enclaves-del-pensamiento-11

Vista previa del material en texto

EN­CLAVES del pensamiento 
ha sido integrada en los siguientes Índices:
!" #$%&'("%(")(*&+,-+".(/&'-$-+"%("0$*(+,&1-'&2$"3&($,45'-"%("367839:
!" ;8:07<=>?"@&+,(A-")(1&B$-C"%("0$DBEA-'&2$"($";4$(-"F-E-"C-+")(*&+,-+"
  3&($,45'-+"%("8AGE&'-";-,&$-H"(C"3-E&I(H"=+F-J-"K"LBE,M1-C
!" 3;8@=?"3&,-+";-,&$B-A(E&'-$-+"($"3&($'&-+"@B'&-C(+"K"NMA-$&%-%(+
!" O8;=?""3($1-1(";(-E$&$1
!" P;)03N"L(E&B%&'-C+"<&E(',BEK
!" =Q@36?"LMIC&+R&$1"S8'-%(A&'"@(-E'R"LE(A&(ET
!" @30=;6U.G/&'B?"@'&($,&5'"=C(',EB$&'";&IE-EK"6$C&$(
!" <08;7=:?"P$&*(E+&%-%"%("C-")&BV-
!" )(%"%(")(*&+,-+"3&($,45'-+"%("8AGE&'-";-,&$-"K"(C"3-E&I(H"=+F-J-"K"LBE,M1-CW" 
  @&+,(A-"%("0$DBEA-'&2$"3&($,45'-")(%-CK'
!" 7(X"YBMEW"=C(',EB$&'"YBME$-C+"-$%"7(X+C(,,(E+W"O(BE1(,BX$"P$&*(E+&,K
!" 3;83@6W"3B$+(VB";-,&$B-A(E&'-$B"%("3&($'&-+"@B'&-C(+"S($"FEB'(+BT
!" 0)=@0=W"Q-+("%("<-,B+""@BIE("=%M'-'&2$"0I(EB-A(E&'-$-
!" :RBA+B$")(M,(E+"S($"FEB'(+BT
)=.0?"9-"'-AI&G$"(+,-+"FZ1&$-+"FBE"C-+"[M("
A("($*&-EB$" 'B$"%-,B+" " -',M-C(+W":-AI&G$" C-"
'B$*B'-,BE&-"5$-CW
OE-'&-+H"=C&+-"
EN­CLAVES
DEL PENSAMIENTO
)(*&+,-"%("NMA-$&%-%(+?"8E,(H"\&CB+BD4-H"N&+,BE&-H"L+&'BCB14-
LMIC&'-'&2$"+(A(+,E-C"%("C-"=+'M(C-"%("NMA-$&%-%(+"K"3&($'&-+"@B'&-C(+
%(C"":('$BC21&'B"%(".B$,(EE(KH")(',BE4-"%("C-"]B$-".(,EBFBC&,-$-"%("C-"3&M%-%"%(".G/&'B
8JB"^0H"$_AW"``H"($(EBUVM$&B""ab`a
Directora
<BE-"=C*&E-"O-E'4-"OW
Jefas de redacción
0*2$"3(F(%-""c""dE&e-"@-C-+"
Consejo de redacción
<&$-"3BA&+-E($'B"!"8CI(E,B"3B$+,-$,("!".-E1B"='R($I(E1
8CI(E,B"N(E$Z$%(f"!")BI(E,B"6EBF(f-
.-E4-";M&+-"L-EE-1M(f"!"@BD4-")(%&$1"!"YMC&B")MI&B"!""@R-$$B$"@R(-"!"3-ECB+"@BC-
=$E&[M(":-AG+"!"YBE1(":E-+CB+R(EB+"!";&CC&-$"QE&+(JB"!"^&*&-$"8$,-e&
Comité editorial y asesor nacional e internacional
)-_C" 8C'-CZ" SUNAMH" .G/WTH" 8$,B$&B" Q-EI-" SUNAMH" .G/WTH" Q(E,BC%" Q(E$E(M,(E" SLBCKCB1H" 8C(AWTH" QBE&+"
Q(E($fB$"SUNAMH".G/WTH".-ME&'&B"Q(M'RB,"SUNAMH".G/WTH".-E4-"=M1($&-"QBE+-$&"SP$&*(E+&%-%"7-'&B$-C"
%(C"3BA-RM(H"8E1WTH"Y-'BI"QM1-$f-"SP$&*(E+&%-%"^(E-'EMf-$-H".G/WTH"7(M+"3-AF&CCB"SP$&*(E+&%-%"%("
^-C($'&-H"=+FWTH"L(%EB"3BIB"SITAMH".G/WTH"O&M+(FF("3-''&-,BE(" SP$&*(E+&,Z"%(1C&"@,M%&"%&"7-FBC&H" 0,-WTH"
Y(+_+"3B$&CC" SP$&*(E+&%-%"%("^-C($'&-H"=+FWTH"L-BCB"3E&+,BDBC&$&" SN&+,BE&-"LR&CB+BFR&'-H" 0,-WTH"NBE,($+&-"
3MGCC-E"S:('$BC21&'B"%(".B$,(EE(KH".G/WTH")B%E&1B"<4-f"3EMf"SUNAMH".G/WTH"@&AB$-"\BE,&"SP$&*(E+&%-%"
%(C"L&(AB$,("6E&($,-C(H"0,-WTH"QC-$'-"O-E'4-"O-E'4-"SP$&*(E+&%-%"%("C-+"8AGE&'-+H".G/WTH"3-ECB+"O($%("
SP$&*(E+&%-%"7-'&B$-C" %(C"3BA-RM(H"8E1WTH" YB+G";M&+"OB$fZC(f" S=+'M(C-"7-'&B$-C" %("8$,EBFBCB14-" ("
N&+,BE&-H".G/WTH"OE-'&-"<BA&$1B"SP$&*(E+&%-%"%("C-+"8AGE&'-+H".G/WTH"3-ECB+"gBR$"SP$&*(E+&%-%"3($,E-C"%("
^($(fM(C-H"̂ ($WTH"N(&$f"gEMAF(C"SP$&*(E+&%-%"%("̂ &($-H"8M+WTH".-E4-"\(E$-$%-";-$%(E"S@e&%ABE("3BCC(1(H"
EE. UU.TH"8$%E(X";&1R," SP$&*(E+&,K"BD"h-+R&$1,B$H"EE. UU.TH"8CDB$+B".($%&BC-" SN&+,BE&-"K"OE-D4-H".G/WTH"
;M&+".B$,-JB"N&EB+'R("SUAMH".G/WTH".-E4-":(E(+-".MJBf"SP$&*(E+&%-%"0$,(E'B$,&$($,-CH".G/WTH"=C&f-I(,R"
L-%&CC-"SP$&*(E+&%-%"7-'&B$-C"%(C"3BA-RM(H"8E1WTH"YB+G"8$,B$&B"LGE(f":-F&-+"SP$&*(E+&%-%"%("OE-$-%-H"
=+FWTH"@&C*-$-")-I&$B*&'R"SUNAMH".G/WTH"0$G+"@Z($f"S:('$BC21&'B"%(".B$,(EE(KH".G/WTH"8C(V-$%EB"@-RM4"
SP$&*(E+&%-%"8M,2$BA-"%("3-AF('R(H".G/WTH"3E&+,&$-"@Z$'R(f"SP$&*(E+&%-%"8M,2$BA-"%(".-%E&%H"=+FWTH"
6+A-E"@Z$'R(f"81M&C(E-"S:('$BC21&'B"%(".B$,(EE(KH".G/WTH".-E4-"YB+(D-"@-$,B+"SUNAMH".G/WTH"<-*&%"
@BIE(*&CC-" SP$&*(E+&%-%"%(";&A-H"L(E_TH"^-C($,&$-":BEE(+"@(F,&G$" SP$&*(E+&%-%" 0I(EB-A(E&'-$-H".G/WTH"
=M1($&B":E4-+"SP$&*(E+&%-%"LBAF(M"\-IE-H"=+FWTH"8AIEB+&B"̂ (C-+'B"SUNAMH".G/WTH"YBE1("̂ (CZ+[M(f"SUAMH"
.G/WTH"O-EE-,R"h&CC&-A+"S;-$'-+,(E"P$&*(E+&,KH"UK.TH".-Ee"h-KA-'e"S;BKBC-"P$&*(E+&,K"BD"3R&'-1BH"EE. UU.TH"
8$-"]-1-E&"SP$&*(E+&%-%"%(C"@-C*-%BEH"8E1WTH";&C&-$"]&EFBCB"S8MEBE-H":R("YBME$-C"BD",R("N&+,BEK"BD"8E,H"EE. UUWT
Asistente editorial
 Y-*&(E"8C(V-$%EB"3-A-E1B
Edición
YM-$"3-ECB+"NW"^(E-"!")(I('-")BC%Z$"@BC-$B
Diseño
6A-E"]-ABE-"3-C%(E2$"!"^4',BE".W"YMZE(f"Q-C*-$(E-
OP
OP
EN­CLAVES"(+"M$-"FMIC&'-'&2$"+(A(+,E-C"[M("+ME1("'B$"(C"5$"%("FB$(E"-C"+(E"RMA-$B"
K"+M"E(i(/&2$"+&+,(AZ,&'-",-$,B"($"(C"'($,EB"%("C-+"&$*(+,&1-'&B$(+"K"CB+"%(I-,(+H"
'BAB"($"CB"AZ+"RB$%B"%("$M(+,E-"*&%-"'B,&%&-$-"K"($"CB"AZ+"FEBDM$%B"%("C-"-''&2$"
+B'&-CW"=$"M$-"F-C-IE-?"'-F,-E"CB"1CBI-C"K"E('E(-E"CB"CB'-C"E(F($+-$%B"C-+"RMA-$&%-%(+H"
-'BAF-J-%-+"%("C-"F(EA-$($,("'B$+,EM''&2$"%("+&1$&5'-%B+H"+4AIBCB+"K"-''&B$(+W"
<("(+,-"A-$(E-H"EN­CLAVES"+("FEBFB$("+(E"M$"AB%(+,B"*(R4'MCB"-"5$"%("E(i(V-E"C-"
I(CC(f-H"C-"M$&%-%"K"C-"*(E%-%"[M("$B+"R(EA-$-"K"'E(-E"'B$"(CCB"$M(*B+"FM($,(+"K"
'-A&$B+"%("-F(E,ME-H"(AF-,4-H"E('&FEB'&%-%"K"E('B$B'&A&($,BW"
" =+,-" E(*&+,-" CC(*-"(C"$BAIE("%("EN­CLAVES, $BAIE(" DBEA-%B"FBE"M$-"%MFC-"%("
F-C-IE-+"[M("'BAB"51ME-"E(,2E&'-"%&+,&$1M("K"+(F-E-"F-E-"'BAI&$-E"K"VM1-E"'B$"$M(U
*B+"+&1$&5'-%B+H"($"-E-+"%("*(E"'B$"(CCB+"C-"E(-C&%-%"%(+%("Z$1MCB+"K"F(E+F(',&*-+"
%&D(E($,(+W"=$"(D(',BH"FBE"M$"C-%B"enclave nos lleva a pensar en un territorio incluido 
($"B,EB"'B$"'-E-',(E4+,&'-+"%("4$%BC("%&*(E+-W"LBE"B,EB"C-%BH"C-"F-C-IE-"clave, del latín 
clavisH"+&1$&5'-"CC-*("-+4"'BAB"",-AI&G$"(/FC&'-'&2$H"[M("$('(+&,-"-C1_$"(+'E&,B"F-E-"
+M"'BAFE($+&2$"K"[M(",(EA&$-"FBE"'B$+,&,M&E+("($"+&1$B"B"'BAI&$-'&2$"%("+&1$B+W"
=+"-C1B",-$"E(C(*-$,("K"%('&+&*B"[M(H"I-VB"M$-",E-$+FB+&'&2$"K"VM(1B"A(,-D2E&'B+H"+("
'B$*&(E,("($"(C"FM$,B"DM$%-A($,-C"%(C"-E'B"B"%("C-"I2*(%-H"(+"%('&EH"C-"%B*(C-"[M("
CB"'&(EE-"K"CB"+M+,($,-H"K"[M("%(+(AF(J-"C-"DM$'&2$"%("F&(%E-"-$1MC-E"B"F&(%E-"%("
-A-EE("($"C-"[M("+("+M+,($,-"M$-"(%&5'-'&2$W"
" 8+4"FM(+H"'B$"C-"'BAI&$-'&2$"%("enclave K"claves"[M(%-"'B$+,&,M&%B"(C"$BAIE("%("
(+,-"E(*&+,-"[M("&$*&,-"-"C-"E(i(/&2$"(/FE(+-%-"($"F($+-A&($,B+"(+'E&,B+"F-E-"[M&($(+"
IM+[M($"'BAFE($%(E"%(+%("C-+"RMA-$&%-%(+"-"$M(+,EB"'BAFC&'-%B"AM$%B"RMA-$BW
EN­CLAVES DEL PESAMIENTO"IM+'-"'B$*(E,&E+("($"M$"(+F-'&B"-'-%GA&'B"K"%("&$*(+,&U
1-'&2$"j($"'M-$,B",(EE&,BE&B"%("'B$+&%(E-IC("-AFC&,M%j"+BIE("(C"'M-C"(C":('$BC21&'B"
%(".B$,(EE(K"-FM(+,-"K"-EE&(+1-",E-I-V-E"FBE"C-+"NMA-$&%-%(+H"(AF(JZ$%B+("($"
M$-" E(i(/&2$"+BIE("(C" +(E"RMA-$BW"QM+'-"+(E" 'EM'("%("'-A&$B+"($,E("%&*(E+-+"
%&+'&FC&$-+"FEB'ME-$%B"(C"%&ZCB1BH" C-"AMC,&%&+'&FC&$-"K" C-" &$,(E%&+'&FC&$-W"QM+'-"+(E"
-,-C-K-"%("$M(*B+"RBE&fB$,(+"K"'BEE&($,(+"K"'(E'B"4$,&AB"F-E-"(C"&$,(E'-AI&B"($,E("
FEBD(+BE(+"K"-CMA$B+W"3BAB"claves del pensamiento"(+,-"E(*&+,-"%(+(-"-Cf-E+("'BAB"
(AIC(A-"%(+'MIE&($%B"C-+"k51ME-+l"FE&$'&F-C(+"[M("E(FE(+($,-$"K"DBEA-C&f-$"CB"AZ+"
4$,&ABH"CB"AZ+"-E'-$BH"CB"%('&+&*B"%("%&D(E($,(+"'MC,ME-+H",E-%&'&B$(+H"F-E-%&1A-+"K"
(+'M(C-+"-'(E'-"%(C"+(E"RMA-$B"K"%("+M"(/&+,($'&-H"'-E1-%-"+&(AFE("%("FEB'(+B+"
K"'-,(1BE4-+H"%("-'B$,('&A&($,B+"K"(+,EM',ME-+H"-"CB"C-E1B"K"-$'RB"%("+M",E-$+&,-E"
FBE"C-",(AFBE-C&%-%"%("C-+"GFB'-+H"CB+"C&$-V(+H"C-+"1($(E-'&B$(+H"CB+"-JB+"K"CB+"%4-+W"
)=.0?"9-"'-AI&G$"(+,-+"FZ1&$-+"FBE"C-+"[M("
A("($*&-EB$" 'B$"%-,B+" " -',M-C(+W":-AI&G$" C-"
'B$*B'-,BE&-"5$-CW
OE-'&-+H"=C&+-"
ÍNDICE
Convergencias y divergencias: la recepción moderna  
!"#$%#&'(%#)*"+,-.)%#!"#/&",0"
\(E$-$%B"@-M'(%B";-+,E-"W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W " ``
Cristóbal Colón y el Caribe: oro y desnudez
@BD4-")(%&$1"QC-+("W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W " am
1+#,&(+&#%#$%#+")"2*!%!#!"#$%2#034%+*!%!"2#5#!"#$%#6,*)%# 
en la universidad
3Z,(%E-"UNESCO"%("d,&'-"K"<(E('RB+"NMA-$B+"K 
<&E(''&2$"%("<(+-EEBCCB"NMA-$B
<BE-"=C*&E-"O-E'4-"K".-E1B"='R($I(E1""W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W   45
7*"+)*%#8&$-,*)%9#"+,("#$%#(":";*<+#.$&2<.)%#5#$%#)*"+)*%#"48-(*)%
7-%&-";&f(,,("6EBf'B"<4-fW"W"W"W"W"W"W"W"W"W"W"W"W"W"W"W"W"W"W"W"W"W"W"W"W"W"W"W"W"W"W"W"W"W"W"W"W"W" " nm
="(!%!#5#8&$-,*)%#"+#>%++%0#?("+!,
8C(V-$%EB"@-RM4".-C%B$-%B "W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W " o`
@"#$&#A32,&#5#$&#*+A32,&#%#8%(,*(#!"$#(%B&+%4*"+,&#$<C*)&D%(*,46,*)&
=A&C&B".G$%(f"L&$,B"W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W   99
=%$*!%)*<+#!"$#*+2,(34"+,&#!"#"2,(62#$%'&(%$#8%(%#46!*)&2#4";*)%+&28$1GC&'-"0E($("N(E$Z$%(f"OB$fZC(fH")B+-"L-,E&'&-"6E,(1-"8$%(-$(" 
K";M'K".-E4-")(&%C".-E,4$(f"W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W " ``p
@*+E4*)%#8%+<8,*)%#5#2*+<8,*)%9#"2,3!*&#!"#)%2&#!"#3+#0")0&#)(*4*+%$# 
"+#F6;*)& 
7(C+B$"8E,(-1-"QB,(CCB "W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W " `p`
Efectos de la interfaz web accesible y usable en el desarrollo  
de las competencias universitarias
8$-";&C&-";-ME(-$BU3EM'(+H")&'-E%B"8%Z$"@-C-+")M(%-" 
K"YBE1("@Z$'R(f"%("8$,MJ-$B"Q-EE-$'B"W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W " `np
La investigación en terapia familiar
0+A-(C"\(E$-$%B"<4-f"6EBF(f- "W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W " `qp
8  ‘Indice
EN­CLAVES del pensamientoH"-JB"^0H"$_AW"``H"($(EBUVM$&B"ab`aH"FFW"mUoW
ARTÍCULOS
CONVERGENCIAS Y DIVERGENCIAS: 
LA RECEPCIÓN MODERNA DE LA OBRA 
CIENTÍFICA DE GOETHE
FERNANDO SAUCEDO LASTRA*
Creo que a la ciencia podría llamársela conocimiento  
de lo general o saber abstracto; el arte, en cambio, sería 
ciencia aplicada a la acción. La ciencia sería larazón  
y el arte su mecanismo, por lo que podríamos llamarlo 
,%4'*6+#)*"+)*%#8(E),*)%G#1+#2-+,"2*29#$%#)*"+)*%#2"(-%# 
el teorema; el arte el problema.
YWhW"^B$"OB(,R(`
Quien aspira a reconocer y describir algo vivo.  
Busca ante todo desentrañarle el espíritu
YWhW"^B$"OB(,R(H"Fausto
Resumen
E$"(+,(",E-I-VB"R-1B"M$"+(1M&A&($,B"%("C-"FBCGA&'-"[M("R-"+M+'&,-%B"C-"BIE-"'&($,45'-"%("OB(,R("-"CB"C-E1B"%(C"+&1CB"XXH"-",E-*G+"%(C"-$ZC&+&+"%("C-"&$,(EFE(U
,-'&2$"[M("%("(CC-"R-'($"%&*(E+B+"R&+,BE&-%BE(+"%("C-"C&,(E-,ME-H"5C2+BDB+"("R&+,BE&-U
c"P$&*(E+&%-%"gKM$1"N((H"3BE(-"%(C"@MEH"D+C-+,E-r1A-&CW'BA
`"^G-+(")M%BCD"@,(&$(EH"La  teoría del  conocimiento basada en  la  concepción del mundo de 
/&",0"G":E-%W"%("YM-$"Q(EC4$"K".&1M(C";2F(f".-$E(+-W".-%E&%H")M%BCD"@,(&$(EH"`sstW
EN­CLAVES del pensamientoH"-JB"^0H"$_AW"``H"($(EBUVM$&B"ab`aH"FFW"``UanW``
`a  \(E$-$%B"@-M'(%B";-+,E-
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 11, enero­junio 2012, pp. 11­25.
