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........................................................................... 4 ................................................................................... 4 ........................................................................................ 4 ........................................................................................... 5 ℝ ........................................................................ 6 ............................................................................ 9 .................................. 21 ..................................... 28 .................................................................................... 29 .............................. 29 ............................................................................................ 35 .............................................................................................. 38 ........................................................................................... 44 ................................... 46 ............................................................... 47 ........................... 47 .......................................................................... 48 ........................................................................................ 51 ............................. 57 .............................................................................................. 64 ................................................................................................... 68 ......................................................................................................................... 72 ................................................................................................................... 78 ....................................................... 84 ........................................................................................................................................... 93 ... 94 ................................................................................................. 94 ............................................................................................................ 94 .................................................................................. 95 Tabla 1. Intervalos ......................................................................................................................................... 9 Figura 1. conjunto A=[0,1] .......................................................................................................................... 10 Figura 2. Conjunto B=(0,1) .......................................................................................................................... 11 Figura 3. Cotas superiores de A .................................................................................................................. 13 Figura 4. Cotas superiores de B ................................................................................................................... 13 Figura 5. Intervalos ..................................................................................................................................... 14 Figura 6. Supremos ..................................................................................................................................... 18 Figura 7. Propiedad de los supremos .......................................................................................................... 19 Figura 8. Conjunto A= NxN .......................................................................................................................... 53 Figura 9. B – A ............................................................................................................................................. 59 Figura 10. Norma infinito ............................................................................................................................ 80 Figura 11. Distancia supremo ..................................................................................................................... 80 Figura 12.Funciones continuas en un intervalo cerrado ............................................................................. 81 Figura 13. bola de métricas ......................................................................................................................... 85 Figura 14. bola métrica en funciones continuas ......................................................................................... 86 Figura 15. Bola abierta como conjunto abierto .......................................................................................... 87 Figura 16. Puntos métricos en dos puntos distintos ................................................................................... 