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Part 111 Dissociations and Other Naming Phenomena The internal structure of the naming process has been illuminated by re- cent studies of the fractionation of object naming capacities along the lines of input and output channels, on one hand, and along the lines of the con- cepts to be named, on the other. Freund's (1889) description of 'optic apha- sia' first called attention to the need to provide for a gateway between rel- atively peripheral, prelinguistic input or output systems and a more central system of knowledge representation and name access. In the first of the two chapters in this section, Ria De Bleser presents a synthesis of sin- gle-channel deficits of naming that may affect particular input or output pathways. Section II includes Tranel, Damasio, and Damasio's treatment of the anatomical basis for a number of category-specific naming dissociations, including those affecting the retrieval of proper nouns. In Chapter 5 of Part III, Carlo Semenza elaborates on the cognitive implications of aphasia for proper names, on the basis of in-depth study of his own clinical cases, and their relation to other cases in the literature.