%BE(+"%("C-"'&($'&-u"($,E(" CB+"[M("%(+,-'-"C-",(+&+"%(C"5C2+BDB"-M+,E&-'B")M%BCD"
@,(&$(EW":-C"E(*&+&2$"E(*(C-"M$-"&$'BAFE($+&2$"&$,(EFE(,-,&*-"(+($'&-C"-C"&$,($,-E"
(+'&$%&E"-C"OB(,R("FB(,-"%(C"OB(,R("'&($,45'B"K"BC*&%-E"[M("($"(C"F($+-A&($,B"%(C"
-M,BE"-C(AZ$",-C"+(F-E-'&2$"$B"(E-"'B$'(I&IC(W";(VB+"%("C-"A-E'-"%("+MF(E+,&'&2$H"
+MF(E'R(E4-"K"(CM'MIE-'&2$"FBG,&'-"[M("R-"(+,&1A-,&f-%B"(C",E-I-VB"'&($,45'B"%("
OB(,R(H"(C"-E,4'MCB"FEBFB$("E('MF(E-E"(C"&%(-C"1B(,R(-$B"[M("RBK"$M(*-+",($%($U
'&-+"%(C"F($+-A&($,B"'B$,(AFBEZ$(BH"'BAB"(C"%("C-"Tercera CulturaH"(+,Z$"%(I-U
,&($%B?"C-"$('(+&%-%"%("&$,(1E-E"(C",E-I-VB"%(C"-E,&+,-"K"(C"%(C"&$*(+,&1-%BE"%("C-"
$-,ME-C(f-H"-",E-*G+"%(C"%&ZCB1B"($,E("C-+"RMA-$&%-%(+"K"C-"'&($'&-W
Palabras clave?";-"BIE-"'&($,45'-"%("OB(,R(H")M%BCD"@,(&$(EH"Tercera CulturaH"
$-,ME-C(f-H"(+F4E&,MH"RMA-$&%-%(+H"'&($'&-W
Abstract
:R&+"F-F(E"-$-CKf(+",R("'B$,EB*(E+K"'E(-,(%"IK"OB(,R(v+"+'&($,&5'"XE&,&$1+"-CC"
,REBM1R",R(",X($,&(,R"'($,MEKH"-$%"%&+'M++(+"&,+"*-E&(%"&$,(EFE(,-,&B$+"IK"FR&U
CB+BFR(E+"-$%"R&+,BE&-$+"BD"C&,(E-,ME("-$%"+'&($'(H"-AB$1"XR&'R"+,-$%+"BM,",R-,"
BD" ,R("8M+,E&-$"FR&CB+BFR(E")M%BCD"@,(&$(EW":R&+"B*(E*&(X"E(*(-C+"-"'BAAB$"
A&+'B$'(F,&B$?",R(E("+MFFB+(%",B"I("-"%&*&%("I(,X(($"OB(,R("-+"-"FB(,"-$%"
OB(,R("-+"-"+'&($'("A-$H"-C,RBM1R"+M'R"+(F-E-,&B$"&+"&AFB++&IC(",B"'B$'(&*("
&$"OB(,R(v+",RBM1R,H"-$%"R&+"+'&($,&5'"XE&,&$1+"-E("$B,"ABE(",R-$"+MF(E+,&,&B$"
-$%"FB(,&'"D-$,-+KW":R("'E&,&[M("BD"+M'R"-"A&+,-e($"$B,&B$"F(EA&,+",B"E((*-CM-,("
,R("1B(,R(-$"&%(-C"BD"&$,(1E-,&B$"I(,X(($",R("-E,&+,"-$%",R("+'&($,&+,H"I(,X(($"
@'&($'("-$%"NMA-$&,&(+H"-$"($%(-*BE" ,R-," E('($," ,E($%+"BD" ,RBM1R,H" C&e(" ,R("
H0*(!#73$,3("H"-E("%(I-,&$1"-$%"*-C&%-,&$1",B%-KW
Key words:"OB(,R(w+"+'&($,&5'"XBEeH")M%BCD"@,(&$(EH":R&E%"3MC,ME(H"$-,ME(H"+F&E&,H"
RMA-$&,&(+H"+'&($'(W
=C"+&1M&($,(",E-I-VB"$-'("%("C-"C(',ME-"%("-C1M$-+"%("C-+"BIE-+"'&($,45'-+"%("
OB(,R(H"-+4"'BAB"%(C"-'(E'-A&($,B"-"CB+"(+'E&,B+"%("+M+"'BA($,-%BE(+H"'E4,&'B+H"
%(,E-',BE(+"K"%(D($+BE(+W"@BEFE($%(H"($",B%B"'-+BH"'BAB"K-"A($'&B$-"-C1M$B"%("
+M+"-$-C&+,-+H"C-"-',M-C&%-%"%("C-"FBCGA&'-"[M("M$"'CZ+&'B"'BAB"OB(,R("-_$"+M+U
'&,-Wa"9"+&"R-K"%(I-,("($",BE$B"%("+M"BIE-H"(+F('&-CA($,("C-"'&($,45'-"$B"(+H"A("
a".-$M(C"@-'E&+,Z$H"k;-"*(E-'&%-%"%("OB(,R(lH"($"I"),3(%2G#J%+:",&2#5#4%,"(*%$"2#IVW"Q-E'(CBU
$-H"0'-E&-H"`sonW
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 11, enero­junio 2012, pp. 11­25.
3B$*(E1($'&-+"K"%&*(E1($'&-+" `p
F-E('(H"+&$B"FBE[M("($"+M"F($+-A&($,B"(/&+,($",B%-*4-H"K"[M&fZ"AZ+"[M("$M$'-H"
FB+&I&C&%-%(+"%("FE(+($,("K"%("DM,MEBW
=+,("($+-KB"[M&(E("&$+'E&I&E+("($"(C"(+F4E&,M"%("C-"CC-A-%-"Tercera Cultura, 
($"C-"A(%&%-"($"[M("C-"(C(''&2$"%("OB(,R("'BAB"51ME-"'($,E-C"K"BE1-$&f-%BE-"
%("(+,-"&$*(+,&1-'&2$"E(+&%("($"(C"%(+'MIE&A&($,B"(AB,&*B"%("+M"-+F&E-'&2$"FBE"
'E(-E"M$-"-C&-$f-"($,E("(C"'&($,45'B"K"(C"FB(,-H"(+,B"(+H"M$"%&ZCB1B"DEM',4D(EB"
($,E("C-"'MC,ME-"'&($,45'-"K"C-"RMA-$4+,&'-H"M,BF4-"K"ME1($,("-+&1$-,ME-"F($%&($U
,("%("$M(+,EB"GFB'-W"
Udo Rukser
7-%-"FM(%("+(E"AZ+"*-E&-%B"[M("(C"E('M($,B"%("C-+"*&+&B$(+"K"*(E+&B$(+"%("CB+"
'BA($,-E&+,-+"%("C-"BIE-"'&($,45'-"%("OB(,R(W"=$"(CC-+H"C-"&A-1($"%(C"-E,&+,-"
-C(AZ$"+(",E-$+DBEA-"K"%(DBEA-"%("-'M(E%B"-"DBI&-+"K"5C&-+W"3ME&B+-A($,(H"(C"
rostro de Goethe parece ser otro en la Teoría de los colores o en la Metamor­
fosis de la plantaH"M$B"AZ+"+(E($BH"F(EB"AB*&%B"FBE"C-"F-+&2$"%("-C1M&($"[M("
[M&(E("'BAF-E,&E"(C"($,M+&-+AB"%("M$-"*&+&2$H"%("M$"%(+'MIE&A&($,BW"=+B"(+"[M&fZ"
CB"[M("'B$AM(*("("&CMA&$-"M$-"FEB+-"'-E1-%-"%("CB+"AB%B+"K"C-"+($+&I&C&%-%"
de los siglos XVIII"K"XIX?"C-"-M,($'&%-%"%("M$"($,M+&-+ABH"C-"FEBDM$%&%-%"%("M$"
&$,(EG+"FBE"C-"$-,ME-C(f-"K"FBE"C-"E(C-'&2$"%("G+,-"'B$"(C"RBAIE(W"
L-E-"(C"R&+F-$&+,-"-C(AZ$H"P%B")Me+(EHp Goethe es un artista verdaderaU
A($,("E($-'($,&+,-H"FE2/&AB"-";(B$-E%B"%-"^&$'&H"FBE[M("&$,(1E-"(C"&$,(EG+H"(C"
+(E"K"(C"[M(R-'(E"%(C"-E,&+,-"K"%(C"&$*(+,&1-%BE"%("CB"$-,ME-C"K"%("CB"RMA-$BW"=C"
&$,(EG+"1($(E-C"FBE"OB(,R("+("R-" C&A&,-%BH"+&$"(AI-E1BH"-"+M"BIE-" C&,(E-E&-H"
A&($,E-+"[M("C-"'&($,45'-"+("R-"E('B$B'&%B"AMK",-E%4-A($,(",-$,B"($"8C(A-U
$&-H"'BAB"($"(C"AM$%B"R&+FZ$&'BW"@(1_$")Me+(EH"CB+"E(A-$($,(+"($"=+F-J-"%(C"
F($+-E"-M,BE&,-E&B"%("C-"BE,B%B/&-"K"C-"%&-CG',&'-"(+'BCZ+,&'-+"'B$"+M"&$,(C(',M-U
C&+AB"B"CB1&'&+AB"'B$,-A&$-E4-$"CB"[M("GC"CC-A-"C-"España tradicionalH"&AF&%&G$U
%BC("-FE('&-E"-C"OB(,R("&$*(+,&1-%BEW"8"(CCB"R-IE4-"[M("+MA-E"(C"R('RB"%("[M("
C-"=+F-J-"[M("+("&I-"AB%(E$&f-%B"-"CB"C-E1B"%("CB+"+&1CB+"XVII"K"XIX se encamiU
$-I-"FBE"(C"E-'&B$-C&+AB"A('-$&'&+,-"K"-E,&5'&-C"%(C"FB+&,&*&+AB"%(";('BA,(H"
N(EI(E,"@F($'(E"K"%("C-+"'&($'&-+"$-,ME-C(+"-C(A-$-+W
=+,(" E-'&B$-C&+AB"-" MC,E-$f-"%(C" FB+&,&*&+AB"[M("-5EA-I-H" 'B$"<M"QB&+U
)-KAB$%H"[M("k$B"R-K"AZ+"'B$B'&A&($,B"[M("(C"A('Z$&'BH"$&"B,E-"DBEA-"%("
p"P%B")Me+(EH"k^-CBE-'&B$(+"%("OB(,R("($"(C"AM$%B"R&+FZ$&'BlH"($"/&",0"#"+#"$#43+!&#0*28E­
nicoW".G/&'BH"FCEH"`smmH"FFW"atpUanmW"
`t  \(E$-$%B"@-M'(%B";-+,E-
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 11, enero­junio 2012, pp. 11­25.
F($+-E"'&($,45'-"[M(" C-" D4+&'-UA-,(AZ,&'-lH4"(+H"$B+"%&'(")Me+(EH" ,B,-CA($,("
'B$,E-E&B"-C"F($+-A&($,B"%("OB(,R(W"@M"F($+-EH"($"'-AI&BH"(E-"&$,M&,&*BH"k+&$U
,G,&'BU51ME-,&*Bl"K"$B"-I+,E-',B"$&"-$-C4,&'BW"=C"&$,(C(',B"%(I4-",($(E"'BAB"'B$U
,E-F(+B"C-"&$,M&'&2$H"%('4-"OB(,R(H"C-"D-$,-+4-H"(C"+($,&A&($,B"K"C-"+($+&I&C&%-%"-"
E&(+1B"%("*BC*(E+("%(+,EM',BE"%("C-"*&%-W"=+,("F($+-A&($,B"&$'CMK($,(H"FCZ+,&'BH"
%(I4-"%(%&'-E+("-C"%(+'MIE&A&($,B"%("C-"(+($'&-"%("C-+"DM(Ef-+"'B$+,EM',&*-+"%("
C-"*&%-H"+(1M&E"C-"%&$ZA&'-"%("+M",E-$+DBEA-'&2$W"N("-CC4"C-"I-+("%("+M"AG,BU
%B"1($G,&'BH"A($'&B$-")Me+(EH"+M"%B',E&$-"%("C-"A(,-ABEDB+&+"[M("(/-A&$-"kC-"
E(1MC-E&%-%"%("C-+"DBEA-+"(,(E$-+"K"C-"C&I(E,-%"'E(-%BE-"%("C-"*&%-lW5
<ME-$,("-JB+H"C-"D-C,-"%("-''(+B"-"C-"&$*(+,&1-'&2$"K"-"C-"5CB+BD4-"%("OB(,R("
,M*B"'BAB"'B$+('M($'&-"M$-"BF&$&2$"1($(E-C&f-%-?"+M+",(/,B+"'&($,45'B+"$B"(E-$"
+&$B"(/,E-J-+"-',&*&%-%(+"%("M$"-5'&B$-%B"-V($-+"-"+M"*(E%-%(E-"FEBD(+&2$"C&,(UE-E&-W"8+4H"+("&1$BE-EB$"+M+"E(i(/&B$(+"+BIE("C-"DBEA-"K"kC-+"DM(Ef-+"FC-+A-%BE-+lH"
F(EBH"+BIE(",B%BH"+("F-+2"FBE"-C,B"[M("+M"-',&*&%-%"&$*(+,&1-%BE-"E(FE(+($,-I-"
F-E-"OB(,R("$B"+2CB"C-"I-+("%("+M"FEBF&-"DBEA-'&2$H"+&$B",-AI&G$"(C"DM$%-A($U
,B"%("+M"BIE-"FBG,&'-H"&$,(E(+-$,4+&AB"+(J-C-A&($,B"[M("*BC*(E(AB+"-"($'B$,E-E"
AZ+"-%(C-$,("'M-$%B"'BA($,(AB+"(C"(+,M%&B"%(")M%BCD"@,(&$(E"+BIE("OB(,R(W
3B$",B%BH"+(J-C-")Me+(EH"(+,-+"E(C-'&B$(+"DM(EB$"-FE('&-%-+"FBE"&$,(',M-C(+"
%(C"AM$%B"R&+FZ$&'B"'BAB".($G$%(f"L(C-KBH".&1M(C"%("P$-AM$B"B"8CDB$+B"
)(K(+W"L-E-".($G$%(f"L(C-KBH"OB(,R(" E(FE(+($,-I-" -C" -E,&+,-" -I-E'-$,(H"
-[M(C"F-E-"[M&($",B%B"-E,(H",B%-"'&($'&-H",B%-"+MF(E+,&'&2$"K",B%-"+B'&(%-%"
DBEA-I-$"F-E,("(+($'&-C"%("C-"(%M-'&2$"[M("+("%&B"-"+4"A&+ABW"@M"BIV(,&*B"
DM("k'BAFE($%(ECB"K"F($(,E-ECB",B%BH"'BAF($%&-E"($"+M"F(E+B$-"C-"RMA-$&%-%"
($,(E-H"'B$*(E,&E"($"DBEA-",B%-"&%(-"K",B%-"F-+&2$H"_$&'B"AB%B"%("(A-$'&F-EU
+("%("(CC-lWq 
8CDB$+B")(K(+H"FBE"+M"F-E,(H"&$,(EFE(,-"C-"C-IBE"%("OB(,R("'BAB"M$"(V(E'&'&B"
%("-M,B%&+'&FC&$-H" M$-" ,-E(-" 5$-CA($,("ABE-CH" (%M'-,&*-?" k=$(A&1B"%(" ,B%B"
-M,BA-,&+AB"A($,-CH"F-E,4-"($"1M(EE-"'B$,E-",B%B"&$,($,B"%("E(%M'&E"CB"'M-C&,-U
,&*B"-"CB"'M-$,&,-,&*B"xWWWy"z{MG"($+(J-I-"OB(,R(|"8"FB$(E"C-",B,-C&%-%"%(C"+(E"
($",B%B+"CB+"-',B+H"+&$"%&*&%&E"$M$'-"(C"F($+-A&($,B"%(C"+($,&A&($,BlWm
=$"C-"BF&$&2$"%(")Me+(EH"R-"'B+,-%B"M$"1E-$"(+DM(EfB"'BAFE($%(E"($"=+F-U
J-"K"($"(C"AM$%B"R&+FZ$&'B"[M("OB(,R("$B"F(E+(1M4-"M$-"DBEAMC-'&2$"_$&'-"K"
M$&*(E+-CA($,("*ZC&%-"F-E-"(/FC&'-E"(C"AM$%BW".Z+"I&($H"%(V-I-"'B$*&*&EH"M$-+"
-C"C-%B"%("C-+"B,E-+H"C-+"FE(1M$,-+"K"C-+"E(+FM(+,-+"F-E-"[M(H"FB'B"-"FB'B"K"
4 IbidWH"FW"attW
5 IdemW
q IbidWH"FW"atnW"
m IbidWH"FW"an`W
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 11, enero­junio 2012, pp. 11­25.
3B$*(E1($'&-+"K"%&*(E1($'&-+" `n
(*($,M-CA($,(",B%-+"+("&$,(1E-E-$"($"M$-"*&+&2$"%("'B$VM$,B"%("C-"*&%-W"P$-U
AM$B"+(E4-"M$B"%("CB+"FB'B+"[M("*&B"'C-E-A($,("(+,-"-',&,M%"1B(,R(-$-"K"[M&($"
+MFB"-FE('&-EH"-%(AZ+H"CB"[M("+&1$&5'-I-"F-E-"OB(,R("C-"AMC,&FC&'&%-%"%("'BU
$B'&A&($,B+"+&+,(AZ,&'-A($,("'MC,&*-%-"S($,E("CB+"[M("+("'B$,-I-"FE&ABE%&-CU
A($,("(C"(V(E'&'&B"%("C-"'&($'&-T"K"C-"M$&'&%-%"$('(+-E&-"[M("E(+MC,-I-"%("(+,("
estudio diletante: k=C"+($,&E"K"(C"F($+-E"IEB,-$"%("C-"A&+A-"DM($,(H"+B$"'-E-+"%("
C-"A&+A-"DM$'&2$W"@($,&E" C-"'&($'&-"K"F($+-E"(C"-E,("(+"M$"IM($"'-A&$B"F-E-"
F($+-E"'&($'&-"K"+($,&E"-E,(lW8
@&$"(AI-E1BH"(C"I-C-$'("%("C-"-',&,M%"R&+FZ$&'-"'B$"E(+F(',B"-"C-"-',&*&%-%"
%("OB(,R("'BAB"&$*(+,&1-%BEH"'BAB"(+'E&,BE"%("BIE-+"+BIE("'&($'&-+"$-,ME-C(+"
(+"$(1-,&*-W"@("*-CBE-"-"OB(,R("'BAB"M$"FB(,-"[M("%(+-EEBCC2"M$-"-',&*&%-%"
+('M$%-E&-"($"(C"'-AFB"%("C-+"'&($'&-+"$-,ME-C(+H"%("C-H"+&$"(AI-E1BH"R-K"FB'B"
[M("'BA($,-EW";-+"BF&$&B$(+"%("(+,-"$-,ME-C(f-"-IM$%-$?"kOB(,R("DM("$-,ME-C&+U
,-"K"5C2+BDBH"F(EB"-$,(",B%B"FB(,-"xWWWy"=$"+M",(BE4-"%("CB+"'BCBE(+"+("*("'C-E-U
A($,("-C"FB(,-"(+DBEfZ$%B+("($"'B$*(E,&E",B%-"'&($'&-"K",B%-"E(-C&%-%"($"DBEA-+"
BIV(,&*-+"%("+M+" &%(-+"(+,G,&'-+" xWWWy"=C"'&($,45'B" DM("-I+BEI&%B"FBE"(C"FB(,-W"
.(5+,2D(C(+H"FBE"\-M+,BlW9
=C" 'E4,&'B"-C(AZ$"+(J-C-" C-" FB'-"%&DM+&2$"%(" C-" BIE-" '&($,45'-"%("OB(,R("
%(I&%-"-C"(+'-+B"&$,(EG+"[M("R-"%(+F(E,-%B"K"FBE"+M",-E%4-"K",-AI&G$"(+'-+-"
,E-%M''&2$W"La Teoría de los coloresH"FBE"(V(AFCBH"$B"DM(",E-%M'&%-"-C"(+F-JBC"
FBE"FE&A(E-"*(f"+&$B"R-+,-"`stnW`b 
Manuel Sacristán
LBE"+M"F-E,(H"C-"&$,($'&2$"%(C"5C2+BDB"(+F-JBC".-$M(C"@-'E&+,Z$"S`sanU`sonT"($"
k;-"*(E-'&%-%"%("OB(,R(l``"F-E('("+(EH"-C"'B$,E-E&B"%("CB"[M("FEBA(,("(C",4,MCBH"
C-"%(AB+,E-'&2$"(/-C,-%-"%("+M"D-C+(%-%"&%(BC21&'-W"@-'E&+,Z$"+(J-C-H"($"FE&$U
8 IbidWH"FW"atqW
9"YB+G"3-AB"K".B$,BII&BH"*G-+("PW")Me+(EH"opW citWH"FW"anpW
`b"LEM(I-"%("(CCB"F-E('("+(E"(C"R('RB"[M("($"FC($B"abbsH"C-+"_$&'-+",E-%M''&B$(+"-C"(+F-JBC"%("
C-"BIE-"'&($,45'-"%("OB(,R("($'B$,E-%-+"F-E-"(+,-"&$*(+,&1-'&2$"+(-$"C-+"%("@Z$'R(f".('-H"YBR-$$"
hBCD1-$1"*B$"OB(,R(W"Teoría de la naturalez-W"=+,W"FE(CW"%("<&(1B"@Z$'R(f".('-W".-%E&%H":('$B+H"
`smmu"K"C-"%(")-D-(C"3-$+&$B+H"YW"hW"*B$"OB(,R("($"(%&,BE&-C":('$B+"K"C-"%(H"Obras completas de 
/&",0"H"*BCW"`W"=%W"K",E-%W"%(")-D-(C"3-$+&$B+"8++($+W".-%E&%H"81M&C-EH"`smtW"=+,-"_C,&A-",&($("(C"
,4,MCB"($1-JB+B"%("K'(%2#)&48$",%2#!"#/&",0""'M-$%B"($"E(-C&%-%"$B"E(FE(+($,-"+&$B"M$"DE-1A($U
,BH"-F($-+H"%("C-"*-+,4+&A-"BIE-"'&($,45'-"%("OB(,R("}'-,BE'("*BC_A($(+"%("CB+"'&($,B",E(&$,-"K",E(+"
%("C-"1E-$"(%&'&2$"%("h(&A-E"%("`oomU`s`s~
``".W"@-'E&+,Z$H"op. cit.
`q  \(E$-$%B"@-M'(%B";-+,E-
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 11, enero­junio 2012, pp. 11­25.
'&F&BH"C-"+&$1MC-E&%-%"%("OB(,R("'BAB"M$"'CZ+&'B"[M("%(+F&(E,-?"F-+&B$(+H"%&-U
,E&I-+H"-FBCB14-+H"E('M+-'&B$(+u"%(+%("@'R&CC(E"R-+,-":RBA-+".-$$W"@($+&I&C&U
%-%(+"AB%(E$-+H" 'BAB"Q(E,BC," QE('R,H" *($" ($"OB(,R(" -" M$" R&F2'E&,-" [M("
'-$,-I-"-" C-"F-f"%("'&A-+" &%4C&'-+"K"BC*&%-I-"(C"+MDE&A&($,B"%(" C-+"A-KBE4-+"
+B'&-C(+W"=+,-"'B$%($-"F-E('("'B$,E-%('&E"M$-"-+F&E-'&2$"(+($'&-C"%("OB(,R("
-" C-"*(E%-%H"-C"+(EH"-" C-"E(-C&%-%H"-C"L*"#L%0(M#N*"#2"*"+!~"1B(,R(-$B"S}{MG"
*(E%-%(EBH"'B$"'MZ$,B"+(E~TW":-C"'B$,E-%&''&2$"F-E('("&$'&%&E"%&E(',-A($,("($"C-"
'BAFE($+&2$"%("C-"BIE-"K"C-"F(E+B$-C&%-%"%(C"-M,BE"-C(AZ$W
=C"5C2+BDB"(+F-JBC"-%A&,("C-"E&'-"C-IBE"'&($,45'-"%(C"-M,BE"-C(AZ$W"OB(,R(H"
$B+"%&'(H"R-"(+'E&,B"+BIE("A(,(BEBCB14-H"IB,Z$&'-H"fBBCB14-H"-$,EBFBCB14-H"1(BU
CB14-H",(BE4-"%("CB+"'BCBE(+"K"CB"[M("RBK"CC-A-E4-AB+",(BE4-"%("C-"'&($'&-W"N-"
%(+'MI&(E,B"*(E%-%(+"'&($,45'-+"'BAB"C-"(/&+,($'&-"%(C"&2#*+,"(4%;*$%(" en el 
RBAIE("K"R-"FE(CM%&-%BH" 'B$"+M"%B',E&$-"%(" C-"A(,-ABEDB+&+H" (C" ,(A-"%(" C-"
(*BCM'&2$H"'-F&,-C"F-E-"($,($%(E"C-"'&($'&-"%("CB+"+&1CB+"XIX"K"XXW
8"F(+-E"%("(+B+"CB1EB+H"@-'E&+,Z$"+("'B$+-1E-"($"(C"E(+,B"%("+M"(/FB+&'&2$"
-"C-"FBCGA&'-"E(DM,-'&2$"%("C-"Óptica"%("7(X,B$"(C-IBE-%-"FBE"OB(,R(W"=C",B$B"
%(C",(/,B"'-AI&-"%("FEB$,B"K"-+MA("(C"-+F(',B"%("M$-"%&-,E&I-"AZ+"I&($"-$,&U
FZ,&'-H"(/'(+&*-"%("C-"kD-CC&%-"'E4,&'-l"1B(,R(-$-W"@-'E&+,Z$"+("'B$*&(E,(H"-+4H"($"
M$B"%("CB+"'E4,&'B+"[M("GC"A&+AB"-$M$'&-I-"-C"&$&'&B"%("+M"($+-KB"'B$"M$"'&(E,B"
%(+-F(1B"BIV(,&*B"K"$B" D-C,B"%(" &EB$4-W")(+MC,-" 'ME&B+-" C-"%($+&%-%"%("(+,("
-,-[M("DEB$,-CW"8C"FBC(A&f-E"'B$"7(X,B$H"OB(,R("+("(AF(J-"($"M$"(EEBE"[M("(+"
k(+'-+-A($,("&A-1&$-IC(l"K"E('M(E%-"(C"(+,&CB"%("kCB+"(+'BCZ+,&'B+"[M("E('R-U
f-I-$"(C"%(+'MIE&A&($,B"%("CB+"+-,GC&,(+"%("YMF&,(E"FBE"O-C&C(BWl";B+"-%V(,&*B+H"
%("FEB$,BH"+("AMC,&FC&'-$W"@M"E(DM,-'&2$"(+"k'(EE-%-"&$'BAFE($+&2$lH"k1EB+(EB"
-FBKB"(AF4E&'BlH"k'-FE&'RB+-"-E1MA($,-'&2$"%("-IB1-%BlH"k($%(IC(flH"k*-1B+"
'B$'(F,B+"'M-C&,-,&*B+lH" kF($+-A&($,B"[M("($"(C" DB$%B"+&1M(" E(+&+,&G$%B+("-"
E('B$B'(E" CB+" DM$%-A($,B+"A&+AB"%(" C-" '&($'&-"AB%(E$-" %B+'&($,B+" -JB+"
%(+FMG+"%("&AFB$(E+("(+B+"DM$%-A($,B+"-",B%-"&$,(C&1($'&-"'MC,&*-%-lH`a"kA(U
%&(*-C"+($,&A&($,BlH"k'B$'(F,B+"+(A&A4,&'B+lH"k*BCM$,-E&-"'(1M(E-lH"k*&+&2$"E(U
,E21E-%-"K"E(-''&B$-E&-lW"@-'E&+,Z$"&$,($,-"&$,($+&5'-E"(C"%(+'EG%&,B"%("OB(,R("
-C" &$%&'-E"[M("+($,4-"-$,&F-,4-"FBE" ,B%B" ,&FB"%(" &$+,EMA($,B+"'&($,45'B+"F-E-"
E('BE%-EH"($"+(1M&%-H"K"($"M$"F&("%("FZ1&$-H"[M("OB(,R("FB+(K2"M$-"'BC(''&2$"
%("&$+,MA($,B+"'&($,45'B+"*-CBE-%-"($"+M",&(AFB"($"abbb"iBE&$(+W"L-E-".-$M(C"
@-'E&+,Z$H"($"5$H"OB(,R("E('M(E%-"k;-"'(EE-%-"&$'BAFE($+&2$"%("CB+"FE&A(EB+"
($(A&1B+"%("C-"$-'&($,("'&($'&-"AB%(E$-lW"9"$B"+2CB"(+BW":B%B"-[M(C"'&($,45'B"
AB%(E$B"[M("&$,($,("M$-"E(*-CBE-'&2$"B"M$-"E(*&+&2$"%("C-",(BE4-"%("CB+"'BCBE(+"
%("OB(,R(H" 'BAB"h(E$(E"N(&+($I(E1H" $B"R-'($"+&$B"[M(E(E" k-EE(I-,-E"-" C-"
`a IbidWH"FW"sbW
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 11, enero­junio 2012, pp. 11­25.
3B$*(E1($'&-+"K"%&*(E1($'&-+" `m
'&($'&-"+M"E(*BCM'&B$-E&B"FB%(E"%("%(+,EM''&2$"%("CB+"A&,B+"%(C"F-+-%BlW"3BAB"
($",B%B"-EE(I-,BH"+("+M(C(",BA-E"(C",B%B"FBE"C-"F-E,("K"(C"'E4,&'B"A&A(,&f-"CB"[M("
-,-'-W"z<("*(E%-%" C-+" 'B$'CM+&B$(+"%("7(X,B$" +BIE(" C-" CMf" +B$"-I+BCM,-+H"
*(E%-%"&$,B'-IC("("&EE(DM,-IC(|"z@("R-'("'&($'&-"E(-CA($,("'M-$%B"+("$&(1-"C-"
FB+&I&C&%-%"%("E(*&+&2$"K"E(&$,(EFE(,-'&2$"%("M$-"*(E%-%"-'(F,-%-|"z7B"(+,-AB+"
($"(+,-"(/FB+&'&2$"K"DE($,("-"(+,("C($1M-V("($"(C",(EE($B"%(C"%B1A-|
.Z+"-%(C-$,(H"@-'E&+,Z$"F-E('("[M(E(E"([M&C&IE-E"C-"%&-,E&I-"'B$"(C"%(+-EEBCCBH"$M(*-A($,("&AF-E'&-CH"%("B,EB+"CB1EB+"K"*&E,M%(+"%("C-"BIE-"'&($,45'-"%("OB(,R(H"
[M("GC"CC-A-"k-'(E*B"%("'C-E&*&%($,(+"F(E+F(',&*-+"'&($,45'-+"K"A(,B%BC21&'-+"
C(1-%-+"-C"F($+-A&($,B"AB%(E$BlW"OB(,R(H"FBE"(V(AFCBH"(+"AZ+"AB%(E$B"K"
*(E-f" [M(" +M+" 'B$,(AFBEZ$(B+H" &$'CM+B"7(X,B$H" 'M-$%B" FM$,M-C&f-" [M(" (C"
'&($,45'B"(+,Z"'B$+,-$,(A($,("5$1&($%B"R&F2,(+&+"FBE[M("k,B%B"A&E-E"+("'B$U
*&(E,(H"$-,ME-CA($,(H"($"M$"'B$+&%(E-Eu" ,B%B"'B$+&%(E-EH"($"M$"A(%&,-Eu" ,B%B"
A(%&,-EH"($"M$"($,E(C-f-Eu"K"-+4"FM(%("%('&E+("[M("K-"($"C-"+&AFC("A&E-%-"-,($U
,-"[M("C-$f-AB+"-C"AM$%B"(+,-AB+",(BE(,&f-$%BlH`p"K"(+("FE&$'&F&BH"(+-"E(i(/&2$"
+BIE("C-"A(,B%BCB14-"1($(E-C"K"+BIE("C-"E(C-'&2$"'BAFC(V-"($,E(",(BE4-"K"(/F(U
E&($'&-"(+"RBK"F-E,("IZ+&'-"%("C-"'&($'&-"AB%(E$-W
8+&A&+ABH"@-'E&+,Z$"E('MF(E-"K"*-CBE-"%(C"kR-'(El"'&($,45'B"%("OB(,R("+M"
'E4,&'-"-C"A('-$&'&+AB"%("+M"GFB'-"K"C-"'C-E-"'B$'&($'&-"%("+M+"C&A&,-'&B$(+u"
+M"-+F&E-'&2$"-"C-"&$,M&'&2$"%(",B,-C&%-%"($",B%B"D($2A($B"$-,ME-CH"BE1Z$&'BH"
(+,B"(+H" +M"-$R(CB"FBE" C-"F(E'(F'&2$" &$,M&,&*-"%(C" ,B%B" SF($+-A&($,B"1CBI-C"
&$,M&,&,&*BTW"@M"'E4,&'-"-" C-" DE-1A($,-'&2$"K"%(+'BAFB+&'&2$"%(" CB"*&*B"FBE"(C"
-$ZC&+&+"'&($,45'B"-I+,E-',B"($"(C"+&1CB"XX"+(EZ"'-E-',(E4+,&'-"%(C"F($+-E"1(+,-CU
,&+,-"K"*&,-C&+,-W"@-'E&+,Z$"($D-,&f-"($"OB(,R("C-"FB+,MC-'&2$"%("M$-"E-'&B$-C&%-%"
[M("+MF(E-"C-"(+'&+&2$"%("+MV(,B"K"$-,ME-C(f-H"C-"FB+&I&C&%-%"%("R(EA-$-E"'&($U
'&-"K"FB(+4-H"(+,B"(+H"C-"FB+&I&C&%-%"%("M$"%(+-EEBCCB"&$,(1E-C"%("C-"'MC,ME-"S($"
(+,("_C,&AB"FM$,BH"@-'E&+,Z$"*("-C"A&+AB",&(AFB"M$"'-EZ',(E"-E'-&f-$,("K"M$-"
perspectiva de futuroTH"CB"[M("+("*&$'MC-E4-"'B$"(C"&$&'&B"%("M$"'&(E,B"F($+-A&($U
,B"%&-CG',&'B"($"OB(,R(W"
@-'E&+,Z$"'&(EE-"+M"(/FB+&'&2$H"+&$"(AI-E1BH"'B$"(C"+&1$B"%("C-"&$'E(%MC&%-%"
K"(C"F(+&A&+ABW"8M$"'M-$%B"+("-%A&,&(E-"[M("OB(,R("R-K-"*&+,B"($"C-"E-f2$"
,('$&5'-%-"%("C-"'&($'&-"%("+M",&(AFB"C-"A-$&D(+,-'&2$"%("C-"(+'&+&2$"%(C"&$%&U
*&%MBH"K"[M("-"(+-"E-f2$"R-K-"'B$,E-FM(+,B"C-"&$,(1E&%-%"%("M$"F($+-E"%&-CG'U
,&'B"($"(C"[M("'&($'&-"K"FB(+4-"FM(%-$"%&-CB1-E"K"M$&5'-E+(H",B%B"(CCB"k$B"FB%E4-"
R-I(E" B'MEE&%B"�$&" R-" B'MEE&%B" %(" R('RB�"AZ+" [M(" -" ,4,MCB" %(" &$,($'&2$"
&EE(-C&f-IC(lW`t"9"(+"[M(H"+(1_$"@-'E&+,Z$H"($"-[M(CC-"'MC,ME-"'BAB"($"C-"$M(+,E-"
`p IbidWH"FW"snW
`t IbidWH"FW"`baW
`o  \(E$-$%B"@-M'(%B";-+,E-
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 11, enero­junio 2012, pp. 11­25.
(+"&AFB+&IC("C-"-EAB$4-"%("C-+"-',&*&%-%(+"%(C"(+F4E&,M"K"%("C-+"A-$B+"%(C"RBAU
IE(W"8+4H"C-"E(-C&f-'&2$"%("C-"-EAB$4-"($,E("CB"'&($,45'B"K"CB"RMA-$4+,&'BH"($,E("
C-"'&($'&-"K"C-"FB(+4-"$B"(+"+&$B"k-M,B($1-JBl"K"(C"&$,($,B"%("OB(,R("%("-FC&'-E"
(+,-"'B$'(F'&2$"-"+M"BIE-"$B"%&B"AZ+"DEM,B"[M("kCB+"'ME+&+"FB(A-+"'&($,45'B+"
[M("+-CF&'-$"+M+"BIE-+"%("*(V(flW`n"OB(,R(H"'B$,&$_-"@-'E&+,Z$H"$B",E-I-V2"F-E-"
E(+BC*(E"$&$1M$-"FEBIC(AZ,&'-"BIV(,&*-"[M("E(%MV(E-"C-"(+'&+&2$"($,E("'&($'&-"K"
FB(+4-"KH"'BAB"k$-%&("FM(%("R-'(E+("'B$",B%B"(C"%(+,&$B"%("C-"RMA-$&%-%"�'BAB"
E('M(E%-"QE('R,"FE('&+-A($,("-"FEBF2+&,B"%("OB(,R(�"+&"$B"(+"FB$&G$%B+("-"
CM'R-E"FBE"C-"E(+BCM'&2$"%("+M+"FEBIC(A-+lH`q"OB(,R("[M(%-H"FM(+H"%(+-'E(%&,-U
%B"K"+M"*(E-'&%-%H"($"%M%-W"@-'E&+,Z$"BC*&%-"[M("(C",(A-"%("C-"&$,(1E-'&2$"($,E("
'&($'&-"K"FB(+4-"(+"F-E-"OB(,R("M$-"-+F&E-'&2$"DM,ME-H"M$-"M,BF4-"$('(+-E&-H"
F(EB"+2CB"*(E&5'-IC("($"(C"DM,MEBW"8%(AZ+H"E(DM,-E"-"OB(,R(H"M$"RBAIE("%(C"+&1CB"
XVIII"K"FE&$'&F&B+"%(C"XIX"-%M'&($%B"[M("$B"CM'R2"F-E-"+BCM'&B$-E"CB+"FEBIC(A-+"%("
C-"RMA-$&%-%"(+'&$%&%-H"E('M(E%-"CB+"('B+"'ME&B+-A($,("%(+D-+-%B+"%("%B'U
,E&$-+"[M("&$,(EFE(,-EB$"%ME-$,("(C"+&1CB"XX la entera historia de la humanidad 
'B$"(C"F($+-A&($,B"_$&'BH"&$-AB*&IC("K"%B1AZ,&'B"%(C"kA-,(E&-C&+AB"R&+,2E&'Bl"
K"[M("$B"'B$'&I&(EB$"-*-$'("K"DM,MEB"F-E-"C-"+B'&(%-%"+&$B"E('MEE&($%B"-"CB+"
FE(+,&1&B+"%M%B+B+"%("C-"kCM'R-"E(*BCM'&B$-E&-lW
\&$-CA($,(H"@-'E&+,Z$" &$,(EFE(,-"'BAB"M$-"%(I&C&%-%"K"M$" DE-'-+B" CB"[M(H"
%(+%("A&"FM$,B"%("*&+,-H"(+"C-"E&[M(f-"K"C-"FB+&I&C&%-%"%("DM,MEB"%("C-"BIE-"'&($U
,45'-"%("OB(,R(?"k=C"R('RB"(+"[M("+M"'&($'&-"(+"(C"FE(A-,MEB"&$,($,B"%("E(-C&f-E"
-[M(CC-"M$&%-%"-EA2$&'-"-C"$&*(C"%("M$-"RMA-$&%-%"BIV(,&*-A($,("(+'&$%&%-lW`m
Diego Sánchez Meca
0$*(+,&1-%BE"%("C-"R&+,BE&-"%("C-"'&($'&-H"<&(1B"@Z$'R(f".('-`o ve en Goethe 
-"M$"RBAIE("FEBDM$%-"K"RB$(+,-A($,("BI+(+&B$-%B"FBE"F($(,E-E"($"(C"+('E(,B"
%(C"kBE%($"A2*&Cl"%("C-"*&%-"K"FEBFB$(E"M$-"+4$,(+&+"*&*&($,("%("$('(+&%-%"K"C&U
I(E,-%u" M$"RMA-$&+,-" [M("IM+'-" +&$" %(+'-$+B" k(C"AB%(CB" ,(2E&'B" '-F-f"%("
'-F,-E"C-+"E(1MC-E&%-%(+"&%(-C(+"($"(C"%(*($&E",(AFBE-C"%("C-+"A(,-ABEDB+&+"
%("C-+"DBEA-+lW`s"L-E-"-FBK-E"(+,-"-+(*(E-'&2$H"@Z$'R(f".('-"$B+"E('M(E%-"
`n IbidWH"FW"`bpW
`q IbidWH"FW"`btW
`m IbidWH"FW"`bpW
`o"L-E-"M$-"(/FB+&'&2$"AZ+"%(,-CC-%-"%("(+,-"&$DBEA-'&2$"*G-+("(C",E-I-VB"%("@Z$'R(f".('-"
K-"'&,-%B"($"YW"hW"^B$"OB(,R(W"Teoría de la naturalezaW
`s IbidWH"FW"XIW
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 11, enero­junio 2012, pp. 11­25.
3B$*(E1($'&-+"K"%&*(E1($'&-+" `s
[M("(C"1E-$"(+'E&,BE"-C(AZ$"%(%&'2"M$-"1E-$"F-E,("%("+M",&(AFB"-"C-"BI+(E*-U
'&2$"K"-"C-"(/F(E&A($,-'&2$"'&($,45'-H",-$,B"'BAB"-"C-" C&,(E-,ME-"K"E('M(E%-"
[M("+B$"'-,BE'("CB+"*BC_A($(+"[M("C-"1&1-$,(+'-"(%&'&2$"%("C-+"BIE-+"'BAU
FC(,-+" %("OB(,R(" %(%&'-" -" +M" BIE-" '&($,45'-W"@&" -" (CCB" +(" +MA-H" $B+" %&'("
@Z$'R(f".('-H"[M("($"CB+"'&$'M($,-"*BC_A($(+"%("'-E,-+"K"($"CB+",E(&$,-"K"
+&(,("%("%&-E&B+H" C-"A($'&2$"-" ,(A-+"%("'&($'&-"(+"F(EA-$($,(H"FB%E(AB+"
,($(E"M$-"&%(-"-FEB/&A-%-"%(C"(+DM(EfB"K"C-"%(%&'-'&2$"%("OB(,R("-"(+,-"ZE(-"
%(C"'B$B'&A&($,BW"<("R('RBH"OB(,R("FE-',&'2"C-"BI+(E*-'&2$"K"C-"&$*(+,&1-'&2$"%("
C-"$-,ME-C(f-"%(+%("C-"VM*($,M%"R-+,-"+M"AM(E,(W
@Z$'R(f".('-"+("%(,&($(H"'BAB"CB+"B,EB+"-M,BE(+"(+,M%&-%B+H"($"C-"(+'-+-"
E(+B$-$'&-"%("C-"BIE-"'&($,45'-"1B(,R(-$-"($"+M",&(AFB"K"($"(C"$M(+,EB"K"-%VMU
%&'-"(+,("R('RB"-"*-E&B+"D-',BE(+H"CB"A&+AB"-"C-"AMK"FB'-"-DBE,M$-%-"R&+,BE&-"%("
+M+"&$,(EFE(,-'&B$(+H"k%BA&$-%-"FBE" C-" &$'BAFE($+&2$"K"C-"M$&C-,(E&%-%lab"S+("
E(5(E(H"FBE"+MFM(+,BH"-"C-"E(DM,-'&B$"%("7(X,B$TH"'BAB"-"C-"FE(+($'&-"($"+M"
,E-I-VB"'&($,45'B"%("M$-",($%($'&-"-"kE(A&,&E"C-"'BAFE($+&2$"%("CB+"D($2A($B+"
BI+(E*-IC(+"-"+M"(+($'&-"&%(-ClH"FBE"(V(AFCBH"-C"-5EA-E"[M("C-",E-$+DBEA-'&2$"
%(C"AB%(CB"&%(-C"%("M$-"FC-$,-"K"+M",E-$+DBEA-'&2$"($",B%-+"C-+"*-E&-$,(+"FBU
+&IC(+"%(C"AM$%B"*(1(,-C"$B"FM(%("+(E"-FE(R($+&IC("+&$B"-",E-*G+"%("C-"&$,M&'&2$W"
=+,B"R-"($'-+&CC-%B" C-"-FBE,-'&2$"%("OB(,R("I-VB" C-"(,&[M(,-"%("kABEDBCB14-"
&%(-C&+,-lW"@&"CB+"%(,E-',BE(+"%("C-"BIE-"'&($,45'-"%("OB(,R("-,E&IMK($"-"+M"BIE-"
AB,&*B+"(/,E-'&($,45'B+"K"C-"'-C&5'-$"%("A(,-D4+&'-"EBAZ$,&'-H"FBE"CB",-$,B"(+U
,GE&C"($"(C",(EE($B"%("C-"'&($'&-H"+M+"%(D($+BE(+"&$%&'-$H"($"'-AI&BH"C-"-FBE,-'&2$"
%("OB(,R("-"C-"ABEDBCB14-"'BAF-E-%-"[M("(+"M$B"%("CB+"'-A&$B+"[M("+&1M("C-"
&$*(+,&1-'&2$" 'B$,(AFBEZ$(-Wa`" @Z$'R(f".('-" %('&%&%-A($,("AM(+,E-" +M"
FE(D(E($'&-"FBE"(C",E-I-VB"1B(,R(-$B"K-"[M("($"+M"(+,M%&B"FE(C&A&$-E"+("BK($"
AZ+" *B'(+" D-*BE-IC(+" [M("$(1-,&*-+W"@("A($'&B$-$"-" -M,BE(+" %(" CB+" -JB+"
'M-E($,-+"K"'&$'M($,-+"'BAB"6W"@'RB$(*&CC(H"81$(+"8EI(EH"8W"N-$+($H"h&CR(CA"
:EBCCH"<BEB,R(-"gMR$"K":&AB,RK";($B&EH"-+4"'BAB"-"B,EB+H"AZ+"E('&($,(+H"F-E-"
'B$+,EM&E"M$-" &A-1($H"A("F-E('(H"AZ+"AB%(E$-"K" VM+,-"%("OB(,R(W"=+"M$-"
&A-1($"%("FE('ME+BE"C-"[M("%&IMV-"@Z$'R(f".('-"%("OB(,R(W
=$,E("C-+"FB+&I&C&%-%(+"%("FE(+($,("K"DM,MEB"[M("+("C("E('B$B'($"-"OB(,R("
(+,Z"C-"*-C&%(f"%("+M"(/FB+&'&2$"%("C-"RBABCB14-"%("C-+"RBV-+H"[M("RBK"(+"M$"
FE&$'&F&B"'B$+BC&%-%B"%("C-"ABEDBCB14-"'BAF-E-%-"%("C-+"FC-$,-+"+MF(E&BE(+u"(C"
*-CBE" '&($,45'B"%("+M+"(+,M%B+"IB,Z$&'B+H"F-E,&'MC-EA($,("-[MGCCB+" E(D(E&%B+" 
-"C-"%&+FB+&'&2$"%("CB+"2E1-$B+"E(FEB%M',BE(+"%("C-+"FC-$,-+"K"+M"&AF-',B"($"C-"
ab IbidWH"FW"XIIW
a` IbidWH"FW"XVW
ab  \(E$-$%B"@-M'(%B";-+,E-
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 11, enero­junio 2012, pp. 11­25.
teoría de la germinación parcial;aa la reinvindicación de la precursora concepción 
1B(,R(-$-"%("C-",B,-C&%-%"BE1Z$&'-H"-+4"'BAB"C-"'B$'(F'&2$"%(C"FEB'(%(E"'&($U
,45'B"'BAB"%(E&*-'&2$"%("C-"*-E&(%-%"-"F-E,&E"%("C-"DBEA-"+&$1MC-Eu"KH"($"5$H"C-"
-$,&'&F-'&2$"%("OB(,R("-"-C1M$B+"%("CB+"%(+-EEBCCB+"AZ+"&AFBE,-$,(+"%("C-",(BE4-"'B$,(AFBEZ$(-"%("C-"'&($'&-"SC-"'E4,&'-"-"CB+"'B$'(F,B+",E-%&'&B$-C(+"%("C(KH"%("
,(BE4-"K"%("(/FC&'-'&2$"'&($,45'-H"K"C-"&%(-"%("[M(",B%-"F(E'(F'&2$"(+"$('(+-U
E&-A($,(" ,(BE4-TW"=/&+,($" -%(AZ+H" FM$,M-C&f-"@Z$'R(f".('-H" BE&($,-'&B$(+"
('BC21&'BURBC4+,&'-+"[M("*($"($"C-"BIE-"'&($,45'-"%("OB(,R("+M"FE(%('(+BE"K"+M"
DM$%-A($,BW
3B$"DE('M($'&-H"+("R-"-+B'&-%B"C-"BIE-"'&($,45'-"%("OB(,R("'B$",($%($'&-+H"
%B',E&$-+H"K"'E(($'&-+"'BAB"C-+"%(C"R(EA(,&+ABH"C-"A4+,&'-H"C-"-C[M&A&-H"(C"&%(-C&+U
AB"FC-,2$&'BH"(C"F-$,(4+AB"$(BFC-,2$&'BH"(C"(*BCM'&B$&+AB"FE(%-EX&$&-$B"K" C-"
O%,3(80*$&2&80*""FB+EBAZ$,&'-W"8M$[M("E('B$B'("C-"%(M%-"%("OB(,R("-C"FC-,B$&+U
ABH"-C"$(BFC-,B$&+ABH"-C"R(EA(,&+ABH"-"C-"'ZI-C-"K"-"C-"-C[M&A&-H"@Z$'R(f".('-"
&$,($,-"%&+,&$1M&E" C-+" &$*(+,&1-'&B$(+"1B(,R(-$-+"%("(+-" k(+F('&("%("A-1A-l"
'B$DM+B"%("C-"O%,3(80*$&2&80*"#K"%("C-"/%+B0"*,2'*&$&C*"G";-"%&+,&$'&2$"E-%&'-E4-H"
(+($'&-CA($,(H"($" C-" &AFBE,-$'&-"[M("OB(,R("'B$'(%(?" kxWWWy" -" C-"BI+(E*-'&2$"
(AF4E&'-H"-+4" 'BAB"FBE" +M"%(+'B$5-$f-"A-$&5(+,-" E(+F(',B"-"F($+-A&($,B+"
-I+,E-',B+"K"%(A-+&-%B"(+F('MC-,&*B+W"dC"$M$'-"+("%(5$&2"'BAB"M$"5C2+BDB"%("
C-"$-,ME-C(f-H"+&$B"'BAB"M$"O%,3(2)0%3"(H"M$"'B$,(AFC-%BE"%("DBEA-+"'-F,-%-+"
-"C-"*(f"($"+M"'B$'E('&2$"K"($"C-"-EAB$4-"[M("C-+"M$(lWap
;-" -FEB/&A-'&2$" %("@Z$'R(f".('-" E(+MC,-" +(E"AZ+"A&$M'&B+-H"A($B+" 
'-,(12E&'-"[M("C-"%(".-$M(C"@-'E&+,Z$u"R-K"M$"&$,($,B"%("'BAFE($+&2$"AZ+"1(U 
$(EB+B"K"A($B+"-I+,E-',BW";-"*-CBE-'&2$"%("C-"'&($'&-"%("OB(,R(H"+M"*(E-'&%-%H"
+B$"%(,(EA&$-%B+"FBE"@-'E&+,Z$"_$&'-A($,("'B$"(C"(+,M%&B"%("C-"R&+,BE&-"%("C-"
E(DM,-'&2$"%("C-"Óptica %("7(X,B$H"A&($,E-+"[M("@Z$'R(f".('-"&$,($,-"-I-EU
'-E"CB"A&+AB"C-"E('(F'&2$"'BAFC(V-"%("C-+"&$*(+,&1-'&B$(+"%("OB(,R(H"[M("(C"
(/-A($"%("-C1M$B+"ABA($,B+"%("+M"FEB%M''&2$W"<("F-E,&'MC-E"&$,(EG+"(+"+M"
comentario de La metamorfosis de  las plantasW"=C"FEBIC(A-"(F&+,(ABC21&'B"
[M("(+,(",(/,B"FC-$,(-H"+(J-C-"@Z$'R(f".('-H"(+"(C"%("M$"'B$'(F,B"%(",(BE4-"
k[M("&$,($,-"BF(E-E"'B$"E(FE(+($,-'&B$(+"($"C-+"[M(",&($("CM1-E"M$-"'B$VM$U
'&2$"FEBIC(AZ,&'-"xWWWy"($,E("E(-C&%-%"'B$'E(,-"("&%(-"-I+,E-',-H"($,E("CB"(+,-IC("
K" CB" FEB'(+M-CH" ($,E(" CB" F-E,&'MC-E" K" CB" 1($(E-CH" ($,E(" CB" +($+&IC(" K" CB" $B"
(AF4E&'BlHat"F(EB",-AI&G$"FC-$,(-"M$"FEBIC(A-"%("C($1M-V(W")(+MC,-"(+($'&-CH"
FBE"CB",-$,BH"'C-E&5'-E"(C"M+BH"FBE"F-E,("%("OB(,R(H"%("'B$'(F,B+",-C(+"'BAB"
aa IbidWH"FFW"XVIUXVIII.
ap IbidWH"FW"XXIVW
at IbidWH"FW"XXVW
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 11, enero­junio 2012, pp. 11­25.
3B$*(E1($'&-+"K"%&*(E1($'&-+" a`
RBV-H"'B$,E-''&2$H"(/F-$+&2$H"geistigH"K"+M+"%&*(E+-+"%(+&1$-'&B$(+H"-"C-"*(f"
(AF4E&'-+"("&%(-C(+"B",E-+'($%($,-C(+W
=C"$_'C(B"FEBIC(AZ,&'B"%(",B%B"(C"F($+-A&($,B"%("OB(,R("F-E-"+M+"'E4,&'B+"
K"'BA($,-%BE(+"(+"+M"'B$'(F'&2$"%("C-"E(C-'&2$"($,E("CB"&%(-C"K"CB"(AF4E&'BW"LBE"
(CCB"+("*M(C*("M$"BIV(,&*B"%(,(EA&$-E"+&"OB(,R("'E(("K"(V(E'("M$-"'&($'&-"FB+&U
,&*BU(/F(E&A($,-C"BH"-C"'B$,E-E&BH"M$-"'&($'&-"&$,M&,&*-"K"(+F('MC-,&*-W"@&$"(AI-EU
1BH",-C"(CM'MIE-'&2$"(+"(+,GE&CH"'B$'CMK("@Z$'R(f".('-H"FBE[M("OB(,R("F&($+-?
xWWWy"$B"+2CB"($"DBEA-+"(+,-IC(+"K"(+F-'&-CA($,("%(C&A&,-%-+H"+&$B"($"DBEA-+"
%($,EB"%(C",&(AFBW"L-E-"GC"(C"+(E"+("A-$&5(+,-"+2CB"($"(C"%(*($&EW"LBE"(+BH"
($,E("CB"F-E,&'MC-E"K"CB"1($(E-C"$B"FM(%("R-I(E"$&$1M$-"E(C-'&2$"%("+MI+M$'&2$"
C21&'-"[M("R-1-"FB+&IC("(C"(AFC(BH"'BAB"AG,B%BH"%("C-"%(%M''&2$"B"%("C-"
&$%M''&2$H" +&$B"+2CB"M$-" E(C-'&2$"%(" E(FE(+($,-'&2$"+&AI2C&'-"[M("-IE(" C-"
F(E+F(',&*-"%("M$-"FEBIC(AZ,&'-"A(,B%BC21&'-"&$G%&,-Wan
Rudolf Steiner
N("%(V-%B"-C"5$-C"%("(+,(",E-I-VB"(C"'BA($,-E&B"+BIE("OB(,R("%(")M%BCD"@,(&$(E"
S`oq`U`sanTH"5C2+BDB"-M+,E&-'B"K"DM$%-%BE"%("C-"8$,EBFB+BD4-H"FBE[M("+&($%B"($"
AM'RB+"+($,&%B+"+&$1MC-E"(+"FEZ',&'-A($,("%(+'B$B'&%BW"
;-"E(C-'&2$"%("@,(&$(E"'B$"C-"BIE-"%("OB(,R("'BA&($f-"AMK"FEB$,BH"($"+M"
VM*($,M%W";M(1B"%("*-E&B+"-JB+"%("C(',ME-"%("C-+"BIE-+"C&,(E-E&-+"K"'&($,45'-+"
1B(,R(-$-+H"@,(&$(E"FMIC&'2"(C" C&IEB"La teoría del conocimiento basada en la 
)&+)"8)*<+#!"$#43+!&#!"#/&",0"#S`ooqT"($"%B$%("E(i(/&B$-"+BIE("C-"FB+&I&C&U
dad de construir toda una epistemología a partir de la original manera de interU
FE(,-E"C-"E(-C&%-%"%("OB(,R(W";-"IM($-"-'B1&%-"%(C",(/,B"K"C-"DE('M($,("FMIC&'-U
'&2$"%("-E,4'MCB+"F(E&B%4+,&'B+"+BIE("C-"BIE-"%(C"-E,&+,-"-C(AZ$H"C("1-$-EB$"C-"
&$*&,-'&2$"%("gME+'R$(EH"(C"(%&,BE"%("C-"1E-$"(%&'&2$"%("h(&A-E"%("C-+"BIE-+"
'BAFC(,-+"%("OB(,R("S`oosU`osbTH"F-E-"[M(",BA-E-"-"'-E1B"C-"(C-IBE-'&2$"%("
C-+"&$,EB%M''&B$(+"K"$B,-+"%("C-"(%&'&2$"%("C-"BIE-"'&($,45'-"1B(,R(-$-W"3M-$U
%B"&$&'&2"(+,(",E-I-VBH"@,(&$(E"+2CB"'B$,-I-"'B$"am"-JB+W";-"%(%&'-'&2$"-"(+,("
,E-I-VB"FEB%MV2H"%ME-$,("+M"(+,-$'&-"($"h(&A-E"S`oosU`osmTH"M$"+(1M$%B"C&IEBH"
/&",0"#5#23#P*2*<+#!"$#43+!&#S`osmTH"[M(H"($,E("B,EB+",(A-+H"-$-C&f-"(C"$(BU
FC-,B$&+AB"%("OB(,R("K"+M"E(C-'&2$"'B$"(C"%(+-EEBCCB"%(C"F($+-A&($,B"B''&%($U
,-Cu"C-+"'B$'(F'&B$(+"+BIE("C-"$-,ME-C(f-"K"(C"%(+-EEBCCB"%("CB+"+(E(+"*&*B+H"($"
F-E,&'MC-EH"+M",(BE4-"%("C-+"A(,-ABEDB+&+u"C-"'B$'(F'&2$"1B(,R(-$-"%(C"AM$%B"
an IbidWH"FW"XXVIIW
aa  \(E$-$%B"@-M'(%B";-+,E-
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 11, enero­junio 2012, pp. 11­25.
%(C"'BCBEu"C-+"&%(-+"%("OB(,R("+BIE("C-"(*BCM'&2$"%("C-",&(EE-"K"CB+"D($2A($B+"
-,AB+DGE&'B+H"-+4"'BAB"C-"&$,(EFE(,-'&2$"[M("N(1(C"R&fB"%("C-"BIE-"%("OB(,R(W"
8AIB+",(/,B+"%("@,(&$(E",M*&(EB$"%B+"E((%&'&B$(+"($"C-+"FE&A(E-+"%G'-%-+"
del siglo XX"K"+M'(+&*-+"E(&AFE(+&B$(+"-",B%B"CB"C-E1B"%(C"+&1CBH"-M$[M("$B"
E(+MC,-"+($'&CCB"R-CC-E" ,E-%M''&B$(+"-C"(+F-JBC"%("(+,B+" ,E-I-VB+" SM,&C&f2" C-+"
,E-%M''&B$(+"%("C-"(%&,BE&-C")M%BCD"@,(&$(EH".-%E&%H"-AI-+"FMIC&'-%-+"($"̀ sst"
K"`sosH"E(+F(',&*-A($,(TW
;-"1E-$"E&[M(f-"%("CB+",(/,B+"%("@,(&$(EH"C-"A&$M'&B+&%-%"'B$"[M("+&1M("CB+"
&$&'&B+"%("C-"BIE-"&$*(+,&1-,&*-"%("OB(,R(H"+M"%(+-EEBCCBH"+M+"E(C-'&B$(+"'B$"(C"
*&,-C&+ABH"(C"A('-$&'&+AB"K"'B$"C-"BIE-"%(";&$$(BH"%(")BM++(-MH"%(";-*-,(E"K"
%(C"I-E2$"*B$"OC(&'R($u"(C"%(,-CC-%B"-$ZC&+&+"%("C-"&%(-"%("A(,-ABEDB+&+"%("C-"
FC-$,-"K"%(C"-$&A-C"K"+M"E(C-'&2$"'B$"(C"RBAIE(H"E(I-+-$H"FBE"AM'RBH"CB+"C4A&U
,(+"K"BIV(,&*B+"%("(+,(",E-I-VBW".("%(,($%EGH"FBE"CB",-$,BH"($"-C1M$-+"%("C-+"
&%(-+"FE&$'&F-C(+"'B$,($&%-+"($"(+,-+"BIE-+W
;M(1B"%("&$%&'-E"(C"-'M(E%B"M$Z$&A("+BIE("C-"&AFBE,-$'&-"%("OB(,R("SVM$,B"
'B$"@'R&CC(EH"N(E%(E"K";(++&$1T"F-E-"C-"'BAFE($+&2$"%("C-"'MC,ME-"-C(A-$-"K"
M$&*(E+-CH"@,(&$(E"-5EA-"[M(H"'M-$%B"+(",E-,-"%("+M"BIE-"%("&$*(+,&1-'&2$H"(C"
F-$BE-A-"(+"B,EBW";-"D-C,-"%("-FE('&-'&2$"%("C-"'&($'&-"1B(,R(-$-"E-%&'-"($"
[M("'-+&",B%B"CB"[M("+("R-"FMIC&'-%B"+BIE("CB+",E-I-VB+"'&($,45'B+"%("OB(,R("K"
@'R&CC(E"$B"R-"+ME1&%B"BE1Z$&'-A($,("%("+M+"'B$'(F'&B$(+H"+&$B"[M("+("R-"+&U
tuado en una posición a posteriori"'B$"E(+F(',B"-"(CC-+W"@("-5EA-"[M("-"OB(,R("
C("D-C,-I-"+($,&%B"'&($,45'Bu"[M("+M"'-F-'&%-%"5CB+25'-"+("($'B$,E-I-"($"FEBU
FBE'&B$"&$*(E+-"'B$"C-"FBG,&'-W"@&$"(AI-E1BH"-5EA-"@,(&$(EH"($"C-+"&$,(EFE(,-'&B$(+"
%("OB(,R("+BIE("C-"$-,ME-C(f-"+MIK-'("M$"FEBDM$%B"+($,&%B"5CB+25'BH"k-M$[M("$B"
-+'&($%("-"C-"'B$'&($'&-"($"DBEA-"%(",(BE(A-+"'&($,45'B+"%(,(EA&$-%B+laq"K"-"
F(+-E"%("[M("$B"$B+"C(1-E-"M$"'B$VM$,B"+&+,(AZ,&'B"%("C-"E&1MEB+-"5CB+BD4-"'B$"C-"
[M("BF(E-I-W
9-"P%B")Me+(E" &$%&'-I-"M$"R('RB"[M("@,(&$(E" 'B$5EA-" K" FEBDM$%&f-" %("
A-$(E-"%('&+&*-?"C-"M$&%-%"&$%&+B'&-IC("($,E("(C"OB(,R("FB(,-"K"OB(,R(H"(C"&$U
*(+,&1-%BEH"K"C-"$('(+&%-%"%("'B$B'(E"+M"BIE-"'&($,45'-"F-E-"'BAFE($%(E"FEBU
DM$%-A($,("C-"FBG,&'-?"k=+"&AFB+&IC("+MA(E1&E+("($"C-+"FEBDM$%&%-%(+"%(C"-E,("
1B(,R(-$B"+&$"'B$B'(E"C-+"BI+(E*-'&B$(+"%(C"OB(,R("$-,ME-C&+,-lWam"8+&A&+ABH"
+(J-C-"@,(&$(E"C-"1E-$"&AFBE,-$'&-"%("@'R&CC(E"F-E-"C-"'BAFE($+&2$"%("C-"&$*(+U
,&1-'&2$"%("OB(,R(W"<("BIE-+"%("@'R&CC(E"'BAB"7%(,%2#2&'("#$%#"!3)%)*<+#"2,6,*)%#
!"$#C6+"(&#034%+& o Poesía ingenua y sentimental"S-AI-+"I-+-%-+"($"OB(,R("
aq")W"@,(&$(EH"/&",0"#5#23#P*2*<+#!"$#43+!&W":E-%W"YMC&-"N(E$Z$%(f"@-$+"K")-D-(C".-E,4$"8E,-VBW"
.-%E&%H")M%BCD"@,(&$(EH"`sosH"FW"mW
am IbidWH"FW"`aW
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 11, enero­junio 2012, pp. 11­25.