88 Figura 17. bolas métricas ............................................................................................................................ 88 Figura 18. Bola cerrada ............................................................................................................................... 91 ℝ ℝ ℝ ℝ ℝ ℝ ∈ ℝ ∈ ℝ ∈ ℝ ∈ ℝ ∈ ℝ ∈ ℝ ℚ = { 𝑝 𝑞 | 𝑝, 𝑞 ∈ ℤ, 𝑞 ≠ 0, y 𝑝 𝑞 es irreducible }. ε ε ε ε ε ε √2 ∈ ℝ ∈ ℝ ∈ ℝ ∈ ℝ ∈ ℝ ∈ ℝ ∈ ℝ ∈ ℝ Tabla 1. Intervalos Figura 1. conjunto A=[0,1] Ω Ω Ω Ω Ω Ω Ω Ω Ω Ω Ω ∈ ⇔ Figura 2. Conjunto B=(0,1) Ω Ω Ω Ω Ω Ω α Ω α Ω Ω α α Ω α Ω Ω Ω ∈ ℝ Figura 3. Cotas superiores de A ∈ ℝ Figura 4. Cotas superiores de B Figura 5. Intervalos Ω α Ω α Ω Ω α α Ω Ω α Ω β Ω β Ω Ω β β Ω β Ω Ω Ω Ω β Ω β Ω Ω β β Ω Ω β 𝛼 =⏞ 1 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝐴 y 𝜇 =⏞ 2 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝐴 α μ α μ α ≤ 𝜇. μ α 𝜇 ≤ α α ≤ 𝜇 ≤ α . α μ Ω α ∈ ℝ α Ω ℚ α ∈ ℚ α ∈ ℚ √2 ε ∈ ε Figura 6. Supremos ε ∈ ε Figura 7. Propiedad de los supremos ε ∈ ε ε ε ℓ𝓆𝒹 ∈ ∈ α β ∈ α β α β ζ ζ ζ α β α β ζ ε ∈ ∈ α ε β ε α β ε ζ α β ε ζ ⇒ α β ζ ε. α β ζ ζ α β ζ α β ℓ𝓆𝒹 ℓ𝓆𝒹 ℕ ℕ α ℕ 𝑛 ≤⏞ a α . ε α ⇒ α α ℕ ℓ𝓆𝒹 ℓ𝓆𝒹 ℓ𝓆𝒹 ∈ ℕ ℕ ℓ𝓆𝒹 ⇒ ⇒ 1 + 𝑁𝑥 <⏞ 1 𝑁𝑦 ⇔ <⏞ 2 <⏞ 1 <⏞ 2 ⇒ 𝑥 < 𝑀 𝑁 < 𝑦. ℓ𝓆𝒹 √2 √2 = 𝑝 𝑞 2 = 𝑝2 𝑞2 ⇒ 2𝑞2 =⏞ 1 𝑝2 . ⇒ ∈ ℝ ∈ ∈ 2 − 𝑥2 2𝑥 + 1 > 0 . ∈ ℕ 1 𝑁 < 2 − 𝑥2 2𝑥 + 1 ⇒ 1 𝑁 (2𝑥 + 1) < 2 − 𝑥2 . (𝑥 + 1 𝑁 ) 2 = 𝑥2 + 2𝑥 𝑁 + 1 𝑁2 = 𝑥2 + 1 𝑁 (2𝑥 + 1 𝑁 ) ≤ 𝑥2 + 1 𝑁 (2𝑥 + 1) < 𝑥2 + 2 − 𝑥2 = 2 𝑥2 − 2 2𝑥 > 0 . 1 𝑁 < 𝑥2 − 2 2𝑥 ⇒ 2𝑥 𝑁 < 𝑥2 − 2 , (𝑥 − 1 𝑁 ) 2 = 𝑥2 − 2𝑥 𝑁 + 1 𝑁2 > 𝑥2 − 2𝑥 𝑁 > 𝑥2 − (𝑥2 − 2) = 2 . ℓ𝓆𝒹 √2 √𝑎 √𝑎 𝑛 √2, √3, √5, √6, √7, √8, √10, √6 3 , √20 3 , √25 4 , √50 4 file:///C:/Users/Denys/Documents/UNAdM/UnadToño/MarcoPerez/MAMT1/U1/DESCARGABLE/MAMT1U1A1.docx file:///C:/Users/Denys/Documents/UNAdM/UnadToño/MarcoPerez/MAMT1/U1/DESCARGABLE/MAMT1U1A1.docx ∅ ∅ ∪ ∩ ∅ ∈ ∈ ℝ ∈ ∈ ∪ ℝ ∩ ∅ ∈ ∈ ℚ ∩ ℚ ∩ ℚ ∅ ∅ ∈ ∈ ∪ ∩ ℚ ∪ ∩ ℚ ∪ ∩ ℚ ℚ ∩ ∩ ℚ ∩ ∩ ℚ ∩ ∩ ℚ ∅ ∈ ∈ ℚ ℚ ∈ ℚ ℚ ∅ ∈ ∉ ℚ ∅ ∪ ∪ ℚ ∩ ∩ ∅ ∈ ∈ ∉ ℚ √2 ℝ ξ ∈ ℝ ∈ ∈ ξ ℚ ℝ ∈ ∈ ξ ∈ ℝ ξ ∈ ξ ξ ξ ∈ ∈ ∈ ξ ξ Ω Ω ∈ ℝ ∈ Ω ∈ ℝ ∈ Ω ℝ Ω Ω ℝ ∪ ∪ ℝ ∩ ∩ ∅ ∀ ∀ ξ ∀ ∀ ξ ξ Ω ξ Ω ξ Ω Ω ξ ξ ξ ξ ξ ξ ξ ξ ξ ξ ξ Ω Ω ξ Ω ℓ𝓆𝒹 ℕ ℕ ℝ ⊇ ⊇ ⊇ ⊇ ⊇ ⊇ ℕ ⊇ lim 𝑛→∞ (I𝑛) = lim 𝑛→∞ (𝑏𝑛 − 𝑎𝑛) = lim 𝑛→∞ [1 + 1 𝑛 − (1 − 1 𝑛 )] = lim 𝑛→∞ ( 2 𝑛 ) = 0 . ∀ ∈ℕ ⊇ lim 𝑛→∞ (I𝑛) = 0 ⋂ [1 − 1 𝑛 , 1 + 1 𝑛 ] = [0, 2] ∩ [1 − 1 2 , 1 + 1 2 ] ∞ 𝑛=1 ∩ [1 − 1 3 , 1 + 1 3 ] ∩ [1 − 1 4 , 1 + 1 4 ] ∩ [1 − 1 5 , 1 + 1 5 ] … 1 ∈ [1 − 1 𝑛 , 1 + 1 𝑛 ] 𝑛 ∈ ℕ ℝ ξ ∈ ℝ 𝜉 ∈ ⋂ I𝑛 ∞ 𝑛=1 ⊇ ∈ ℕ lim 𝑛→∞ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑦 lim 𝑛→∞ 𝑏𝑛 = 𝑏 . lim 𝑛→∞ (𝑏𝑛 − 𝑎𝑛) = 𝑎 − 𝑏 = 0 . ∈ ∈ ℕ 𝑎 ∈ ⋂ I𝑛 ∞ 𝑛=1 . ∈ ℕ ⇒ lim 𝑛→∞ 𝑎𝑛 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ lim 𝑛→∞ 𝑏𝑛 ⇒ ℓ𝓆𝒹 {𝑎𝑛} {𝑎𝑛𝑘} ∀ ∈ ℕ 𝑎𝑛𝑘 ∈ {𝑎𝑛} ∀ ∈ ℕ {𝑎𝑛𝑘} = {𝑎𝑛1 , 𝑎𝑛2 , 𝑎𝑛3 , 𝑎𝑛4 , … } 𝑎𝑛𝑘 ∈ ℝ {𝑎𝑛𝑘} {𝑎𝑛𝑘} lim 𝑘→∞ 𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝑝 ∈ ℝ ∀ ∈ ℕ ∈ {𝑎𝑛𝑘} ∈ ℝ 𝑎𝑛1 ⇒ 𝑎𝑛1 ∈ {𝑎𝑛}, 𝑎𝑛1 ∈ 𝐼1 ⊆ 𝐼0 (𝐼1) = 𝑀 𝑎𝑛2 𝑎𝑛2 ⇒ 𝑎𝑛2 ∈ {𝑎𝑛}, 𝑎𝑛2 ∈ 𝐼2 ⊆ 𝐼1 (𝐼2) = 𝑀 2 𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑘 ⇒ 𝑎𝑛𝑘 ∈ {𝑎𝑛}, 𝑎𝑛𝑘 ∈ 𝐼𝑘 ⊆ 𝐼𝑘−1 (𝐼𝑘) = 𝑀 2𝑘−1 {𝑎𝑛𝑘} {𝑎𝑛} {𝐼𝑘} ⊇ lim 𝑘→∞ (𝐼𝑘) = lim 𝑘→∞ 𝑀 2𝑘−1 = 0 ξ ∈ ℝ ξ ∈ ⋂ 𝐼𝑘 ∞ 𝑘=1 . ξ {𝑎𝑛𝑘} {𝑎𝑛} lim 𝑘→∞ 𝑎𝑛𝑘 = ξ ε ∈ ℕ |𝑎𝑛𝑘 − ξ| < 𝜀 𝑎𝑛𝑘 ∈ 𝐼𝑘 ξ ∈ 𝐼𝑘 |𝑎𝑛𝑘 − ξ| <⏞ 1 (𝐼𝑘) = 𝑀 2𝑘−1 . ε ε ε 𝑀 2𝑁−1 < 𝜀 . |𝑎𝑛𝑁 − ξ| < 𝑀 2𝑁−1 < 𝜀 . ⊆ 𝑎𝑛𝑘 ∈ 𝐼𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑁 ∈ 𝐼𝑁 ξ ∈ 𝐼𝑘 ∩ 𝐼𝑁 |𝑎𝑛𝑘 − ξ| ≤ |𝑎𝑛𝑁 − ξ| < 𝜀 ⇒ |𝑎𝑛𝑘 − ξ| < 𝜀, ∀𝜀 > 0 ∀𝑘 > 𝑁. ξ ℓ𝓆𝒹 ε ε ε ε ∈ ℝ ε ∈ ℝ ∈ ε ∈ ∩ ε ε ∈ ε ∈ ∩ ∅ 𝐼𝑘 ⊆ 𝐼𝑘−1 (𝐼𝑘) = 𝑀 2𝑘−1 , ξ ∈ ℝ ξ ∈ ⋂ 𝐼𝑘 ∞ 𝑘=1 . ξ ε ε ε 𝑀 2𝑁−1 < 𝜀 (𝐼𝑁) = 𝑀 2𝑁−1 < 𝜀 ⇒ ⊂ ε ξ ξ ξ ξ ℓ𝓆𝒹 ε ε ε ε ∈ ℝ ε |𝑎𝑛 – 𝑎𝑚| <⏞ 1 𝜀 2 . {𝑎𝑛𝑘} |𝑎𝑛𝑘 − 𝑝| <⏞ 2 𝜀 2 . 𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝑎𝑚 |𝑎𝑛 – 𝑎𝑚| <⏞ 1 𝜀 2 |𝑎𝑚 − 𝑝| = |𝑎𝑛𝑘 − 𝑝| <⏞ 2 𝜀 2 , |𝑎𝑛 − 𝑎𝑚 + 𝑎𝑚 − 𝑝| ≤ |𝑎𝑛 – 𝑎𝑚| + |𝑎𝑚 − 𝑝| < 𝜀 2 + 𝜀 2 |𝑎𝑛 – 𝑝| < 𝜀 . lim 𝑛→∞ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑝 ∈ ℝ ℓ𝓆𝒹 ℝ file:///C:/Users/Denys/Documents/UNAdM/UnadToño/MarcoPerez/MAMT1/U1/DESCARGABLE/MAMT1U1A2.docx file:///C:/Users/Denys/Documents/UNAdM/UnadToño/MarcoPerez/MAMT1/U1/DESCARGABLE/MAMT1U1A2.docx file:///C:/Users/Denys/Documents/UNAdM/UnadToño/MarcoPerez/MAMT1/U1/DESCARGABLE/MAMT1U1A3.docx file:///C:/Users/Denys/Documents/UNAdM/UnadToño/MarcoPerez/MAMT1/U1/DESCARGABLE/MAMT1U1A3.docx → ∈ → → → → ⊂ ⊆ ⋂ ∅ ∪ ∪ ⊆ ℕ ℕ ⊂ ℝ ℕ →ℕ ℕ ⊆ ℕ ℕ ℵ ℕ ℤ ℕ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ 𝑓(𝑛) = { 2𝑛, 𝑛 > 0 −(2𝑛 + 1), 𝑛 ≤ 0 ℤ ℕ ℤ ℕ ℕ ℕ Figura 8. Conjunto A= NxN (𝑎+𝑏)(𝑎+𝑏+1) 2 + (𝑏 + 1) ∈ ℕ. ℕ ℕ → ℕ 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏) = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 1) 2 + (𝑏 + 1). ℕ ℕ ℕ ℤ ℤ ℤ ℕ→ℤ ℕ ℕ → ℤ ℤ ℕ ℕ ℤ ℤ ℤ ℤ ℕ ℤ ∈ ℕ ∈ ∈ ℕ ⇒ ⇒ ℓ𝓆𝒹 ℕ ℕ ℕ ℕ ℤ ℤ ∪ ∈ ℤ ℤ →ℚ ℚ ℚ ∈ ℝ ℕ → ∈ ∈ ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ ∈ ℓ𝓆𝒹 ∪ ∪ ∪ ∪ ∪ ∪ ∪ ⋃ 𝐴 𝐴∈𝐹 𝐹 = {𝐴1, 𝐴2, … , 𝐴𝑛} ⋃ 𝐴𝑘 𝑛 𝑘=1 = 𝐴1 ∪ 𝐴2 ∪ 𝐴3 ∪ … ∪ 𝐴𝑛 𝐹 = {𝐴1, 𝐴2, 𝐴3, 𝐴4 … , } ⋃ 𝐴𝑛 = ∞ 𝑛=1 𝐴1 ∪ 𝐴2 ∪ 𝐴3 ∪ 𝐴4 ∪ … ∩ ⋂ 𝐴 𝐴∈𝐹 𝐹 = {𝐴1, 𝐴2, … , 𝐴𝑛} ⋂ 𝐴𝑘 𝑛 𝑘=1 = 𝐴1 ∩ 𝐴2 ∩ 𝐴3 ∩ … ∩ 𝐴𝑛 𝐹 = {𝐴1, 𝐴2, 𝐴3, 𝐴4 … , } ⋂ 𝐴𝑛 = ∞ 𝑛=1 𝐴1 ∩ 𝐴2 ∩ 𝐴3 ∩ 𝐴4 ∩ … ∈ ∉ Figura 9. B – A ∅ 𝐵 − ