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xvii Introduction Natural non-human primate hosts of the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) do not develop AIDS despite carrying viral loads that normally lead to pathology and death in non-natural hosts. A large body of data that documents a variety of immunological and virological differences between SIV-infected natural versus non-natural hosts indicate that the clues to disease resistance are mostly host related and have evolved over 100 if not thousands of years. We now face the daunting task of identifying which of these differences (and by what mechanisms) contribute to dis- ease resistance in the natural hosts and ultimately exploit these findings for the design of novel interventions to treat or prevent HIV infection of humans. Introduction