3B$*(E1($'&-+"K"%&*(E1($'&-+" ap
'BAB"F(E+B$-C&%-%"[M(" E(_$("($"+4"(C" &%(-C"%(C"-E,&+,-H"-[M(C"[M("&$,(1E-"(C"
'B$B'&A&($,B"%("C-"'&($'&-"K"%("CB"-E,4+,&'BTH"@,(&$(E"k(/,E-(l"%("A-$(E-"AMK"
BE&1&$-C"M$-"A-$(E-"%("&$,(EFE(,-E"C-"BIE-"%("OB(,R("[M("+("I-+-"($"GC"A&+ABH"
($"+M"F-E,&'MC-E"A-$(E-"%("BI+(E*-E"(C"AM$%BW
z32AB"BI+(E*-"OB(,R(|"=C",&FB"%("BF(E-'&2$"A($,-C"-FC&'-%B"-"M$"BIV(,B"
B"+(E"BI+(E*-%B"%(I("(+,-E"%(,(EA&$-%B"FBE"(C"BIV(,B"B"(C"+(E"A&+ABW"=+"%('&EH"
%(C"FEBF&B"AM$%B"(/,(E&BE"%(C"FB(,-"-C(AZ$"%(%M'("(C"AG,B%B"%("BI+(E*-'&2$"
[M(" C("(+"-%('M-%BW"8+4H" kC-"*&+&2$"[M("OB(,R(" ,($4-"%(C"AM$%B"(+" C-"AZ+"
AMC,&D-'G,&'-"[M("FM(%-"&A-1&$-E+(?"F-E,("%("M$"'($,EB"+&,M-%B"($"C-"$-,ME-C(U
f-" 4$,(1E-"%(C"FB(,-H"K" E(i(V-"($"'-%-"'-+B" C-" D-'(,-"[M("'BEE(+FB$%("-" C-"
$-,ME-C(f-"%(C"BIV(,B"'B$,(AFC-%BlWao"=C"AG,B%B"%("BI+(E*-'&2$"%("C-"E(-C&%-%"
%(E&*-E4-H"$B"%("C-"A($,("%(C"BI+(E*-%BEH"+&$B"%("C-"$-,ME-C(f-"%("CB"BI+(E*-%BW"
=$"OB(,R(" CB"(+($'&-C"(+"+M"modo de contemplar"(C"AM$%BH"+M"AG,B%B"%("
FEB'(%(E"DE($,("-C"AM$%B"-C"[M("@,(&$(E"CC-A-"universalidad congruenteW
L(EB"(C"BIV(,&*B"%("@,(&$(E"$B"(+"'E(-E"C-"&A-1($"%("M$"RBAIE("%("'&($'&-"
&$'BAFE($%&%BH"BC*&%-%Bu"$B"(+",-AFB'B"R-'(E"M$"E('M($,B"%("CB+"R-CC-f1B+"
'&($,45'B+"%("OB(,R("F-E-"($D-,&f-E"C-"'(1M(E-"%("(+("BC*&%BW"<("R('RBH"($"(+("
+($,&%BH"@,(&$(E"(+"'-,(12E&'B?"k3BAF-E,B"C-"BF&$&2$"%("<M"QB&+U)(KAB$%H"%("
[M("&$'CM+B",-AI&G$"+&$"OB(,R(H"C-"'&($'&-"(+,-E4-"RBK"%B$%("(+,ZH"K"[M("CB+"
F-+B+"[M("GC"'B$+&1M2"%-E"R-IE4-$"+&%B"%-%B+H",-E%("B",(AFE-$BH"FBE"B,EB+lWas 
=$"E(-C&%-%H"CB"[M("C("&$,(E(+-H"CB"[M("C("E(+MC,-"DM$%-A($,-C"(+"'-E-',(E&f-E"(C"
BIV(,&*BH"(C"&AFMC+B"&$*(+,&1-,&*B"%(C"-E,&+,-"-C(AZ$H"kC-"BE&($,-'&2$"A&+A-"%("+M"
(+F4E&,Ml"F-E-"*(E&5'-E"+M"FB+&IC("-FC&'-'&2$"-"$M(+,E-"E(-C&%-%"'B$,(AFBEZ$(-?"
kN-K"[M("($,E-E"($"(C"AM$%B"%(C"F($+-A&($,BH"%("C-"+($+&I&C&%-%"%("OB(,R(H"($"
C-"A(%&%-"($"[M("FM(%-"E(+MC,-E"D('M$%B"F-E-"$M(+,EB",&(AFBlWpb 
z{MG"IM+'-I-"OB(,R(|"7B"%(+%("CM(1B"CB+"%(+'MIE&A&($,B+"-&+C-%B+"[M("
DM(EB$"+ME1&($%B"-"CB"C-E1B"%("+M"C-IBE"'&($,45'-H"'BAB"(C"%(+'MIE&A&($,B"%(C"
RM(+B"&$,(EA-/&C-E"($"(C"RBAIE(W"=+,B+"R('RB+"$M$'-"'B$+,&,MK(EB$"F-E-"GC"M$"
5$"($" +4"A&+ABH"$B+"%&'("@,(&$(EH" +&$B"[M(" ,($4-$"[M("+(E" E(-C&f-%B+"F-E-"
'B$5EA-E" C-" &%(-"[M(" ,($4-"OB(,R("-'(E'-"%(" CB+" D($2A($B+"$-,ME-C(+W"=+"
%('&EH"($" C-"FC-$,-"K"($"(C"-$&A-CH"($"(C"'B$VM$,B"%(" C-"$-,ME-C(f-"(+"FB+&IC("
'-F,-E"-C1B"[M("$B"(+"-''(+&IC("-"C-"A(E-"BI+(E*-'&2$"%("CB+"+($,&%B+H"CCZA(+("
AB%(CBH"&%(-"B"-E[M(,&FBW";B"[M("(C"BVB"D4+&'B"(+"'-F-f"%("F(E'&I&E"($"M$"BE1-U
$&+AB"$B"(+"k+&$B"C-"'B$+('M($'&-"%(C"'B$VM$,B"*&*BH"'B$+,&,M&%B"FBE"C-"&$,(E-''&2$"
ao IbidWH"FW"mW
as IbidWH"FW"`bmW
pb IbidWH"FW"`nW
at  \(E$-$%B"@-M'(%B";-+,E-
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 11, enero­junio 2012, pp. 11­25.
%("C-+"C(K(+"%("DBEA-'&2$H"[M("+2CB"CB+"BVB+"%(C"(+F4E&,M"FM(%($"F(E'&I&ElWp`"8"
C-+"'E4,&'-+"[M("M$-"'B$'(F'&2$"'BAB"G+,-"FB%E4-$"%(+F(E,-E"K"[M("%("R('RB"
%(+F(E,-EB$"S*(E"C-"&$,(EFE(,-'&2$"%(".-$M(C"@-'E&+,Z$"B"(C"'B$'(F,B"%("kABEU
DBCB14-"&%(-C&+,-l"E(+(J-%-"FBE"@Z$'R(f".('-H"&$'CM&%-+"($"(+,(",E-I-VBTH"@,(&U
$(E"E(+FB$%("[M("+B$"FEB%M',B"%("C-"&$'-F-'&%-%"%("'B$'(I&E"[M("C-"&%(-H"CB"
&$*&+&IC(H" CB"+MFE-+($+&IC(" DBEA-"F-E,(" ,-$"objetivamente de  las cosas como 
-[M(CCB"[M("FM(%("F(E'&I&E+("'B$"CB+"+($,&%B+W
=+,-"F-E,&'MC-E"A-$(E-"%("-FE(R($%(E"K"'BAFE($%(E"C-"E(-C&%-%H"%&-CG',&'-H"
&$'CMK($,(H"$B"%M-CH"'B$%M'("-"B,EB"BIV(,&*B"%("C-"BIE-"'&($,45'-"%("OB(,R(?"C-"
'E(-'&2$"%("M$-"'B$'(F'&2$"1($(E-C"%(" C-"$-,ME-C(f-W"dC"[M(E4-"AB+,E-E"[M("
,B%-+"C-+"E-A-+"&$%&*&%M-C(+"%(C"'B$B'&A&($,B"%("C-"$-,ME-C(f-?"R&+,BE&-"$-,ME-CH"
'&($'&-"$-,ME-CH"-$-,BA4-H"[M4A&'-H"fBBCB14-H"5+&BCB14-H"(,'G,(E-H"%(I4-$"M$&E+("
-C"+(E*&'&B"%("M$-"'B$'(F'&2$"+MF(E&BEH"-"5$"%("(/FC&'-E"DBEA-+"K"FEB'(+B+"%("
CB+"+(E(+"*&*B+H" &$'CM&%B"(C"RBAIE(W"{M(E4-"'B$+,&,M&E"M$-"'&($'&-"$M(*-H"M$-"
ABEDBCB14-"1($(E-C"%("CB+"BE1-$&+AB+W":B%B"CB"[M("'-%-"'&($'&-"F-E,&'MC-E"-FBEU
,-"'BAB"C(K(+"$-,ME-C(+"F-E,&'MC-E(+"%(I(E4-"+(E"&$,(1E-%B"($"M$"'B$'(F,B"*&*B"
%(" CB"BE1Z$&'B"K"(C(*-%B"-"M$"$&*(C"+MF(E&BEH" k-C" &1M-C"[M("(C"+(E"*&*B"A&+AB"
-'B1("CB+"%&*(E+B+"FEB'(+B+"$-,ME-C(+"F-E,&'MC-E(+"($"(C"'&'CB"%("+M"%(+-EEBCCBH"
(C(*Z$%BCB+"-"M$"1E-%B"+MF(E&BE"%("(5'&($'&-lWpa":-C"FEBK(',B"$B"CC(12"-"'MAFC&EU
+(H"F(EB"A("FE(1M$,B"+&"M$-"&%(-",-$"(+,&AMC-$,("$B"*&*("%("-C1M$-"A-$(E-"($"
C-"-',M-C"&$,(E%&+'&FC&$-E&(%-%"($,E("C-+"'&($'&-+"S($"C-"$(MEBI&BCB14-H"FBE"(V(AFCB"
B"($"C-"'BC-IBE-'&2$"($,E("F-C(B$,BCB14-H"(,$BCB14-H"IB,Z$&'-"K"'C&A-,BCB14-TW"
=+"&AFBE,-$,("&$%&'-E"[M("-"CB"C-E1B"%("CB+",(/,B+"'BA($,-%B+"@,(&$(E"($D-U
,&f-"M$-"K"B,E-"*(f"C-"&%(-"+(1_$"C-"'M-C"OB(,R("$M$'-"[M&+B"R-'(E"'&($'&-H"'BAB"
C-"($,($%(AB+"RBKH"[M("$M$'-"&$,($,2"'E(-E"M$"+&+,(A-"'&($,45'B"per se.";B"[M("
GC"IM+'-I-"(E-"M$"'B$B'&A&($,B"%(C"RBAIE(H"%("C-"$-,ME-C(f-H"IM+'-I-H"'BAB"
%('4-AB+H"E(M$&E"CB+"E(+MC,-%B+"%(",B%-+"C-+"'&($'&-+"($"M$-H"1CBI-CH"[M("CC(*-U
E-"-"M$-"'BAFE($+&2$"AZ+"FEBDM$%-"%("C-"E(-C&%-%"+($+&IC("("&$*&+&IC(W
@BEFE($%("C-"C(',ME-"%("La teoría del conocimiento basada en la concepción 
!"$#43+!&#!"#/&",0""K"%("/&",0"#5#23#P*2*<+#!"$#43+!&"%(")M%BCD"@,(&$(E"
FBE[M(H"'B$"B,E-+"F-C-IE-+H"FBE"+MFM(+,BH"K"'B$"BIV(,&*B+"%&+,&$,B+H"-$M$'&-"&%(-+"
[M("R(AB+"'BA($,-%B"($"CB+"(+,M%&B+"%("P%B")Me+(E"B"@Z$'R(f".('-W"^-C("
-[M4"'(%(E"-"C-",($,-'&2$"K"FM$,M-C&f-E"(C"'-EZ',(E"FE('ME+BE"%("@,(&$(E"($"CB"[M("
-"C-"AB%(E$-"E(*-CBE-'&2$"%("C-"'&($'&-"%("OB(,R("+("E(5(E(H"K"%($,EB"%("(+-"
A&+A-",($%($'&-H"+(E4-"&$,(E(+-$,("E(*-CBE-EH"-"+M"*(fH"(C",E-I-VB"%("@,(&$(EW
p` IbidWH"FW"`bsW
pa IbidWH"FW"`npW
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 11, enero­junio 2012, pp. 11­25.
3B$*(E1($'&-+"K"%&*(E1($'&-+" an
Conclusión
;B+",(/,B+"[M("R("'BA($,-%B"-"CB"C-E1B"%("(+,-"&$*(+,&1-'&2$"F(E,($('($"-"ABU
A($,B+"R&+,2E&'B+"%&+,&$,B+H"C-"%G'-%-"%("CB+"-JB+"*(&$,(+H"+(,($,-+H"B'R($,-+"K"
noventas del siglo XXW";B+"'M-,EB"-M,BE(+"'BA($,-%B+"F-E('($"%&IMV-E"(C",E-U
K(',B"%(C"&$,(EG+"[M("R-"*&*&%B"C-"51ME-"%(C"OB(,R("k'&($,45'Bl?"M$"&$,(EG+"E('BU
F&C-,BE&BH" -$,BCB1-%BE" [M&fZ"(/'(+&*-A($,(" &AF-E'&-C" SP%B")Me+(ETu" B,EB"[M("
&$,($,-"M$-"BIV(,&*&%-%"5C2+B5'-"K"[M(H"+&$"(AI-E1BH"+("*("+-'M%&%B"FBE"-EE(I-U
,B+"K"-$,&F-,4-+"S.-$M(C"@-'E&+,Z$T"KH"5$-CA($,(H"M$"&$,(EG+H"%(+%("A&"FM$,B"%("
*&+,-H"([M&C&IE-%BH"&$'CMK($,(H"FEBFB+&,&*B"S<&(1B"@Z$'R(f".('-"K")M%BCD"@,(&$(ETW"
=$"+MA-H"CB"[M("+BEFE($%("($"(+,-+"'E4,&'-+"B"($"C-+"E(+(J-+"[M("(CC-+"R-'($"
%("B,E-+"BIE-+H"(+"C-"&$+&+,($'&-"FBE"%&*&%&EH"(+'&$%&E"-C"OB(,R("FB(,-"%(C"'&($,4U
5'B"-FC&'-$%B"M$"E-fB$-A&($,B"[M("+("FB%E4-"'-C&5'-E"'BAB"%&+KM$,&*B"S+2CB"
esto o"-[M(CCB"(+"FB+&IC(T"'M-$%B"R(AB+"*&+,BH"F-E,&'MC-EA($,("'B$"P%B")Me+(EH"
8CDB$+B")(K(+"K")M%BCD"@,(&$(EH"[M("($"(C"F($+-A&($,B"%(C"-M,BE"-C(AZ$",-C"
+(F-E-'&2$"$B"(E-"'B$'(I&IC(W";-"'E4,&'-"%("OB(,R(",($%E4-"[M("+(EH"%(+%("A&"
FM$,B"%("*&+,-H"1B(,R(-$-H"(+"%('&E"+(",($%E4-$"[M("-FC&'-E"-"C-"BIE-"'&($,45'-"
%("OB(,R("-[M(CCB+"&$+,EMA($,B+"&$,(EFE(,-,&*B+"[M("(C"A&+AB"BIV(,B"%("(+,M%&B"
E([M&(E("K"(/&1(W"8+&A&+ABH"+("%(+'-C&5'-",B%-"*-C&%(f"'&($,45'-"-"C-"'&($'&-"%("
OB(,R("FBE"'B$'(I&E"M$"AM$%B"&%(-CH"+MFE-+($+&IC("&$A(E+B"($"(C"AM$%B"+($U
+&IC(W"=+,-"BF(E-'&2$"E(+MC,-H"-",B%-+"CM'(+H"($1-JB+-?"$B"+2CB"+("(*&%($'&-"-+4"
C-"-FC&'-'&2$"%("M$"AB%(CB"'&($,45'B"AB%(E$B"[M("$B"'BEE(+FB$%("+($'&CC-A($U
,("-C" ,E-I-VB"%("OB(,R(H"'BAB"R(AB+"+(J-C-%BH"+&$B"[M("+(" &$,($,-"BC*&%-EH"
$M(*-A($,(H"[M("CB"+($+&IC("K"CB"&%(-CH"CB"BE1Z$&'B"K"CB"&$*&+&IC("+B$H"F-E-"C-"
*&+&2$"1B(,R(-$-H"M$-"K"C-"A&+A-"'B+-W"6I*&-A($,(H"%-E"*-C&%(f"($"'&($'&-"-"
un acercamiento como el de Goethe conllevaría la aceptación de una existencia 
+MFE-+($+&IC("en"C-"E(-C&%-%H"F(EB"(+("+-C,B"'B$'(F,M-CH"(+("E&(+1B"%("C-"E-f2$"
K"%(C"($,($%&A&($,B"F-E('("[M("$B"+(EZ"(AFE($%&%B"FBE"C-"'&($'&-"AB%(E$-"($"
M$",&(AFB"'B$+&%(E-IC(W
\&$-CA($,(H"[M(EE4-"FM$,M-C&f-E"[M("CB"[M("R("&$,($,-%B"BDE('(E"($"(+,(",E-U
I-VB"(+"M$-"*&+&2$H"CB"AZ+"*-E&-%-"FB+&IC(H"%("C-"E('(F'&2$"%("C-"BIE-"'&($,45'-"
%("OB(,R("F-E-"%(+FBV-EC-"%("(+-"&$'2AB%-"KH"-"A&"($,($%(EH"&$VM+,-"A-E'-"%("
+MF(E+,&'&2$H"+MF(E'R(E4-"B"(CM'MIE-'&2$"FBG,&'-"[M("R-",($&%B"K",&($("RBK"($"
%4-"K"'BAF-E,&E"C-"&$,M&'&2$"%("[M(H"($"C-"A-$(E-"'BAB"OB(,R("F(E'&I&2"C-"$-U,ME-C(f-" +MIK-'($"FB+&I&C&%-%(+" kCC($-+"%("FE(+($,&A&($,B+l" S7&(,f+'R(TH" (+"
%('&EH"%("DM,MEBW
\('R-"%("E('(F'&2$?"pÄ``Äab`b
\('R-"%("-'(F,-'&2$?"`mÄ`bÄab``
CRISTÓBAL COLÓN Y EL CARIBE:  
ORO Y DESNUDEZ
SOFÍA REDING BLASE*
`
Resumen
EC"FE&A(E"*&-V("%("3BC2$H"-M$[M("'B$"FEBF2+&,B+"%&+,&$,B+"-" CB+"BE&1&$-C(+H"A-E'-"(C" &$&'&B"%(" C-".B%(E$&%-%W"=$"(C"FE(+($,(" ,(/,B"+("%-"'M($,-"%(C"
F('MC&-E"'-EZ',(E"%("[M&($"+("%&'("%(+'MIE&2"8AGE&'-H"'B$+&%(EZ$%BCB"'BAB"M$"
,E-$+(_$,("($,E(".(%&(*B"K")($-'&A&($,BW"8+&A&+ABH"+("AM(+,E-"C-"51ME-"%("
^(+FM''&"K"+M"F(E+B$-C&%-%"AZ+"E($-'($,&+,-W";-+"*&+&B$(+"[M("-AIB+"$-*(U
1-$,(+",M*&(EB$"%("$M(+,EB"'B$,&$($,(H"+(EZ$"C-"'C-*("F-E-"'BAFE($%(E"(C"%&+U
'ME+B"+BIE("CB"@-C*-V(H",-$,B"($"+M"*(E+&2$"F(+&A&+,-"'BAB"BF,&A&+,-W
Palabras clave:"<(+'MIE&A&($,BH"&$*($'&2$H"+-C*-V(H"F($+-A&($,B"C-,&$B-A(E&'-$BW
Abstract
:R("5E+,"*BK-1("BD"3BCMAIM+H"-C,RBM1R"%&DD(E($," DEBA" ,R("BE&1&$-C"FMEFB+(+H"
A-Ee+",R("I(1&$$&$1"BD"AB%(E$&,KW":R&+",(/,"&+"-X-E("BD",R("F('MC&-E"'R-E-',(E"
BD"XRB"&+"+-&%",B"R-*("%&+'B*(E(%"8A(E&'-H"'B$+&%(E&$1"R&A"-+"-",E-$+&($,"I(,U
` *UNAMH"3($,EB"%(" 0$*(+,&1-'&B$(+"+BIE("8AGE&'-";-,&$-"K"(C"3-E&I(H".G/&'BH"+B5-E(%&$1r
RB,A-&CW'BA
EN­CLAVES del pensamientoH"-JB"^0H"$_AW"``H"($(EBUVM$&B"ab`aH"FFW"amUttWam
ao  @BD4-")(%&$1"QC-+(
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 11, enero­junio 2012, pp. 27­44.
X(($".&%%C("81(+"-$%")($-&++-$'(W"0,"-C+B"+RBX+",R("51ME("BD"^(+FM''&"-$%"
R&+")($-&++-$'("F(E+B$-C&,KW":R(",XB"+-&CBE+"R-%"*&+&B$+"BD"BME"'B$,&$($,H"XR&'R"
X&CC"I(",R("e(K",B"M$%(E+,-$%",R("%&+'BME+("B$",R("@-*-1(H"IB,R"&$"&,+"F(++&A&+U
,&'"-$%"BF,&A&+,&'"*(E+&B$W
Key words:"<&+'B*(EKH"&$*($,&B$H"@-*-1(H";-,&$"8A(E&'-$",RBM1R,W
3M-C[M&(E-"[M("%(+(("-'(E'-E+("-C"(+,M%&B"%("C-"R&+,BE&-"C-,&$B-A(E&'-$-"%(U
I(EZ"A&E-E"'B$"'M&%-%B"CB"[M("B'MEE&2"-"5$(+"%(C"+&1CB"XVH"'M-$%B"3E&+,2I-C"
3BC2$"+("R&fB"-"C-"A-E"'B$"C-"(+F(E-$f-"%("%(+(AI-E'-E"($",&(EE-+"-+&Z,&'-+W"
N-"'BEE&%B"AM'R-",&$,-"($",BE$B"-"'M(+,&B$(+",-C(+"'BAB"(C"BE&1($"%("3BC2$H"
+M+"'B$B'&A&($,B+"FE(*&B+H"(C"5$-$'&-A&($,B"%(C"*&-V("B"(C",&FB"%(",E&FMC-'&2$"KH"
($"1($(E-CH"+BIE("C-+"*&'&+&,M%(+"K"C-+"F(E&F('&-+"%("CB+"*&-V(+"'BCBAI&$B+H"'MK-"
%B'MA($,-'&2$"(+"-"*('(+"-F2'E&D-W"@&$"(AI-E1BH"CB"[M("-[M4"$B+"&$,(E(+-"(+"
C-"*&+&2$"'BCBAI&$-"+BIE("(C"3-E&I("KH"AZ+"&AFBE,-$,("[M("(+BH"+BIE("+M+"R-I&U
,-$,(+"-"[M&($(+H"'BAB"*(E(AB+H"$M$'-"'B$B'&2"%(C",B%BW
<(+%("(C"3-E&I("+("R-$"(+'E&,B"$MA(EB+-+"'-E,-+"($,E(" C-+"[M("FB%(AB+"
A($'&B$-E"%B+"[M("CC(*-$"(C"A&+AB"$BAIE(?"Carta de JamaicaW";-"AZ+"D-AB+-"
%("C-+"%B+"(+"C-"'-E,-"[M("@&A2$"QBC4*-E"%&E&1&2"-"M$"'-I-CC(EB"%("g&$1+,B$"%("
$BAIE("N($EK"3MCC($H"($"+(F,&(AIE("%("̀ o`nW"@&$"'B$,-EH"($"(+("ABA($,BH"'B$"
C&IEB"B"%B'MA($,B"-C1M$B"($"(C"'M-C"I-+-E"+M"-E1MA($,-'&2$H"K"FE(+($,-$%B"
%&+'MCF-+"FBE"(CCBH"QBC4*-E"BDE('&2"-"+M"'BEE(+FB$+-C"M$-"F-$BEZA&'-"%("C-"FEBU
IC(AZ,&'-"-A(E&'-$-W";-"B,E-"'-E,-H"-$,(E&BE"-"C-"%("QBC4*-EH"%-,-"%("`nbp"K"DM("
%&E&1&%-"%(+%("Y-A-&'-"FBE"3E&+,2I-C"3BC2$"-"CB+")(K(+"3-,2C&'B+"F-E-"'B$,-EU
C(+"C-+"'-C-A&%-%(+"[M("+MDE&2"($"+M"'M-E,B"*&-V("S``"%("A-KB"%("`nba"-C"m"%("
$B*&(AIE("`nbtTW"@("'B$B'(",-AI&G$"'BAB"La Letterararissima` K"DM("(+'E&,-"
%(+%("-[M(CC-" &+C-" [M("3BC2$" CC-A2H" %(+%("`tstH"@-$,&-1BW"3BAB"+(" +-I(H"
@-$,&-1B"(C".-KBE"VM$,B"'B$"+M"R(EA-$B"YM-$"(C"=*-$1(C&+,-H"DM(EB$"CC-A-%B+"
por su maestro I&2#0*A&2#!"$#,(3"+&W"9",EB$-%4+&AB"DM("(C"RME-'Z$"[M("-fB,2"C-+"
$-*(+"%(C"8CA&E-$,("%ME-$,("oo"%4-+"K"[M("R&fB"[M("GC"K"+M+"-'BAF-J-$,(+"
F(EA-$('&(E-$"($" C-" &+C-"%ME-$,("pmb"%4-+"R-+,-"[M(" DM(EB$" E(+'-,-%B+"FBE"
<&(1B".G$%(fWa
`"@(J-C-"NMAIBC%,"[M("(+,-"'-E,-"CC(12"-"+(E"'GC(IE("FBE"C-"E(&AFE(+&2$"&,-C&-$-"[M("R&fB".BE(CC&H"
(C"I&IC&B,('-E&B"%("^($('&-H"($"`o`bW"S8C(V-$%EB"%("NMAIBC%,H"Cristóbal Colón y el descubrimiento 
!"#?46(*)%H"FW"aoTW"<&+FB$&IC("F-E-"+M"'B$+MC,-"($"C-"*(E+&2$"%&1&,-C"($"C-"Q&IC&B,('-"^&E,M-C".&1M(C"
%("3(E*-$,(+"($?"R,,F?ÄÄXXXW'(E*-$,(+*&E,M-CW'BAÄ+(E*C(,Ä@&E*(6IE-+Äos`taottpab`mbnoqqa`tnmÄ
&A-bbpnWR,A
a"^G-+("Q-+&C&B";B+-%-"3-+,EBH"Cristóbal ColónW".-%E&%H"7M(*B"8ME&1-H"RIALPH"`ssbW
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 11, enero­junio 2012, pp. 27­44.
3E&+,2I-C"3BC2$"K"(C"3-E&I(?"BEB"K"%(+$M%(f" as
8+4"'BAB"(C";&I(E,-%BE"A($'&B$-I-"($"+M"'-E,-"[M("CB+"(+'E&,B+"%(C"I-E2$"%("
NMAIBC%," CC-A-I-$"-" C-" E('B$+,EM''&2$"%(" C-"A(ABE&-"R&+,2E&'-"A(%&-$,("(C"
(+,M%&B"E&1MEB+B"%("C-"F-E,&'MC-E"'&E'M$+,-$'&-"-A(E&'-$-W"9",-AI&G$"(+"$('(U
+-E&B"E('MF(E-E"(C"AB%B"($"[M("3BC2$"imaginó"CB+",(EE&,BE&B+"'B$"CB+"[M(",EBF(U
f2"($"`tsaH"FM(+"(+,-+"&AZ1($(+"E(+MC,-EZ$"$M'C(-E(+",-$,B"($"C-"(C-IBE-'&2$"
%("A&,B+"%("'-EZ',(E"DM$%-'&B$-C"'BAB"%("C-+"M,BF4-+"C&I(E,-%BE-+W"=$,E("-AIB+"
F(E+B$-V(+"$B"%(V-"%("R-I(E"M$-"($BEA("%&D(E($'&-W"=$"(D(',BH"3BC2$"$B"(+"
'BAB"NMAIBC%,?
=$"`tsoH"DE($,("-C"1BCDB"%("L-E&-H"M$"RBAIE(H"R&VB"%("C-"&A-1&$-'&2$"%("C-"
=%-%".(%&-H"A&E-"'B$"CB+"BVB+"($'(1M('&%B+"FBE"M$-"($D(EA(%-%"'B$,E-4%-"
-"IBE%BH"K"FBE"M$"AB%BH"'&A($,-%B"FBE"+&1CB+H"%("($,($%(E"(C"AM$%Bu"KH"'BU
A(E'&-$,(H"*(H"M$-"*(f"AZ+H"C-"FB+&I&C&%-%"%(C"BEBu"RBAIE("%("M$-"GFB'-"[M("
'B$'CMK(H"*("CB"%(+'B$B'&%B"-",E-*G+"%(C",(E'B"'E&+,-C"%("+M+"'(E,(f-+"K"+M"
D(u"KH"(C(1&%B"%("<&B+H"'BAB"+("'E(("-"+4"A&+ABH"*("($"C-"%(+(AIB'-%ME-"%(C"
6E&$B'B"M$B"%(" CB+" E4B+"%(C" '(E'-$B"L-E-4+B":(EE($-CW"=$"`mssH" DE($,("-C"
1BCDB"%("L-E&-H"M$"RBAIE("&CM+,E-%BH"'B$"C-"CZAF-E-"%("C-"E-f2$"'BAB"1M4-H"A&E-"
FBE"($'&A-"%(",E(+"+&1CB+H"-[M(CC-"FE&A(E-"A&E-%-"($'(1M('&%-"K"(C"(+F(',Z'MU
CB"%("CB"%(+'B$B'&%B"[M("+("-IE("-$,("(CC-H"K"'BAFE($%("[M("%(I("E('&I&E"C-"
R(E($'&-"%("-[M(C"RBAIE("-5(IE-%B"%("*&+&B$(+H"K"$BAIE-EC-"$M(*-A($,(Wp
=C"8CA&E-$,("(E-H"+&$"CM1-E"-"%M%-+H"CB"[M("+("%&'("%(",B%B+"CB+"(/'G$,E&'B+?"
,B%B"M$"F(E+B$-V(W"@-I(AB+"[M("'-,BE'("'&M%-%(+"&,-C&-$-+"K"%B'("$-'&B$(+"
R-$"F(C(-%B"FBE"C-"1CBE&-"%("R-I(ECB"*&+,B"$-'(EH"-M$[M("GC"A&+AB"-+(1ME2"(C"
aa"%("D(IE(EB"%("`tsoH"'M-$%B"B,BE12"(+'E&,ME-"%("C-"Institución de Mayorazgo 
-"+M"R&VB"A-KBE"<&(1BH"[M("OG$B*-"(E-"+M"'&M%-%"$-,-CW4"8F-E($,(A($,(H"-R4"
+("%(%&'2"-C"B5'&B"%("C-$(EB"F-E-"CM(1B"+(E"-1($,("%("C-"'-+-"'BA(E'&-C"%("CB+"
3($,ME&B$&H5"-+4"'BAB"$-*(1-$,("FBE"CB+"&,&$(E-E&B+"FBE,M1M(+(+"%("ÅDE&'-H"(+U
,M%&B+B"%(" C-" -+,EB$BA4-"%(C" iBE($,&$B":B+'-$(CC&" K" FEBDM$%B"-%A&E-%BE" %("
.-E'B"LBCB"K%(C"'-E%($-C"L(%EB"%("8&CCKW"@M"FEBF&B"$BAIE(H"+(1_$"-5EA-I-"DE-K"
Q-E,BCBAG"%("C-+"3-+-+H"E(*(C-I-"M$-",E-+'($%($,-C"A&+&2$?"Cristóforo Colom­
boH"(C"[M("CC(*-E4-" C-"F-C-IE-"3E&+,B"-" C-+" C(V-$-+",&(EE-+"%("8+&-W"L(EB"'BAB"
p"^4',BE"QE-*BH"k3BC2$"K"NMAIBC%,W"<B+"*&+&B$(+"+BIE("(C"7M(*B".M$%BlW"<&+FB$&IC("($?"R,,F?ÄÄ
XXXW(,'(,(E-W'BAWA/ÄabbbÄpqaÄ($+-KB+WR,AC
4"3E&+,2I-C"3BC2$H"H";,&2# 5# !&)34"+,&2M# ("$%)*&+"2#!"# P*%A"2M# )%(,%2# 5#4"4&(*%$"2W".-%E&%H"
8C&-$f-H"`soaH"FW"`soW
5"=$"`sbtH"P1B"8++(E(,B"R-CC2"($"(C"-E'R&*B"%("OG$B*-"M$"%B'MA($,B"D('R-%B"(C"an"%("-1B+,B"
%("`tmsH"($"(C"[M("+("+(J-C-"[M("(C"$(1B'&-$,(";B%B*&'B"3($,ME&B$(+"'BAFE2"-f_'-E"($"C-"&+C-"
FBE,M1M(+-"%(".-%(E-H"FBE"A(%&-'&2$"%("+M"-1($,("3E&+,2I-C"3BC2$H"%("M$B+"am"-JB+W"=$"9ZeB*"
@*(,H"Cristóbal Colón.".B+'_H"LEB1E(+BH"`smaH"FW"aaW
pb  @BD4-")(%&$1"QC-+(
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 11, enero­junio 2012, pp. 27­44.
+-I(AB+H"3BC2$"$B"CC(12"$M$'-"-C"'B$,&$($,("-+&Z,&'BW";B"[M("$M$'-"+-IE(AB+"
es 2*#6$#$&#238&H"K-"[M("$B",($(AB+"F&+,-+"-C"E(+F(',BW"@2CB"$B+"E(+,-"-$-C&f-E"
CB"[M("(C"8CA&E-$,("($'B$,E2"K"'2AB"CB"%(+'E&I&2H"'M-$%B"+("($'-A&$2"-C"Le­
vante por el PonienteH"'BAB"%&E4-"NMAIBC%,Wq"=C"*&-V("+("&$&'&2"(C"*&(E$(+"p"%("
-1B+,B"-"C-+"B'RB"%("C-"A-J-$-H"'M-$%B"C(*-EB$"-$'C-+"%B+"'-E-I(C-+"K"M$-"
$-BHm"K"F-E,&(EB$"%("C-"Q-EE-"%("@-C,(+H"($"C-"'B$iM($'&-"%("CB+"E4B+"6%&(C"K"
:&$,BW";-"(/F-$+&2$"%("6''&%($,("(+,-I-"FBE"'BA($f-E?"FB'B"AZ+"%("%B+"A(U
+(+"%(+FMG+H"3BC2$"%(+(AI-E'2"($"M$-"&+C-"%("C-+"8$,&CC-+W"9"%(+FMG+"*($%E4-$"
B,EB+"AZ+?"
<(,EZ+"%("3BC2$"K"%("=+F-J-"A-E'R-E4-$"CB+"$-*(1-$,(+"%("LBE,M1-C"KH"%("
&$A(%&-,BH" CB+" %("B,E-+" FB,($'&-+" (MEBF(-+"F-E-" %&+FM,-E+("M$AM$%B" +&$"
%M(JB"K"-AFC&-EH"'B$"+M+"E&[M(f-+H"C-+"FB+&I&C&%-%(+"%("+M"FE(%BA&$&B"+BIE("
(C"^&(VB"3B$,&$($,(W"8"C-"'B$[M&+,-"%("C-"8AGE&'-".(E&%&B$-C"+&1M&2"%("&$A(U%&-,B"C-"%("8AGE&'-"@(F,($,BE&-C"K"C-"%(",B%-+"C-+"&+C-+"%("CB+"A-E(+"+BIE("C-+"
[M("3BC2$"R-I4-"FM(+,B"(C"(+,-$%-E,("%("+M+"'-,2C&'B"+(JBE(+W8
8M$[M("+("%&VB"%ME-$,("AM'RB",&(AFB"[M("(C"%(+(AI-E'B"+("E(-C&f2"($"C-"
&+C-"%("@-$"@-C*-%BEH"RBK"+("+-I(H",E-+"&$*(+,&1-'&B$(+"%(C"DB,21E-DB";M&+".-EU
%($"K"+M"(+FB+-H" C-"A-,(AZ,&'-"=,R(C"3B/".-E%($H"5$-$'&-%-+"FBE"National 
/"&C(%80*)H"[M("3BC2$"%(+(AI-E'2"($"3-KB"@-A-$-"K"$B"($"C-"&+C-"CC-A-%-H"
R-+,-"̀ saqH"%("h-,C&$1W";B+"&$*(+,&1-%BE(+"-+(1ME-$"[M("CB+"%(,-CC(+"[M("-FBEU
ta el Diario"'B$"E(C-'&2$"-" C-"1(B1E-D4-"%(" C-" &+C-"[M("%(+'E&I&2"(C"8CA&E-$,(H"
'BEE(+FB$%($"AZ+"I&($"-"@-A-$-W9"@&$"(AI-E1BH"CB"[M("$B+"&$,(E(+-"-[M4"(+"
B,EB"-+M$,BW
=$"FE&A(E"CM1-EH"&$,(E(+-"($,($%(E"[M(H"+&"I&($"3BC2$"CC(12"-C"3-E&I("($"+M"
FE&A(E"*&-V("K"[M("+2CB"($"(C"_C,&AB",B'2"'B+,-+"%(":&(EE-"\&EA(H"$M$'-"+("F(EU
q"8W"%("NMAIBC%,H"7(*2,<'%$#7&$<+#5#"$#!"2)3'(*4*"+,&#!"#?46(*)%W".-%E&%H".B$,("Å*&C-H"`ssaH"
FW"pbW
m";-"$-B"CC(*-I-"(C"$BAIE("%("k@-$,-".-E4-l"SB"k;-"O-CC(1-lH"-M$[M("3BC2$"$M$'-"E(5E&2"+M"
$BAIE("($"(C"DiarioT"FEBF&(%-%"%("YM-$"%("C-"3B+-"[M&($"C-"F(E%&2"FBE[M("G+,-"$-MDE-12"($"C-"
$B'R("%(C"at"-C"an"%("%&'&(AIE("FBE"%(+'M&%B"%(C"1EMA(,("[M("&I-"CC(*-$%B"+M",&A2$u"K"C-+"'-E-I(C-+"
k;-"7&J-l"S'MKB"$BAIE("%("F&C-"(E-"k@-$,-"3C-E-lT"K"FEBF&(%-%"%("YM-$"7&JBH"K"k;-"L&$,-lH"%("3E&+,2I-C"
{M&$,(EB"K"C-"FE(D(E&%-"%(C"8CA&E-$,("K"'MKB"A-$%B",BA-E4-"F-E-"(C"E(1E(+B"-"=+F-J-W"=+,-+"_C,&A-+"
(E-$"AZ+" EZF&%-+" K" C&1(E-+H" F(EB" %("A($BE" ,B$(C-V(W" S01$-'&B"\(E$Z$%(f"^&-CH" k;-+" $-*(+" %(C"
<(+'MIE&A&($,BlH"($"La Santa María, la Niña y la PintaW".-%E&%H"@B'&(%-%"=+,-,-C"{M&$B"3($,($-E&BH"
`ss`H"FFW"qoUmbWT
8";(BFBC%B"](-H"'BAFWH"Descubrimiento e identidad latinoamericanaW".G/&'BH"UNAMH"̀ ssbH"FW"aqW
9"k3BC2$"$B"%(+(AI-E'2"($"@-$"@-C*-%BE"+(1_$"C-"E(*&+,-"O%,*&+%$#/"&C(%80*)lH"($"El PaísW"
.-%E&%H"s"%("B',MIE("%("`soqW
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 11, enero­junio 2012, pp. 27­44.
3E&+,2I-C"3BC2$"K"(C"3-E&I(?"BEB"K"%(+$M%(f" p`
'-,2"%("(CCB"B"FBE"CB"A($B+"$M$'-"-%A&,&2"R-I(E"CC(1-%B"-",(EE&,BE&B+"[M("$B"
DM(E-$"-+&Z,&'B+W";-+",&(EE-+"'B$"C-+"'M-C(+",EBF(f2H"$B"CB1E-EB$"($"AB%B"-C1MU
$B"-F-'&1M-E"+M"BI+(+&2$"FBE"(+,E($-E"M$-"EM,-"A-E4,&A-"[M(H"'B$"%&E(''&2$"-C"
(+,(H"CC(*-E-"-"C-"Cola del DragónH"'BAB"CC-A-EB$"CB+"'R&$B+"-"C-"1E-$"'M-E,-"
F($4$+MC-"%("8+&-H"K"[M("FB%E4-"+(E"&%($,&5'-%-"'B$"@M%-AGE&'-W`b"8+&-"B"@MEU
-AGE&'-H"(C"R('RB"(+"[M("3BC2$"DM("(C"FE&A(EB"($"E(-C&f-E"M$"*&-V("B5'&-C"'B$"
EM,-"R-'&-"(C"B(+,("K"(+"(+,("*&-V("CB"[M("FB%E4-"'B$+,&,M&E"(C"&$&'&B"%("C-"AB%(EU
$&%-%"(MEBF(-"K"'B$*(E,&E"-"3BC2$"($"(C"FE&A(E"AB%(E$B?
xÇy"(+"(C"FE&A(EB"[M("sale"B5'&-CA($,("S'B$"poderesH"$B"+&($%B"K-"M$"*&-V("
'C-$%(+,&$BH"'BAB"AM'RB+"%("CB+"-$,(E&BE(+T"%("C-"=MEBF-"C-,&$-"�-$,&AM+MCU
A-$-�H"F-E-" &$&'&-E" C-"constitución  de  la  experiencia  existencial  de una 
=MEBF-"B''&%($,-CH" -,CZ$,&'-H"centro" %(" C-" R&+,BE&-W"=+,-"centralidad" +(EZ"
%(+FMG+"FEBK(',-%-"R-+,-"CB+"BE41($(+?"(+"($"'&(E,-"A-$(E-H"($"(C"mundo 
de la vida cotidiana"SLebensweltT"%(C"(MEBF(B?"=MEBF-"(+"centro de la hisU
,BE&-"%(+%("8%Z$"K"=*-H"CB+"[M(",-AI&G$"+B$"'B$+&%(E-%B+"'BAB"(MEBF(B+H"
BH"-C"A($B+H"(+"'B$+&%(E-%B"'BAB"M$"A&,B"BE&1&$-E&B"%("C-"europeidadH"'B$"
(/'CM+&2$"%("B,E-+"'MC,ME-+W``
=+" &AFBE,-$,("A($'&B$-E" [M(" (+,-" '($,E-C&%-%" (MEBF(-" (+H" ($" E(-C&%-%H"
CM+BU(+F-JBC-W"=$"(D(',BH"'BAB"E('M(E%-"3B$+M(CB"^-E(C-H"($,E("=+F-J-"K"
LBE,M1-C"K-"R-I4-"E&*-C&%-%"FBE"(C"'B$,EBC"%("C-+"EM,-+"A-E4,&A-+"CB"[M("CC(*2"-"
5EA-E"(C"Tratado de Alcaçovas"(C"t"%("+(F,&(AIE("%("`tmsH"E-,&5'-%B"($"`tobW"
@(1_$"(C"-'M(E%B?
;B+" '-+,(CC-$B+"FB%E4-$"$-*(1-E" -" C-+"3-$-E&-+" K" 'B$[M&+,-E" C-+" &+C-+" $B"
1-$-%-+"-_$"($"(+,("-E'R&F&GC-1BH"A&($,E-+"[M("CB+"FBE,M1M(+(+"+("E(+(E*-U
I-$"C-"(/'CM+&*-"+BIE("C-"'B+,-"B''&%($,-C"-DE&'-$-"($"%&E(''&2$"+ME"xÇyW";-"
+&,M-'&2$"+("A-$,&($("+&$"A-KBE(+"FEBIC(A-+"R-+,-"(C"<(+'MIE&A&($,B"%(C"
7M(*B".M$%B"[M("-1M%&f-"%("$M(*B"(C"'RB[M("%("&$,(E(+(+"($,E("CB+"%B+"
F-4+(+W`a
;-+"E&*-C&%-%(+"[M(%-EZ$"E(+M(C,-+"FBE"C-"Bula Intercaetera"%("8C(V-$%EB"^0"
S%&',-%-"($"̀ tspT"K"(C"Tratado de Tordesillas"[M("E-,&5'-"C-"%&*&+&2$",(EE&,BE&-C"%(C"
AM$%B"($"%B+"R(A&+D(E&B+H"+&,M-$%B"C-"C4$(-"%("%(A-E'-'&2$"-"amb"C(1M-+"AZ+"
`b"OM+,-*B"^-E1-+".-E,4$(fH" k`ta`?" (C" -JB" ($" [M(" CB+"3R&$B+" %(+'MIE&(EB$"8AGE&'-lH" ($"
?()0*8*"$%C&W".G/&'BH"-IE&CUVM$&BH"abbtH"$_AW"ttH"FFW"`tUabW
``"=$E&[M("<M++(CH"1492: el encubrimiento del OtroW".-%E&%H"7M(*-"P,BF4-H"`ssaH"FW"psW
`a"3W"^-E(C-H"k0$,EB%M''&2$"R&+,2E&'-lH"($"0W"\(E$Z$%(f"^&-C"et al., op. cit.H"FFW"apUatW
pa  @BD4-")(%&$1"QC-+(
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 11, enero­junio 2012, pp. 27­44.
