <span class="blank _6"> </span>o <span class="blank _5"> </span>contarlo <span class="blank _6"> </span>más </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y66 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">de una vez, debe aprender estrategias de control más eficaces. </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y5b ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y5c ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">En <span class="blank _0"> </span>la figura <span class="blank _0"> </span>6.1 <span class="blank _0"> </span>se p<span class="blank _0"> </span>uede o<span class="blank _0"> </span>bservar que h<span class="blank _0"> </span>ay tipos <span class="blank _0"> </span>de <span class="blank _0"> </span>errores <span class="blank _0"> </span>muy distintos <span class="blank _0"> </span>que <span class="blank _0"> </span>pueden p<span class="blank _0"> </span>roducir las </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y5d ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">mismas <span class="blank _6"> </span>respuestas. <span class="blank _7"> </span>P<span class="blank _3"></span>or <span class="blank _5"> </span>ejemplo, <span class="blank _5"> </span>el <span class="blank _6"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>oble <span class="blank _6"> </span>eti<span class="blank _0"> </span>quetado <span class="blank _6"> </span>(señ<span class="blank _0"> </span>alar <span class="blank _5"> </span>un <span class="blank _6"> </span>objeto<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>una <span class="blank _5"> </span>vez <span class="blank _7"> </span>y<span class="blank _3"></span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>asi<span class="blank _0"> </span>gnarle <span class="blank _6"> </span>dos </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y5e ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">etiquetas), al igual que contar un mismo objeto <span class="blank _0"> </span>más de una vez, aumenta en una unidad el número </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y5f ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">de <span class="blank _2"> </span>elementos <span class="blank _2"> </span>de<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _2"> </span>un <span class="blank _6"> </span>conjunto. <span class="blank _2"> </span>Sin <span class="blank _2"> </span>embar<span class="blank _0"> </span>go, <span class="blank _2"> </span>el <span class="blank _2"> </span>dob<span class="blank _0"> </span>le <span class="blank _2"> </span>etiquetado <span class="blank _2"> </span>es <span class="blank _2"> </span>u<span class="blank _0"> </span>n <span class="blank _2"> </span>er<span class="blank _0"> </span>ror <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _2"> </span>coordi<span class="blank _0"> </span>nación <span class="blank _6"> </span>y<span class="blank _3"></span> <span class="blank _2"> </span>no </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y60 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">de partición. En <span class="blank _0"> </span>realidad,<span class="blank _0"> </span> se <span class="blank _0"> </span>pueden co<span class="blank _0"> </span>mbinar varios <span class="blank _0"> </span>errores para p<span class="blank _0"> </span>roducir u<span class="blank _0"> </span>na respuesta cor<span class="blank _0"> </span>recta. </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y61 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">Como <span class="blank _0"> </span>las <span class="blank _0"> </span>resp<span class="blank _0"> </span>uestas <span class="blank _0"> </span>incorrectas <span class="blank _0"> </span>pueden <span class="blank _2"> </span>producirse <span class="blank _0"> </span>de <span class="blank _0"> </span>v<span class="blank _0"> </span>arias <span class="blank _0"> </span>man<span class="blank _0"> </span>eras <span class="blank _2"> </span>y<span class="blank _3"></span> <span class="blank _2"> </span>como, <span class="blank _0"> </span>matemáticamente, </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y62 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">dos <span class="blank _7"> </span>e<span class="blank _3"></span>rrores <span class="blank _5"> </span>no<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _5"> </span>equivalen <span class="blank _7"> </span>a <span class="blank _5"> </span>un <span class="blank _7"> </span>acierto, <span class="blank _5"> </span>es <span class="blank _7"> </span>importante <span class="blank _5"> </span>q<span class="blank _0"> </span>ue <span class="blank _5"> </span>los <span class="blank _7"> </span>maestros <span class="blank _5"> </span>observen <span class="blank _7"> </span>la <span class="blank _5"> </span>actividad <span class="blank _7"> </span>de </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y63 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">enumeración de los alumnos que tengan alguna dificultad. </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y64 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"> </div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pfa" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="a"><div class="pc pca w0 h0"><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">e-Educa, Cibercultura para la Educación<span class="blank _0"> </span> AC </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">COMPETENCIAS DIDÁCTICAS: MATEMÁTICAS. LECTU<span class="blank _0"> </span>RA 1 <span class="blank _14"> </span>10</div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y37 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">Si un n<span class="blank _0"> </span>iño tiene <span class="blank _0"> </span>problemas para ejecutar con eficacia al<span class="blank _0"> </span>guna de estas su<span class="blank _0"> </span>btécnicas, es probable <span class="blank _0"> </span>que </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y38 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">se <span class="blank _2"> </span>den <span class="blank _2"> </span>errores <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _2"> </span>coordin<span class="blank _0"> </span>ación. <span class="blank _2"> </span>Por <span class="blank _0"> </span>ej<span class="blank _0"> </span>emplo, <span class="blank _2"> </span>un <span class="blank _6"> </span>niño <span class="blank _2"> </span>que <span class="blank _2"> </span>tiene <span class="blank _2"> </span>que <span class="blank _2"> </span>detenerse <span class="blank _6"> </span>y <span class="blank _0"> </span>pensar <span class="blank _2"> </span>q<span class="blank _0"> </span>ué <span class="blank _2"> </span>viene </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y39 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">después <span class="blank _5"> </span>del <span class="blank _7"> </span>3 <span class="blank _6"> </span>cu<span class="blank _0"> </span>ando <span class="blank _7"> </span>cuenta <span class="blank _5"> </span>un <span class="blank _5"> </span>conjunto <span class="blank _7"> </span>de <span class="blank _6"> </span>cinc<span class="blank _0"> </span>o <span class="blank _7"> </span>e<span class="blank _3"></span>lementos, <span class="blank _5"> </span>pu<span class="blank _0"> </span>ede <span class="blank _5"> </span>olvidar <span class="blank _5"> </span>p<span class="blank _0"> </span>or <span class="blank _5"> </span>dónde <span class="blank _5"> </span>i<span class="blank _0"> </span>ba: <span class="blank _7"> </span>«1 </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y3a ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">[señala <span class="blank _0"> </span>el <span class="blank _6"> </span>primer <span class="blank _0"> </span>el<span class="blank _0"> </span>emento], <span class="blank _2"> </span>2 <span class="blank _6"> </span>[seña<span class="blank _3"></span>la <span class="blank _2"> </span>el <span class="blank _2"> </span>se<span class="blank _0"> </span>gundo], <span class="blank _2"> </span>3 <span class="blank _2"> </span>[señala <span class="blank _2"> </span>el <span class="blank _2"> </span>tercero], <span class="blank _6"> </span>a <span class="blank _0"> </span>v<span class="blank _0"> </span>er, <span class="blank _0"> </span>a <span class="blank _2"> </span>v<span class="blank _0"> </span>er, <span class="blank _0"> </span>4<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _2"> </span>[señala <span class="blank _2"> </span>el </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y3b ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">quinto <span class="blank _7"> </span>elemento]<span class="blank _0"> </span>»<span class="blank _3"></span>. <span class="blank _7"> </span>Igualmente, <span class="blank _7"> </span>si <span class="blank _7"> </span>un <span class="blank _7"> </span>niño <span class="blank _7"> </span>tiene <span class="blank _7"> </span>que <span class="blank _7"> </span>dedicar <span class="blank _7"> </span>mucha <span class="blank _7"> </span>atención <span class="blank _7"> </span>para <span class="blank _7"> </span>no <span class="blank _7"> </span>perderse, </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y3c ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">puede <span class="blank _5"> </span>equivocarse <span class="blank _6"> </span>(por <span class="blank _7"> </span>ejemp<span class="blank _3"></span>lo, <span class="blank _5"> </span>saltarse <span class="blank _5"> </span>un <span class="blank _5"> </span>nú<span class="blank _0"> </span>mero). <span class="blank _5"> </span>Fuson <span class="blank _5"> </span>y <span class="blank _6"> </span>Mie<span class="blank _0"> </span>rkiewicz <span class="blank _5"> </span>(1980) <span class="blank _5"> </span>encontraron </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y3d ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">que los niños pequeños tendían a cometer errores de coordinación a medio co<span class="blank _0"> </span>ntar. </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y3e ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y3f ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">Los <span class="blank _8"> </span>errores <span class="blank _9"> </span>de <span class="blank _9"> </span>coordinación <span class="blank _8"> </span>t<span class="blank _0"> </span>ambién <span class="blank _8"> </span>pu<span class="blank _0"> </span>eden <span class="blank _8"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>arse <span class="blank _8"> </span>al <span class="blank _9"> </span>principio <span class="blank _8"> </span>o <span class="blank _b"> </span>al <span class="blank _8"> </span>final <span class="blank _9"> </span>del <span class="blank _8"> </span>pro<span class="blank _0"> </span>ceso <span class="blank _8"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y40 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">enumeración <span class="blank _2"> </span>(Gelman <span class="blank _2"> </span>y <span class="blank _2"> </span>Gallistel, <span class="blank _2"> </span>1978). <span class="blank _2"> </span>Al<span class="blank _0"> </span>gunos <span class="blank _2"> </span>niños <span class="blank _0"> </span>tienen <span class="blank _2"> </span>di<span class="blank _0"> </span>ficultades <span class="blank _0"> </span>p<span class="blank _0"> </span>ara <span class="blank _0"> </span>e<span class="blank _0"> </span>mpezar <span class="blank _0"> </span>las<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _2"> </span>dos </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y41 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">subtécnicas <span class="blank _2"> </span>al <span class="blank _2"> </span>mismo <span class="blank _2"> </span>tie<span class="blank _0"> </span>mpo. <span class="blank _2"> </span>En <span class="blank _2"> </span>consecuencia, <span class="blank _2"> </span>s<span class="blank _0"> </span>eñalan <span class="blank _0"> </span>el <span class="blank _6"> </span>primer <span class="blank _2"> </span>elemento, <span class="blank _2"> </span>p<span class="blank _0"> </span>ero <span class="blank _2"> </span>no <span class="blank _2"> </span>lo <span class="blank _6"> </span>e<span class="blank _3"></span>tiquetan </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y42 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">o <span class="blank _0"> </span>empie<span class="blank _0"> </span>zan <span class="blank _0"> </span>a <span class="blank _2"> </span>etiquetar <span class="blank _0"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>emasiado <span class="blank _2"> </span>pronto <span class="blank _0"> </span>(po<span class="blank _0"> </span>r <span class="blank _0"> </span>eje<span class="blank _0"> </span>mplo, <span class="blank _0"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>icen <span class="blank _0"> </span>\u201c1\u201d <span class="blank _2"> </span>sin <span class="blank _2"> </span>señalar <span class="blank _2"> </span>el <span class="blank _2"> </span>primer <span class="blank _0"> </span>elem<span class="blank _0"> </span>ento, </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y43 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">que <span class="blank _2"> </span>a <span class="blank _2"> </span>continuación <span class="blank _2"> </span>recibe <span class="blank _2"> </span>la <span class="blank _2"> </span>etiq<span class="blank _0"> </span>ueta <span class="blank _2"> </span>\u201c2\u201d). <span class="blank _2"> </span>A <span class="blank _2"> </span>veces, <span class="blank _2"> </span>los <span class="blank _6"> </span>niños <span class="blank _0"> </span>tienen <span class="blank _2"> </span>dificultades <span class="blank _6"> </span>par<span class="blank _3"></span>a <span class="blank _2"> </span>acabar <span class="blank _2"> </span>con </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y44 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">las <span class="blank _c"> </span>dos <span class="blank _c"> </span>técnicas <span class="blank"> </span>coordi<span class="blank _0"> </span>nadas <span class="blank _8"> </span>y<span class="blank _3"></span> <span class="blank"> </span>s<span class="blank _0"> </span>eñalan, <span class="blank _c"> </span>pero <span class="blank _c"> </span>no <span class="blank _c"> </span>etiquetan, <span class="blank"> </span>el <span class="blank _c"> </span>último<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank"> </span>elemento <span class="blank _c"> </span>o <span class="blank _c"> </span>continúan </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y45 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">etiquetando <span class="blank _a"> </span>después <span class="blank _a"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _a"> </span>haber <span class="blank _a"> </span>señalado <span class="blank _a"> </span>el<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _a"> </span>últi<span class="blank _0"> </span>mo <span class="blank _a"> </span>elemento. <span class="blank _a"> </span>Los <span class="blank _a"> </span>niño<span class="blank _0"> </span>s <span class="blank _a"> </span>mentalmente <span class="blank _a"> </span>retrasados </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y46 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">parecen ser propensos a cometer errores de coordinación (Baroody <span class="blank _0"> </span>y Ginsburg, 1984). </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y47 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y48 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">El <span class="blank _7"> </span>\u201cfrenesí\u201d <span class="blank _7"> </span>y<span class="blank _3"></span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>\u201cpasar <span class="blank _5"> </span>de<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _7"> </span>largo\u201d <span class="blank _5"> </span>son <span class="blank _7"> </span>dos <span class="blank _7"> </span>g<span class="blank _3"></span>raves <span class="blank _7"> </span>errores <span class="blank _5"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _7"> </span>en<span class="blank _3"></span>umeración. <span class="blank _7"> </span>En <span class="blank _7"> </span>el <span class="blank _5"> </span>primero, <span class="blank _7"> </span>el <span class="blank _7"> </span>niño </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y49 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">empieza <span class="blank _6"> </span>con <span class="blank _2"> </span>una <span class="blank _6"> </span>correspondencia <span class="blank _2"> </span>biunívoc<span class="blank _0"> </span>a, <span class="blank _2"> </span>pero<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _2"> </span>n<span class="blank _0"> </span>o <span class="blank _2"> </span>la <span class="blank _6"> </span>mantiene <span class="blank _2"> </span>h<span class="blank _0"> </span>asta <span class="blank _6"> </span>el <span class="blank _6"> </span>final, <span class="blank _6"> </span>y <span class="blank _0"> </span>en<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _2"> </span>el<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _2"> </span>s<span class="blank _0"> </span>egundo </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y4a ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">no <span class="blank _0"> </span>intenta <span class="blank _0"> </span>establecer la <span class="blank _0"> </span>corresponden<span class="blank _0"> </span>cia al <span class="blank _0"> </span>empezar <span class="blank _0"> </span>o <span class="blank _0"> </span>acabar <span class="blank _0"> </span>el <span class="blank _0"> </span>proceso d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _0"> </span>enumeración <span class="blank _0"> </span>(Fuson <span class="blank _0"> </span>y </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y4b ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">Hall, 1983). El frenesí pu<span class="blank _0"> </span>ede darse como resultado d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e no controlar los <span class="blank _0"> </span>elementos etiquetados <span class="blank _0"> </span>y no </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y4c ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">etiquetados <span class="blank _4"> </span>(error <span class="blank _d"> </span>de <span class="blank _4"> </span>p<span class="blank _0"> </span>artición), <span class="blank _4"> </span>no <span class="blank _d"> </span>coordinar <span class="blank _4"> </span>la<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _4"> </span>cuenta <span class="blank _4"> </span>oral <span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank _3"></span> <span class="blank _4"> </span>la <span class="blank _d"> </span>acción <span class="blank _4"> </span>de <span class="blank _d"> </span>señalar <span class="blank _4"> </span>(error <span class="blank _4"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y4d ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">coordinación), <span class="blank _a"> </span>o <span class="blank _7"> </span>a<span class="blank _0"> </span>mbos <span class="blank _a"> </span>a <span class="blank _a"> </span>la <span class="blank _a"> </span>vez <span class="blank _a"> </span>(véase <span class="blank _a"> </span>la <span class="blank _4"> </span>fig. <span class="blank _7"> </span>6<span class="blank _0"> </span>.1). <span class="blank _a"> </span>Pasar <span class="blank _a"> </span>por <span class="blank _a"> </span>alto <span class="blank _a"> </span>comporta <span class="blank _a"> </span>no <span class="blank _a"> </span>h<span class="blank _0"> </span>acer <span class="blank _7"> </span>n<span class="blank _0"> </span>ingún </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y4e ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">intento de controlar o coordinar la serie numérica con l<span class="blank _0"> </span>a acción de señalar cada elemento. </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y4f ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y50 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">Con <span class="blank"> </span>los <span class="blank"> </span>niños <span class="blank"> </span>que <span class="blank _c"> </span>\u201cpasan <span class="blank"> </span>por <span class="blank"> </span>alto\u201d <span class="blank"> </span>al<span class="blank _0"> </span>gún <span class="blank"> </span>elemento, <span class="blank"> </span>la <span class="blank"> </span>enseñan<span class="blank _0"> </span>za <span class="blank"> </span>de <span class="blank"> </span>la <span class="blank"> </span>enumeración <span class="blank"> </span>deb<span class="blank _0"> </span>e </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y51 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">destacar: <span class="blank _5"> </span>a) <span class="blank _5"> </span>contar <span class="blank _5"> </span>despacio <span class="blank _7"> </span>y <span class="blank _6"> </span>con <span class="blank _5"> </span>aten<span class="blank _0"> </span>ción; <span class="blank _6"> </span>b<span class="blank _0"> </span>) <span class="blank _5"> </span>aplicar <span class="blank _5"> </span>una <span class="blank _5"> </span>etiqueta <span class="blank _5"> </span>a <span class="blank _7"> </span>c<span class="blank _3"></span>ada <span class="blank _5"> </span>elemento; <span class="blank _5"> </span>c) <span class="blank _5"> </span>señal<span class="blank _0"> </span>ar </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y52 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">cada <span class="blank _4"> </span>elemento <span class="blank _4"> </span>un<span class="blank _0"> </span>a <span class="blank _4"> </span>vez <span class="blank _4"> </span>y <span class="blank _4"> </span>s<span class="blank _0"> </span>ólo <span class="blank _4"> </span>una, <span class="blank _d"> </span>y <span class="blank _4"> </span>d) <span class="blank _d"> </span>contar <span class="blank _4"> </span>organizadamente <span class="blank _d"> </span>para <span class="blank _4"> </span>ahorrar <span class="blank _d"> </span>esfuerzo <span class="blank _4"> </span>en <span class="blank _4"> </span>el </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y53 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">control. <span class="blank _5"> </span>Con <span class="blank _5"> </span>elementos <span class="blank _5"> </span>fij<span class="blank _0"> </span>os, <span class="blank _5"> </span>el <span class="blank _5"> </span>control <span class="blank _5"> </span>de <span class="blank _5"> </span>los <span class="blank _5"> </span>objetos <span class="blank _5"> </span>co<span class="blank _0"> </span>ntados <span class="blank _5"> </span>y <span class="blank _6"> </span>los <span class="blank _5"> </span>qu<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _5"> </span>quedan <span class="blank _5"> </span>por <span class="blank _5"> </span>contar <span class="blank _5"> </span>se </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y54 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">puede <span class="blank _c"> </span>facilitar <span class="blank _8"> </span>con <span class="blank _c"> </span>estrate<span class="blank _0"> </span>g<span class="blank _3"></span>ias <span class="blank _c"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _c"> </span>aprendizaje <span class="blank _8"> </span>como <span class="blank _c"> </span>e<span class="blank _0"> </span>mpezar <span class="blank"> </span>po<span class="blank _0"> </span>r <span class="blank _c"> </span>un <span class="blank _8"> </span>lugar <span class="blank _c"> </span>bien <span class="blank _c"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>efinido <span class="blank _8"> </span>y </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y55 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">continuar <span class="blank _12"> </span>sistemáticamente <span class="blank _12"> </span>en <span class="blank _12"> </span>una <span class="blank _12"> </span>dirección <span class="blank _12"> </span>(por <span class="blank _12"> </span>ejemplo, <span class="blank _12"> </span>de <span class="blank _12"> </span>izquierda <span class="blank _12"> </span>a <span class="blank _12"> </span>derecha). <span class="blank _12"> </span>Una<span class="blank _0"> </span> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y56 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">estrategia <span class="blank _2"> </span>adecuada <span class="blank _2"> </span>para <span class="blank _6"> </span>contar <span class="blank _2"> </span>elementos <span class="blank _2"> </span>móvile<span class="blank _0"> </span>s <span class="blank _2"> </span>es <span class="blank _2"> </span>separar <span class="blank _2"> </span>clara<span class="blank _0"> </span>mente <span class="blank _2"> </span>los <span class="blank _6"> </span>elementos <span class="blank _0"> </span>contados<span class="blank _0"> </span> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y57 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">de los que quedan por contar. </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y58 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2"> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y65 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">Regla <span class="blank _2"> </span>del <span class="blank _2"> </span>valor <span class="blank _6"> </span>cardinal. <span class="blank _2"> </span><span class="ff2">Cuando <span class="blank _2"> </span>ll<span class="blank _0"> </span>egan <span class="blank _0"> </span>a <span class="blank _6"> </span>párvulos, <span class="blank _2"> </span>los <span class="blank _2"> </span>niño<span class="blank _0"> </span>s <span class="blank _2"> </span>aplican <span class="blank _2"> </span>rutinariamente <span class="blank _2"> </span>la <span class="blank _2"> </span>regla <span class="blank _2"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>el </span></div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y66 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">valor <span class="blank _6"> </span>cardinal <span class="blank _5"> </span>a <span class="blank _6"> </span>conjunt<span class="blank _0"> </span>os <span class="blank _5"> </span>aún <span class="blank _6"> </span>ma<span class="blank _0"> </span>yores <span class="blank _6"> </span>(Fuson, <span class="blank _5"> </span>Pergament, <span class="blank _5"> </span>Lyons <span class="blank _5"> </span>y <span class="blank _6"> </span>Hall, <span class="blank _5"> </span>1985). <span class="blank _5"> </span>Si <span class="blank _6"> </span>un <span class="blank _5"> </span>niño <span class="blank _5"> </span>de </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y5b ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">esta <span class="blank _4"> </span>edad <span class="blank _d"> </span>no <span class="blank _4"> </span>lo <span class="blank _d"> </span>puede <span class="blank _4"> </span>hacer <span class="blank _d"> </span>es <span class="blank _4"> </span>señal <span class="blank _d"> </span>de <span class="blank _4"> </span>qu<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _4"> </span>tiene <span class="blank _d"> </span>graves <span class="blank _4"> </span>problemas. <span class="blank _d"> </span>Aunque <span class="blank _4"> </span>muchos <span class="blank _d"> </span>niños </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y5c ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">mentalmente <span class="blank"> </span>r<span class="blank _0"> </span>etrasados <span class="blank _c"> </span>pueden <span class="blank _c"> </span>aprender <span class="blank _c"> </span>espontáneamente <span class="blank _c"> </span>la <span class="blank _c"> </span>re<span class="blank _0"> </span>gla <span class="blank"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>el <span class="blank _c"> </span>valor <span class="blank _c"> </span>cardinal, <span class="blank"> </span>o<span class="blank _0"> </span>tros </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y5d ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">necesitan <span class="blank"> </span>una <span class="blank _c"> </span>enseñanza <span class="blank"> </span>exp<span class="blank _0"> </span>lícita. <span class="blank"> </span>Si <span class="blank"> </span>un <span class="blank _c"> </span>niño <span class="blank _c"> </span>simplemente <span class="blank"> </span>adivina <span class="blank"> </span>el <span class="blank _c"> </span>valor <span class="blank"> </span>cardinal <span class="blank"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank"> </span>un </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y5e ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">conjunto <span class="blank _6"> </span>que <span class="blank _6"> </span>acaba <span class="blank _6"> </span>de <span class="blank _6"> </span>c<span class="blank _0"> </span>ontar <span class="blank _6"> </span>o <span class="blank _6"> </span>vuelve <span class="blank _6"> </span>a <span class="blank _6"> </span>enumerar <span class="blank _6"> </span>el <span class="blank _6"> </span>conjunto, <span class="blank _5"> </span>se <span class="blank _6"> </span>le <span class="blank _6"> </span>puede <span class="blank _6"> </span>exp<span class="blank _0"> </span>licar <span class="blank _6"> </span>la <span class="blank _6"> </span>regla <span class="blank _6"> </span>del </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y5f ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">valor <span class="blank _a"> </span>cardinal <span class="blank _7"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>e <span class="blank _7"> </span>l<span class="blank _0"> </span>a <span class="blank _a"> </span>manera <span class="blank _a"> </span>si<span class="blank _0"> </span>g<span class="blank _3"></span>uiente: <span class="blank _4"> </span>\u201cCuan<span class="blank _3"></span>do <span class="blank _a"> </span>cuentes, <span class="blank _a"> </span>recuerda <span class="blank _a"> </span>el <span class="blank _a"> </span>últ<span class="blank _0"> </span>imo <span class="blank _7"> </span>n<span class="blank _0"> </span>úmero <span class="blank _a"> </span>que <span class="blank _a"> </span>dices </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y60 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">porque <span class="blank _2"> </span>así <span class="blank _6"> </span>sabrás <span class="blank _6"> </span>cuántas <span class="blank _2"> </span>cosas <span class="blank _6"> </span>has <span class="blank _2"> </span>contado.\u201d<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _2"> </span>Si <span class="blank _6"> </span>un <span class="blank _6"> </span>niño <span class="blank _2"> </span>repite <span class="blank _6"> </span>toda <span class="blank _2"> </span>l<span class="blank _0"> </span>a <span class="blank _2"> </span>ser<span class="blank _0"> </span>ie <span class="blank _2"> </span>numérica <span class="blank _6"> </span>empleada </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y61 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">en <span class="blank _7"> </span>el <span class="blank _7"> </span>proceso <span class="blank _7"> </span>de <span class="blank _7"> </span>en<span class="blank _3"></span>ume<span class="blank _0"> </span>ración, <span class="blank _7"> </span>se <span class="blank _7"> </span>le <span class="blank _5"> </span>pu<span class="blank _0"> </span>ede <span class="blank _7"> </span>decir <span class="blank _7"> </span>que <span class="blank _7"> </span>existe <span class="blank _7"> </span>un <span class="blank _7"> </span>atajo: <span class="blank _7"> </span>\u201cDeja <span class="blank _7"> </span>que <span class="blank _7"> </span>te <span class="blank _5"> </span>ens<span class="blank _0"> </span>eñe <span class="blank _7"> </span>una </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y62 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">manera <span class="blank _2"> </span>más <span class="blank _0"> </span>fácil. <span class="blank _2"> </span>Después <span class="blank _2"> </span>de <span class="blank _0"> </span>con<span class="blank _0"> </span>tar, <span class="blank _0"> </span>me <span class="blank _2"> </span>vuelves <span class="blank _2"> </span>a <span class="blank _0"> </span>d<span class="blank _0"> </span>ecir <span class="blank _0"> </span>el <span class="blank _2"> </span>último <span class="blank _2"> </span>número <span class="blank _0"> </span>q<span class="blank _0"> </span>ue <span class="blank _0"> </span>hayas <span class="blank _0"> </span>dicho <span class="blank _6"> </span>y <span class="blank _0"> </span>así </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y63 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">sabré <span class="blank _6"> </span>cuántas <span class="blank _6"> </span>cosas <span class="blank _6"> </span>has <span class="blank _6"> </span>contado.\u201d <span class="blank _6"> </span>A <span class="blank _6"> </span>veces <span class="blank _6"> </span>es <span class="blank _6"> </span>ú<span class="blank _0"> </span>til <span class="blank _6"> </span>que <span class="blank _6"> </span>el <span class="blank _6"> </span>maestro <span class="blank _6"> </span>demuestre <span class="blank _6"> </span>el <span class="blank _6"> </span>proceso <span class="blank _6"> </span>mientras<span class="blank _0"> </span> </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y64 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">\u201cpiensa <span class="blank _6"> </span>en <span class="blank _6"> </span>voz <span class="blank _6"> </span>alta\u201d: <span class="blank _6"> </span>\u201c¿Cuántos <span class="blank _6"> </span>dedos <span class="blank _6"> </span>tengo <span class="blank _2"> </span>lev<span class="blank _0"> </span>antados? <span class="blank _6"> </span>Voy <span class="blank _6"> </span>a <span class="blank _6"> </span>contarlos, <span class="blank _6"> </span>a <span class="blank _6"> </span>ver. <span class="blank _6"> </span>Uno, <span class="blank _2"> </span>dos,<span class="blank _0"> </span> <span class="blank _6"> </span>tres, </div><div class="t m2 x2 h9 y68 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">cuatro. <span class="ff2">Vaya, el último número que he dicho es cuatro, así que tengo </span>cuatro <span class="ff2">dedos levantados.\u201d </span></div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div>
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