What are the characteristics of vertebrates according to the book 'Apuntes de Zoología' by Ana G. Moreno?
I - Possess a vertebral column composed ...
What are the characteristics of vertebrates according to the book 'Apuntes de Zoología' by Ana G. Moreno?
I - Possess a vertebral column composed of vertebrae, which is the main skeletal axis of the body. II - Have a skull that covers the brain. III - Have pharyngotremia, which are gill slits separated by skeletal arches. IV - Have a notochord that is more or less replaced by the vertebral column and generally disappears in adults. V - Have an endoskeleton composed of the vertebral column, skull, visceral arches, appendicular girdles, and two pairs of appendages. VI - Have a tegument composed of the epidermis and dermis. VII - Have a well-developed musculature that inserts into the skeleton. VIII - Have a digestive tube provided with large digestive glands. IX - Have a closed circulatory system with a ventral heart and paired aortic arches that connect the dorsal and ventral aortas. X - Have a well-developed coelom. XI - Have an excretory system formed by paired kidneys that drain into the cloaca or anal region. XII - Have a brain divided into five vesicles and 10 to 12 pairs of cranial nerves that innervate the olfactory, visual, and statoacoustic organs. XIII - Have an autonomic nervous system that controls the involuntary functions of internal organs. XIV - Have an endocrine system composed of ductless glands dispersed throughout the body. XV - Do not reproduce asexually.
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