[M("CB"FC-$,(-%B"($"C-"'&,-%-"QMC-H"-C"B(+,("%("C-+"&+C-+"%("3-IB"^(E%(W`p"8+4"
FM(+H"C-+"$-*(+"%(C"8CA&E-$,("CC(1-EB$"AM'RB"AZ+"-CCZ"%("CB"[M("GC",($4-"FC-U
$(-%B?"-1E-$%-EB$"(C"1CBIB"'B$"M$"7M(*B".M$%B"($"(C"[M(",B%B"F-E('4-"+(EH"
F-E-"DBE,M$-"%("CB+"E('&G$"CC(1-%B+H"$-,ME-C(f-"pura,"(+"%('&EH"+&$"R&+,BE&-"K"+&$"
'BAFEBA&+B+"'B$"$-%-"$&"'B$"$-%&("KH"FBE",-$,BH"'B$'(I&IC("'BAB"M$"IB,4$"C(U
14,&AB"K"C(1-C&f-%B"FB+,(E&BEA($,("FBE"CB+"%B'MA($,B+"[M("R(AB+"A($'&B$-%BW
L(EB"3BC2$"%(+'MIE&2"CB"[M("necesitaba descubrir"K"vio"CB"[M("quiso ver: un 
*&-V("-C"8+&-"'MKB"EMAIB"R-IE4-"+&%B"5V-%B"FBE"C-"LEB*&%($'&-W`t"LBE"(+B"FB%(AB+"
-5EA-E"[M("($"(+("FE&A(E"*&-V("+("A(f'C-EB$"%B+"%(+*-E4B+?"C-"[M&A(E-"1(BU
1EZ5'-"K"C-",-E(-"+-C*-'&B$&+,-"[M("+("($'BA($%-I-$"-"+4"A&+AB+",-$,B"(C"8CU
A&E-$,("'BAB"C-"3BEB$-"(+F-JBC-"($"M$-"+M(E,("%("@"2,*+&#F%+*."2,&W"=C"a`"
%("B',MIE("%("`tsaH"(C"8CA&E-$,("+("%&E&14-"%(+%("(C"3-E&I("-"CB+")(K(+"3-,2C&U
'B+"'B$"C-+"+&1M&($,(+"F-C-IE-+?"k:($1B"%(,(EA&$-%B"&E"-"C-",&(EE-"5EA("K"-"C-"
'&M%-%"%("OM&+-K"K"%-E" C-+"'-E,-+"%("^M(+,E-+"8C,(f-+"-C"OE-$"3-$"K"F(%&E"
E(+FM(+,-"K"*($&E"'B$"(CC-lW`n"z{MG"[M(E4-$"(C"8CA&E-$,("K"CB+"E(K(+"%(C"AB$-EU
'-"-+&Z,&'B|";B"%("+&(AFE(?"BEBW"<(,EZ+"%(C"%(+(B"%("FE(+($,-E+("-$,("(C"OE-$"
gR-$H"+("%(V-I-"*(E"(C"%(+(B"%("-FEB*('R-E"C-+"E&[M(f-+"(*($,M-CA($,("($U
'B$,E-%-+"($"D-*BE"%("C-"(/-C,-'&2$"1CBI-C"%(C"=*-$1(C&B"K"%(C",E&M$DB"+BIE("(C"
(VGE'&,B"AM+MCAZ$"[M("B'MF-I-":&(EE-"@-$,-"%(+%("(C"qpm"K"(C"E(+'-,("%("Y(U
EM+-CG$W"=+,-"A&+&2$H" 'BAB" CB" -FM$,-E-" (C"A&+AB"3BC2$"($" +M"Libro  de  las 
ProfecíasH`q"%(I4-"'MAFC&E+("-$,(+"%(C"5$"%("CB+",&(AFB+H"(*($,B"[M("B'MEE&E4-"
($"`qnq?"k($,E("C-"AM(E,("%("<(+'-E,(+"K"C-"%("L-+'-ClH"-$B,-"NMAIBC%,W`m
3BAB"(C"8CA&E-$,("$B"FB%4-"%-E"'M($,-"%("'MZ$,B"BEB"&I-"($'B$,E-$%BH"FM(+U
,B"[M("$B"CB"R-CC-I-H"'BA($f2"-"%-E"A_C,&FC(+"%(,-CC(+"+BIE("C-"$-,ME-C(f-"%("
`p IdemW
`t"@&AB$"h&(+($,R-C"S'B$B'&%B"'-f-%BE"%("$-f&+T"-+(1ME-"[M("3BC2$"(AFE($%&2"(C"*&-V("F-E-"
'B$+(1M&E"M$"CM1-E"($"(C"[M("+("(+,-IC('(E4-$"CB+"VM%4B+",E-+"+M"(/FMC+&2$"%("=+F-J-"[M("B'MEE&E4-H"
'BAB"C4A&,(H"(C"A&+AB"%4-"($"[M("GC"F-E,&2?"D('R-"K"RBE-"%("+-C&%-"'B&$'&%4-$"'B$"C-"A-E'-%-"F-E-"
C-"(/FMC+&2$"%("CB+"VM%4B+"%("=+F-J-"($"(C"=%&',B"%("OE-$-%-H"(C"a"%("-1B+,B"%("`tsaW"=$"E(-C&%-%"
(+"(C"p`"%("VMC&B"'M-$%B"%(I($"F-E,&EH"+(1_$"CB"+(J-C-"Y-'[M(+"8,,-C&u"C-"'B$DM+&2$"+("(/FC&'-"FBE[M("
(C"a"%("-1B+,B"'BEE(+FB$%("-C"%4-"%("C-"%(+,EM''&2$"%("Y(EM+-CG$"FBE"CB+"EBA-$B+"($"(C"'-C($%-E&B"
VM%4BH"(+"%('&EH"(C"s"%(C"A(+"%("8IW"SYW"8,,-C&H"1492W"Q-E'(CB$-H"LCME-CH"`ssaH"FFW"`tm"K"`qmWT
`n"3W"3BC2$H"Diario de los cuatro viajes del Almirante y su testamento. .G/&'BH"=+F-+-U3-CF(H"
`soqW")(D(E&EG" C-+" D('R-+" K" $B" C-+" FZ1&$-+W"N-K" [M(" E('BE%-E" [M(" +2CB" +(" 'B$B'(" C-" E(C-'&2$"
'BAF($%&-%-"FBE"DE-K"Q-E,BCBAG"%(";-+"3-+-+u"+&"I&($"(+"M$-"E(C-'&2$"(,$B1EZ5'-"-C1B"E_+,&'-H"(+"
AMK"*-C&B+-W"=C",(/,B"(+"AZ+"[M("M$"+&AFC("'M-%(E$B"%("I&,Z'BE-?"&$-M1ME-"(C"diario"'BAB"1G$(EB"
R&+,2E&'BU%B'MA($,-CW"̂ G-+("YB-[M4$"@Z$'R(f".-'"OE(1BEH"Colón y las Casas. Poder y contrapoder 
"+#$%#.$&2&Q-%#!"#$%#0*2,&(*%#$%,*+&%4"(*)%+%W".G/&'BH"FFL, UNAMH"`ss`H"FW"tmW
`q"3W"3BC2$H"Libro de las ProfecíasW".-%E&%H"8C&-$f-H"`ssaH"FW"`tW
`m"8W"%("NMAIBC%,H"op. cit.H"FW"aoW
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 11, enero­junio 2012, pp. 27­44.
3E&+,2I-C"3BC2$"K"(C"3-E&I(?"BEB"K"%(+$M%(f"pp
C-+"&+C-+"%(C"3-E&I("($"M$",B$B"[M("&$'CM+B"R-+,-"FB%E4-"+(E"'-,-CB1-%B"%("E(U
$-'($,&+,-W"L(EB"3BC2$"$B"FM(%("+(E"'C-+&5'-%B"'BAB",-Cu"(+H"($",B%B"'-+BH"M$"
F(E+B$-V("%(",E-$+&'&2$H"[M("B+'&C-"($,E("(C".(%&B(*B"K"(C")($-'&A&($,B?
=/,E-J-"A(f'C-"%("&%(-+"K"%("+($,&A&($,B+"($"M$"RBAIE("+MF(E&BEH"%B,-%B"%("
'C-E-"&$,(C&1($'&-"K"%("&$*($'&IC("*-CBE"($"C-"-%*(E+&%-%u"&AIM&%B"($"C-",(BCB14-"
(+'BCZ+,&'-H"KH"+&$"(AI-E1BH"AMK"-F,B"F-E-"(C"A-$(VB"%("CB+"$(1B'&B+?"%("M$-"
&A-1&$-'&2$"-E%&($,("K"R-+,-"%(+BE%($-%-H"[M("&AF($+-%-A($,("+("(C(*-H"
%(C" C($1M-V(" +($'&CCB" (" &$1($&B" %(C"A-E&$B"-" C-+"AZ+" D(C&'(+" &$+F&E-'&B$(+"
FBG,&'-+HE(i(V-$%B"($"GCH"FBE"%('&ECB"-+4H"'M-$,B"C-"=%-%".(%&-"FEB%M'("%("
E-EB"K"+MIC&A("-"C-"*(fW`o
<(C"8CA&E-$,("CC-A-"C-"-,($'&2$H"%("R('RBH"[M("$B"-,($%&(E-"-"C-"$B*(%-%"
[M("E(+MC,-I-"%("C-"+&$1MC-E&%-%"($",GEA&$B+"'MC,ME-C(+H"K"+4"FM+&(E-"-,($'&2$"
-" CB+"%(,-CC(+"[M("R-'4-$"%(" C-"$-,ME-C(f-"'-E&I(J-"-C1B"únicoW"3BAB"%&'("
:f*(,-$:B%BEB*"k3BC2$"%(+'MIE&2"8AGE&'-H"F(EB"$B"-" CB+"-A(E&'-$B+lW`s"=$"
(+("+($,&%BH"3BC2$"F-E('("-+MA&E"M$-"-',&,M%"FEBF&-"%(C")($-'&A&($,BH"F(EB"
+2CB"'M-$%B"+(",E-,-"%("C-"'B$,(AFC-'&2$"%("C-"$-,ME-C(f-"K"$B"%("C-"'MC,ME-W"
@&"CB+"R-I&,-$,(+"%(C"3-E&I("-F-E('($"-"CB+"BVB+"%("3BC2$"'BAB"IM($B+"(V(AU
FC-E(+"%("C-"I(CC(f-"RMA-$-"$B"(+"FBE"+&AFC("(CB1&B?"+M"-%A&E-'&2$"+("'&E'M$+U
'E&I("AZ+"[M("-C"'-AFB"(+,G,&'B"[M("-C"G,&'BH"(+"%('&EH"-C"'-AFB"%("C-"E(C-'&2$"
'B$"(C"6,EBW
8"3BC2$"$B"C("&$,(E(+2"'BAM$&'-E+("'B$"CB+"'-E&I(JB+"%(I&%B"-C",&FB"%("&$,(EU
FE(,-'&2$"FBE"C-"[M("BF,2?"M$-"($"C-"'M-C",B%-"RMA-$&%-%"+("F&(E%("($"C-"$-,MU
E-C(f-W":B%B"'B$[M&+,-%BE"(+"($'MIE&%BEH" $B"%(+'MIE&%BEH" FM(+"($'MIE("M$-"
E(-C&%-%"[M(H" +&($%B"-V($-"-" C-" +MK-H" FB%E4-" ($E&[M('(E" +M"M$&*(E+BW"9H" +&$"
(AI-E1BH"3BC2$"�K"CM(1B"B,EB+"AZ+�"BF,-"FBE"$(1-E"C-"RMA-$&%-%"%(C"6,EB"
'E(K($%B"($'B$,E-E"($"(+,-"-',&,M%"C-"+(1ME&%-%"%("M$"+&+,(A-"[M("($"E(-C&%-%"
'B$%M'("R-'&-"(C"-I-$%B$B"%("+M"FEBF&-"RMA-$&%-%"K"-"M$-"%(+BC-%-"RBABU
1($&f-'&2$"%("CB+"(+F4E&,M+W
<(+%("CM(1BH"(+"AMK"FEBI-IC("[M("3BC2$"[M&+&(E-"(AMC-E"-".-E'B"LBCBH"K"
[M("%&+DEM,-E-"%("C-"$-,ME-C(f-"K"C-"%(+'E&I&(E-"'BAB"M$-"A-E-*&CC-H"F(EB",-AI&G$"
(+,Z"'C-EB"[M("C-+"$M(*-+",&(EE-+"no podían sino ser maravillosas: la contemU
FC-'&2$"%("C-"$-,ME-C(f-"K"C-"-%A&E-'&2$"(/F(E&A($,-%-"C("'B$5(E("-"3BC2$"(C"
'-EZ',(E"%("%(+'MIE&%BE"%(",&(EE-+"$M$'-"-$,(+"*&+,-+H"$M$'-"-$,(+"-%A&E-%-+H"
`o IbidWH"FFW"tqUtmW
`s":*(,-$":B%BEB*H"I%#)&+R3*2,%#!"#?46(*)%G#I%#)3"2,*<+#!"$#&,(&W".G/&'BH"@&1CB">>0H"`somH"
FW"nmW
pt  @BD4-")(%&$1"QC-+(
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 11, enero­junio 2012, pp. 27­44.
$M$'-"-$,(+"$BAIE-%-+W"=C"(+F-'&B"+("($+-$'R-"FBE"+M",E&M$DB"K"C-"-%A&E-'&2$"
[M("(C"8CA&E-$,("+&($,("FBE"C-"$-,ME-C(f-"[M("-'-I-"%("%(+'MIE&E"'B$+,&,MK(H"
($"E(-C&%-%H"M$-"FEM(I-"%("C-"*-C&%(f"%("(+,("%(+'MIE&A&($,BW"=C"8CA&E-$,("(+"
[M&($"%(+'MIE("K"%-H"FBE"CB",-$,BH"(/&+,($'&-"-",E-*G+"%(C"-',B"%("$BAIE-E?
xÇy"CB+"$BAIE(+"FEBF&B+"'B$+,&,MK($"M$"+(',BE"AMK"F-E,&'MC-E"%(C"*B'-IMC-E&B?"
%(+FEB*&+,B+"%("+($,&%BH"+2CB"(+,Z$"-C"+(E*&'&B"%(" C-"%($B,-'&2$"F(EB"$BH"
%&E(',-A($,(H"%(" C-"'BAM$&'-'&2$"RMA-$-u"+("%&E&1($"-" C-"$-,ME-C(f-" S-C"
E(D(E($,(TH"K"$B"-" CB+"RBAIE(+u"-"F(+-E"%(" CB+" &$%&'&B+H"+B$"-+B'&-'&B$(+"
%&E(',-+"($,E("+('M($'&-+"+B$BE-+"K"+(1A($,B+"%(C"AM$%BW";-"F-E,("%("C-"
'BAM$&'-'&2$"RMA-$-"[M("'-F,-"C-"-,($'&2$"%("3BC2$"(+"($,B$'(+"FE('&+-U
A($,("-[M(C"+(',BE"%(C"C($1M-V("[M("+2CB"+&E*(H"FBE"CB"A($B+"($"M$"FE&A(E"
,&(AFBH"F-E-"%(+&1$-E"-"C-"$-,ME-C(f-Wab
;-+"3-+-+",E-$+'E&I("C-"+&1M&($,("-FE('&-'&2$?"
<&'("(C"8CA&E-$,("[M("$M$'-",-$"R(EAB+-"'B+-"*&%BH" CC($B"%("ZEIBC(+",B%B"
'(E'-%B"(C"E4BH"D(EAB+B+"K"*(E%(+"K"%&*(E+B+"%("CB+"$M(+,EB+H"'B$"iBE(+"K"'B$"
+M"DEM,BH"'-%-"M$B"-"+M"A-$(E-W"8*(+"AM'R-+"K"F-V-E&,B+"[M("'-$,-I-$"AMK"
%MC'(A($,(?"R-I4-"1E-$"'-$,&%-%"%("F-CA-+"%("B,E-"A-$(E-"[M("C-+"%("OM&$(-"
K"%(" C-+"$M(+,E-+" xÇy"K" C-+"RBV-+"AMK"1E-$%(+H"'B$" C-+"'M-C(+"'BI&V-$" C-+"
'-+-+u"C-",&(EE-"AMK"CC-$-"xÇyW";-"K(EI-"(E-"1E-$%("'BAB"($"(C"8$%-CM'4-"FBE"
-IE&C"K"A-KBW"N-CC2"*(E%BC-1-+"AM'R-+"K"IC(%B+W":BE$2+(C-"I-E'-"K"-$%M*B"
FBE"(C"E4B"-EE&I-"M$"IM($"E-,BH"K"%&f"[M("(E-"1E-$"FC-'(E"*(E"-[M(CC-+"*(E%ME-+"
K"-EIBC(%-+H"K"%("C-+"-*(+"[M("$B"FB%4-"%(V-CC-+"F-E-"+("*BC*(EW"<&'("[M("(+"
-[M(CC-"&+C-"C-"AZ+"R(EAB+-"[M("BVB+"R-K-$"*&+,BWa`
8"5$"%("'M($,-+H"R-K"[M("E('BE%-E"[M("+&"I&($"(C"8CA&E-$,("-$B,-"+M+"BI+(EU
*-'&B$(+"E(D(E($,(+"-"(+,E(CC-+H"*&($,B+H"FEBDM$%&%-%"%(C"A-EH"'C&A-H"E(C&(*("%("
C-+"'B+,-+H"B"%&+,-$'&-+"E('BEE&%-+H",B%B"D($2A($B"$-,ME-C"K"RMA-$B"+("+BA(U
,("-"C-"D(H"CB"[M("%(V-"-"3BC2$"DM(E-"%("M$-"*&+&2$")*"+,-.)%"[M("E([M&(E("*-C&U
%-E+("FBE"C-"BI+(E*-'&2$"K"C-"(/F(E&A($,-'&2$"K"$B"FBE"(C"%B1A-W"@("'B$5EA-"
CB"-$,(E&BE"'M-$%B"3BC2$"(+'E&I(S($,E("`nba"K"`nbtT"($"(C"kLE2CB1Bl"-"+M"Libro 
de las Profecías?"k9-"%&+("[M("F-E-"C-"R(+('MÉ&2$"%("C-"&$FE(+-"%("C-+"0$%&-+"
$B"A("-FEB*('R2"E-+2$"$&"A-,(AZ,&'-"$&"A-F-"AM$%B+u"CC-$-A($,("+("'MAFC&2"
CB"[M("%&+B"0+-4-+"xÇyW"8'MGE%($+("^M(+,E-+"8C,(f-+"%("CB+"N(*-$1(C&B+"K"%("
,-$,-+" FEBA(+-+" [M("7M(+,EB")(%($,BE" $B+" 5+B" K" 'MZ$"(+FE&A($,-%B"(+,Z"
ab IbidWH"FW"pmW
a`"3W"3BC2$H"Diario de los cuatro viajes del Almirante y su testamento. aoW`bW`tsaW
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 11, enero­junio 2012, pp. 27­44.
3E&+,2I-C"3BC2$"K"(C"3-E&I(?"BEB"K"%(+$M%(f" pn
,B%BlWaa"=$"C-"BIE-"-$,(+"'&,-%-H"3BC2$"%(V-I-"'C-EBH"-$,(+"%(C"'M-E,B"*&-V("-"
8AGE&'-"[M(?"kxÇy"C-"Q&IC&-"DM("C-"DM($,("FE&$'&F-C"%("&$+F&E-'&2$"F-E-"C-"OE-$"
=AFE(+-"'BCBAI&$-"xÇy"FBE",-$,BH"(C"Libro de las profecías"'B$+,&,MK("M$"%BU
'MA($,B"&AFE(+'&$%&IC("F-E-"E('B$+,EM&E"C-"&A-1($"[M("(C"8CA&E-$,(",($4-"%("+4"
A&+ABH"K"F-E-"($,($%(E"C-"D("'E&+,&-$-"'BAB"C-"AZ+"FB%(EB+-"'-M+-"AB,&*-%BU
E-"%(C"<(+'MIE&%BE"%("8AGE&'-lWap
<&+,&$,-"-"C-"*&+&2$"'BCBAI&$-"+(EZ"C-"%("̂ (+FM'&BH"'MK-"F(E+F(',&*-"+4"FM(%("
'-,-CB1-E+("%("E($-'($,&+,-H"+(1_$"+("%(+FE($%("%("C-"'-E-',(E&f-'&2$"FC-$,(-U
%-"FBE"YB+G";M&+"8I(CCZ$"($",GEA&$B+"%("C-+"EMF,ME-+"[M("R-K"($"(C",EZ$+&,B"%(C"
Medioevo al Renacimiento:
`W" ^-CBE-'&2$"%("CB"$-,ME-C"%(+%("M$"FM$,B"%("*&+,-"C&,(E-E&BW
aW" 0$*($'&2$"%("$M(*-+",G'$&'-+"%("BI+(E*-'&2$"K"%("A(%&'&2$"D4+&'-W
pW" 3B$'(+&2$"%("M$-"A-KBE"&AFBE,-$'&-"-C"&$%&*&%MB"K"-"CB+"-+F(',B+"&$A-U
$($,(+"-"C-"*&%-"RMA-$-W
tW" =/-C,-'&2$"%("C-+"C($1M-+"*(E$Z'MC-+W
nW" @('MC-E&f-'&2$"%("C-+"'B+,MAIE(+"K"C-+"'B$%M',-+W
qW" 8,($'&2$"-"C-+"'BAM$&%-%(+"$-'&B$-C(+W
mW" 0$&'&B"K"1(+,-'&2$"%("M$"+&+,(A-"'-F&,-C&+,-"%("E(1MC-'&2$"%("FE('&B+"-C(U
V-%B+"%(C"'B$,EBC"1E(A&-C"K"%(C"iustumpretium.
oW" @ME1&A&($,B"%("$M(*B+",&FB+"RMA-$B+?"'BE,(+-$BH"RBAIE("%("$(1B'&B+H"
$-*(1-$,(H"RMA-$&+,-"C&1-%B"-C"A('($-f1B"-"C-"-E&+,B'E-'&-"%(C"%&$(EBW
sW" @M+,&,M'&2$" %(" *&(VB+" ,&FB+?"AB$V("A(%&(*-CH" 'BAF&C-%BEH" -A-$M($+(H"
,(2CB1B"C&1-%B"-"M$-"BE%($"E(C&1&B+-H"A-(+,EB"1E(A&-CH"(,'G,(E-H"[M("K-"
$B"%-$"(C",B$B"%("M$-"+B'&(%-%Wat
3BC2$H"+&$"%M%-H"($E(%2"($"M$-"+BC-"A-%(V-"C-"$-,ME-C(f-"'B$"C-"'MC,ME-H"
CB"A&+AB"[M("A(f'C2"C-"E(-C&%-%"[M("BI+(E*-I-"'B$"C-"C&,(E-,ME-"'CZ+&'-"K"%("C-"
GFB'-Han"($"M$"&$,($,B"FBE"FE(+($,-E"C-+"&+C-+"FBE"GC"%(+'MI&(E,-+"'BAB"+&"DM(E-$"
C-+"%(":-5E"K"65E"%(+'E&,-+"FBE".-E'B"LBCBW"@(",E-,-"-%(AZ+"%("M$"(+F(',Z'MCB"
[M("+BC-A($,("GC"FB%4-"%(+'E&I&E"-"CB+"AB$-E'-+H"CB"[M("CB"'BCB'-I-"($"'B$%&'&2$"
aa"3W"3BC2$H"Libro de las ProfecíasH"FW"`nW"=+"(C"_$&'B"C&IEB"%("3BC2$"[M("+("+-I("(+"(+'E&,B"%("
+M"FMJB"K"C(,E-W"@("'B$+(E*-"($"C-"Q&IC&B,('-"3BCBAI&$-"%("@(*&CC-W
ap"g-K"Q&E1R-AH"Cristóbal Colón. Su vida y descubrimiento a la luz de sus profecíasW"Q-E'(CB$-H"
3C&(H"`ssbH"FW"nmW
at"YB+G";M&+"8I(CCZ$H"Historia del pensamiento españolW#@"#S6+")%#%#+3"2,(&2#!-%2W".-%E&%H"
=+F-+-U3-CF(H"`ssqH"FW"`baW
an"YB+G"YM-$"8EEBAH"Imaginación del Nuevo MundoW".G/&'BH"@&1CB">>0H"`ss`H"FFW"anUamW
pq  @BD4-")(%&$1"QC-+(
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 11, enero­junio 2012, pp. 27­44.
%("%(+'MIE&%BE"DE($,("-"CB+"BVB+"E(-C(+"K"'BAB"%(D($+BE"%("C-"A&+&2$"(+F-JBC-?"
C-"FEBF-1-'&2$"%("C-"E(C&1&2$"K"-'MAMC-'&2$"%("E&[M(f-W
=$"%(5$&,&*-H" C-"FE(B'MF-'&2$"FBE" C-"(/F-$+&2$"%(C"'E&+,&-$&+AB"B'MF-"M$"CM1-E"%(,(EA&$-$,("($"(C"'BE-f2$"%(C"8CA&E-$,("-_$"+&"($"+M"A($,("(C"BEB"(+"(C"
_$&'B"*(R4'MCB"F-E-"CB1E-E"(C",E&M$DB"M$&*(E+-C"%("C-"D(W"8+4"FM(+H"3BC2$"IM+'-I-"
BEB"FBE"%B+"E-fB$(+?"F-E-"'BAFC-'(E"-"CB+")(K(+"K"+M+"%(+(B+"%("1-$-$'&-+"
&$A(%&-,-+"K"F-E-" CB1E-E" E(+'-,-E" C-"3-+-"@-$,-"A(%&-$,("B,E-"3EMf-%-W"=$"
(D(',BH" C-"(/-C,-'&2$"M$&*(E+-C"%(C"=*-$1(C&B"K" C-"$('(+&%-%"%("%&$(EBH"(+,Z$"
'B$,&$M-A($,(" FE(+($,(+" ($" C-"A($,-C&%-%" %(C"8CA&E-$,(W" 0$'CM+B" FB%(AB+"
-5EA-E"[M("(+,-+"%B+"$('(+&%-%(+H"M$-"(+F&E&,M-C"K"B,E-"A-,(E&-CH"'B$+,&,MK($"
CB+"E-+1B+"AZ+"E(*(C-%BE(+"%(C"'BAFBE,-A&($,B"K"C-"F(E+B$-C&%-%"%("3E&+,2I-C"
3BC2$W"<("R('RBH"'BAB"(+'E&I("YB+(5$-"]BE-&%-"^Zf[M(fH"-C"$B"($'B$,E-E"BEB"
kxWWWy"'BA($f-EZ"-"F($+-E"[M("CB+"&$%&B+"A&+AB+"+B$"C-"A-KBE"E&[M(f-"%("C-+"
0$%&-+"xÇyW"9"FBE"+&"$B"DM(E-"I-+,-$,("(+,B+"&$%&B+"BDE('($"-"CB+"E(K(+"%("=+F-U
J-"C-"+(J-C-%-"BFBE,M$&%-%"%("-'E('($,-E"C-"1CBE&-"%("C-"E(C&1&2$"'E&+,&-$-"xÇylWaq
3BC2$"$B"($'B$,E2"-C"OE-$"g-$"$&"FM%B"FBE",-$,B"+BC&'&,-EC("(C"BEB"'B$"(C"'M-C"
E(-C&f-E"+M"+M(JB"%("3EMf-%BW"=$'B$,E2"B,E-+"E&[M(f-+H"F(EB"$B"[M&+B"FB$(E"
-,($'&2$"($"(CC-+W"@("'B$'($,E2"AZ+"I&($"($"C-"%(+$M%(f"%("(+-+"F(E+B$-+"[M("
+("C("-'(E'-EB$"'M-$%B"%(+(AI-E'2H"-'BAF-J-%B"%("CB+"R(EA-$B+"L&$f2$"K"
%(C"$B,-E&B"E(-CH"-",BA-E"FB+(+&2$"%("(+-+",&(EE-+"($"D-*BE"%("<&B+"K"%("CB+"E(K(+"%("
=+F-J-"K"-"FB$(EC(+"$BAIE(W"=+("(+"(C"AB%B"($"[M("DM$'&B$-" C-" C21&'-"%(C"
'B$[M&+,-%BE?"+(",E-,-"%("+MI*-CBE-E"-C"6,EBH"F-E-"%-E"*-C&%(f"-"C-"&$*-+&2$"K"-"
C-"'BCB$&f-'&2$"A-,(E&-C"K"(+F&E&,M-C"'MKB"FE&A(E"-',B"+&AI2C&'B"(+H"FE('&+-A($U
,(H"C-"FB+(+&2$"A(%&-$,("(C"-',B"%("$BAIE-EH"[M("'B$*&(E,("-"C-"'B+-"$BAIE-%-"
($"-C1B"FE(*&+&IC("K"BE%($-%BW
=+,B"_C,&AB"(+"&AFBE,-$,("FM(+,B"[M(H"-"%&D(E($'&-"%(C".(%&,(EEZ$(B"D-A&C&-E"
-"3BC2$"%B$%("+("-EE(ABC&$-$",-$,-+"%&D(E($'&-+"($"M$"F([M(JB"(+F-'&BH"(C"
3-E&I("(+"M$"A-E"-I&(E,B"K"$B"'(EE-%BH"'BAB"%&EZ"OC&++-$,Ham" CB"[M(" &AFC&'-H"
-J-%&E(AB+H"[M("R-K"M$"F(C&1EB"%("DM1-W=C"8CA&E-$,("5V-"FM(+" C-" &A-1($"%(C"
3-E&I("'BAB"+&"DM(E-"(C"-M,BE"%("M$-"1E-$"F&$,ME-"($"C-"[M("C-+"'B+-+"+("(+,-U
I&C&f-$H"FM(+"+("&$AB*&C&f-$?"k:B%B"DM("1(B1E-5f-%BH",B%B"E(%M'&%B"-"$-,ME-C(f-"
KH"FBE",-$,BH"-"_,&C"&$+,EMA($,-C&f-IC(H"A-$&FMC-IC(H"(/FCB,-IC("R-+,-"C-"&$-$&'&2$lWao
9"B'MEE("[M("3BC2$"&$'CMK("($"+M"1E-$"F&$,ME-"-"CB+"'-E&I(JB+"-"CB+"[M("&$U
AB*&C&f-"FBE"'-M+-"%("+M"%(+$M%(fW"8+4"FM(%("BI+(E*-ECB+"A(VBEH"+&$"(+'M'R-EU
aq""YB+(5$-"]BE-&%-"̂ Zf[M(fH"La imagen del indio en el español del siglo XVIW">-C-F-H"P$&*(E+&%-%"
^(E-'EMf-$-H"`ss`H"FW"aoW
am"d%BM-E%"OC&++-$,H"T+,(&!3))*<+#%#3+%#8&6,*)%#!"#$&#!*P"(2&H"FW"a`W
ao"NBE-'&B"3(EM,,&"OMC%I(E1H Presagio y tópica y descubrimientoH"FW"`qW
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 11, enero­junio 2012, pp. 27­44.
3E&+,2I-C"3BC2$"K"(C"3-E&I(?"BEB"K"%(+$M%(f" pm
CB+W"3BC2$"(+H"FM(+H"M$"1E-$"BI+(E*-%BEH"F(EB"$B"(+'M'R-"$-%-"[M("C("F-E(f'-"
RMA-$B?"+("MI&'-"($"M$-"(+F('&("%("F-$2F,&'BH"F(EB"$B"($"M$-"'B$'R-"-'_+U
,&'-W":B%B"(+"*&+M-C"($"GC"K"$-%-"(+"-M%&,&*BW"7B"(+"%("(/,E-J-EH"FM(+H"[M("-C"
8CA&E-$,("C("+BEFE($%-"C-"%(+$M%(f"%("CB+"RBAIE(+"'B$"CB+"[M(",EBF(f2W"@BIE("
(C",(A-H"3BC2$"(+'E&I&2"($"+M"Diario"$MA(EB+B+"-FM$,(+"'B$"F-C-IE-+"'BAB"C-+"
[M("+&1M($?"k.("F-E('("[M("(E-"1($,("AMK"FBIE("%(",B%Bluas"k8+4"-$%-$",-AI&G$"
%(+$M%B+"'BAB"CB+"B,EB+lupb"k=+,-"1($,("(+"AMK"A-$+-"K"AMK",(A(EB+-H"%(+U
$M%-"'BAB"%&'RB" ,($1BH"+&$"-EA-+"K"+&$" C(Klp`" k<(+$M%B+" ,B%B+H"RBAIE(+"K"
AMV(E(+H"'BAB"+M+"A-%E(+"CB+"F-E&2lWpa
.Z+"[M("'M-C[M&(E-"%("C-+"-5EA-'&B$(+"-$,(E&BE(+H",-C"*(f"C-"[M("+&1M("E(U
+MC,("+(E"C-"AZ+"-FEBF&-%-"F-E-"($,($%(E"CB"[M("E(FE(+($,2"C-"%(+$M%(f"F-E-"
3BC2$H"-"+-I(EH" C-"'-E($'&-"%("civilidad?" k=CCB+"$B" ,&($($"-EA-+H"K" ,B%B+"+B$"
%(+$M%B+"K"%("$&$1_$"&$1($&B"($"C-+"-EA-+"K"AMK"'BI-E%(+H"[M("A&C"$B"-1M-EU
%-E4-$",E(+H"K"-+4"+B$"IM($B+"F-E-"C(+"A-$%-E"K"C(+"R-'(E",E-I-V-EH"+(AIE-E"K"
R-'(E",B%B"CB"B,EB"[M("DM(E("A($(+,(E"K"[M("R-1-$"*&CC-+"K"+("($+(J($"-"-$%-E"
*(+,&%B+"K"-"$M(+,E-+"'B+,MAIE(+lWpp"=C"F-+B"%(C"asombro a la posesión"+("%-EZ"
'-+&"%("&$A(%&-,BW"=+'E&I(")B&1"[M("-C"-',B"'B$,(AFC-,&*B"+(1M&EZ"%("&$A(%&-U
,B"C-"'B$[M&+,-?
3BC2$"K"+M+"1($,(+H"1E-'&-+"-"+M"-M%-'&-H"CC(1-EB$H"*&(EB$"K"-%A&E-EB$"A-E(+H"
,&(EE-+H"+(C*-+H"1($,(+H"($"M$-"(+F('&("%("(+,-%B"%("%(+FE($%&A&($,B"[M("$B"
(/FC&'-"FBE"[MGH"%(+%("M$"FE&A(E"ABA($,B"+("&$,($,2"-*(E&1M-EH"FBE"'M-C[M&(E"
A(%&B"FB+&IC(H"%B$%("(+,-I-"(C"BEB"K"+("-IM+2"+(/M-CA($,("%("C-+"AMV(E(+"
&$%41($-+" +&$" E(F-EB+" %(" $&$1M$-" 'C-+(W"8%A&E-'&2$" K" 'B$[M&+,-" +(E4-$H"
FM(+H"%B+"-',B+"+(F-E-%B+W";-"-''&2$"*($%E4-"%(+FMG+"%(C"-',B"1E-,M&,B"K"
1($(EB+B"%(C"-+BAIEB"K"F-E-"-[M(CC-"K-"+("IM+'-E4-"C-"VM+,&5'-'&2$H"[M("$B"
+(E4-"$-%-"%&D4'&C"($'B$,E-EC-H"FM(+H"*($4-"FE(F-E-%-W"=$"'M-$,B"-C"-',B"%("
k%(+'MIE&El"$B"R-'4-"D-C,-"VM+,&5'-'&2$"-C1M$-Wpt
=C"-DZ$"%("-MA($,-E"(C"$_A(EB"%("5(C(+"'E&+,&-$B+"-F-E('("FM(+"%("A-$(E-"
'B$+,-$,("($"CB+"(+'E&,B+"%("3BC2$W"LBE"(V(AFCBH"($"C-"'-E,-"[M("C("%&E&1&(E-"(C"
8CA&E-$,("-";M&+"%("@-$,Z$1(C"(C"`n"%("D(IE(EB"%("`tspH"-$B,-I-"CB"+&1M&($,(?"
as"3W"3BC2$H"Diario de los cuatro viajes del Almirante y su testamento. `aW">W"`tsaW
pb IbidWH"`W">0W"`tsaW
p` IbidWH"tW">0W"`tsaW
pa IbidWH"qW">0W"`tsaW
pp IbidWH"`qW">00W"`tsaW
pt"8E,MEB"8$%EG+")B&1H" k<(+'MIE&A&($,B"%("8AGE&'-"K"($'M($,EB"%("'MC,ME-+lW"<&+FB$&IC("($?"
R,,F?ÄÄXXXW($+-K&+,-+WBE1Ä-$,BCB1&-Ä>>8ÄEB&1Ä'MC,ME-+WR,A
po  @BD4-")(%&$1"QC-+(
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 11, enero­junio 2012, pp. 27­44.
k=$",B%-+"(+,-+"&+C-+H"$B$"*&%("AM'R-"%&*(E+&%-%"%("C-"D('RME-"%("C-"1($,(H"$&"
($"C-+"'B+,MAIE(+H"$&"($"C-"C($1M-u"+-C*B"[M(",B%B+"+("($,&($%($H"[M("(+"'B+-"
AMK"+&$1MC-Eu"F-E-" CB"[M("(+F(EB"[M("%(,(EA&$-EZ$"*M(+,E-+"8C,(f-+"F-E-" C-"
'B$*(E+&2$"%("(CC-+"Z"$M(+,E-"@-$',-"\(H"Z"C-"'M-C"+B$"AMK"%&+FM(+,B+lWpn"=$"
+M"'-E,-"-")-D-(C"@Z$'R(fH"+("(/FE(+-"AZ+"B"A($B+"($"(C"A&+AB",B$B"'M-$%B"
E(5(E("[M(?
8+&A&+AB"'BAFE-I-$"'BAB"&%&B,-+H"FBE"-C1B%2$"K"BEBH",EBfB+"2"DE-1A($,B+"
%("-E'B+H"%("*-+&V-+H"%("IB,(CC-+"K"%(",&$-V-+?"CB"[M("FEBR&I4"FBE"+(E"&$VM+,BH"K"
C(+"%4"AM'RB+"M,($+&C&B+"I(CCB+"K"FE('&B+B+"[M("R-I4-"CC(*-%B"'B$A&1BH"+&$"
(/&1&E"E('BAF($+-"F-E-"-,E-GEA(CB+"'B$"AZ+"D-'&C&%-%H"F-E-"[M("E('&I-$"C-"D("
%("Y(+M'E&+,BH"K"F-E-"[M("(+,G$"AZ+"%&+FM(+,B+"G"&$'C&$-%B+"-C"-ABE"K"BI(U
%&($'&-"-C")(KH" Z" C-")(&$-H" Z"$M(+,EB+"LE4$'&F(+" K"Z" ,B%B+" CB+"(+F-JBC(+H"  
K"F-E-"[M("'M&%($"IM+'-EH"E(M$&E"K"($,E(1-E$B+"CB"[M("-IM$%-"($,E("(CCB+"K"
$B+B,EB+"$('(+&,-AB+"-I+BCM,-A($,(Wpq
3BAB"FM(%("*(E+("'B$"'C-E&%-%H"+&"I&($"3BC2$"$B"($'M($,E-"($"(C"3-E&I("
B,EB+" ,(+BEB+"[M("$B"+(-$" C-"(/MI(E-$'&-"$-,ME-C" K"(C" ,E-,B"-ABEB+B"[M(" C("
IE&$%-$"+M+"-$5,E&B$(+H"$B"%(V-$"%("+(E"G+,-+"1E-$%(+"E&[M(f-+W";-+"BI+(E*-U
'&B$(+"%("3BC2$"-'(E'-"%("CB+"RBAIE(+"-A(E&'-$B+"C("CC(*-$"-"(A&,&E"VM&'&B+"%("
*-CBE"(/,E(AB+?"+&"I&($"CB+"&$%&B+"%(+$M%B+"+("%(+FE($%($"DZ'&CA($,("%("+M+"
FEBF&(%-%(+"F-E-"E(1-C-EC-+"-"CB+"E('&G$"CC(1-%B+H"+B$",-AI&G$"&$,(C(',M-CA($U
,(",BEF(+"("&$'CM+B"%(+FEB*&+,B+"%(",B%-"'M-C&%-%"ABE-CH"+-C*B"C-"1($(EB+&%-%W"
LBE"(+B+"AB,&*B+"+(EZ$"*&+,B+"'BAB"M$"%&-A-$,("($"IEM,BW"=+,B"CB"(/FE(+-"'B$"
A(VBE(+"F-C-IE-+"8,,-C&"'M-$%B"%&'("'B$"E(C-'&2$"-C"FE&A(E"*&-V("'BCBAI&$B"[M(?
=C"(MEBF(B"(AF(f-I-"-"&$,(EFE(,-E"(C"7M(*B".M$%B"-"+M"A-$(E-W"9"R-'4-"%(C"
&$%&B"M$"RBAIE("F(ED(',BH"$B"'B$,-A&$-%B"FBE"=MEBF-W"3BC2$"+($,4-"-"=MEBF-"
'BAB"'&*&C&f-%BE-H"F(EB",-AI&G$"'BAB"'MCF-IC(?"FME&5'-%-"%("CB+"%B+"AB$BU
,(4+AB+"E&*-C(+"%(C"+MKBH"+("-FE(+,-I-"-"-FEBF&-E+("%("M$"'B$,&$($,("*&E1($H"
($"(C"[M("(C"0&4'("#+3"P&H"$B"'B$,-A&$-%B"FBE"C-"'MC,ME-"C-&'-H"(+,-I-"%&+U
FB$&IC("F-E-"+(E"(C"'E&+,&-$B"F(ED(',BWpm
pn"3-E,-"-"<W";M&+"%("@-$,Z$1(CH"(+'E&I-$B"%("E-'&2$"%("CB+"+(JBE(+")(K(+"3-,2C&'B+W"<&+FB$&IC("
($"Q&IC&B,('-" *&E,M-C".&1M(C" %("3(E*-$,(+?" R,,F?ÄÄXXXW'(E*-$,(+*&E,M-CW'BAÄ+(E*C(,Ä@&E*(6IE-+Ä
'BCB$Äb`poponp`qqs`nnasabaobaÄ&A-ba`mWR,A
pq"3-E,-"-C"+(JBE")-D-(C"@Z$'R(fH",(+BE(EB"%("CB+"+(E($4+&AB+"AB$-E'-+W"<&+FB$&IC("($"Q&IC&B,('-"
*&E,M-C" .&1M(C" %(" 3(E*-$,(+?" R,,F?ÄÄXXXW'(E*-$,(+*&E,M-CW'BAÄ+(E*C(,Ä@&E*(6IE-+Ä
'BCB$Äb`poponp`qqs`nnasabaobaÄ&A-baamWR,A
pm"YW"8,,-C&H"op. cit.,"FW"`obW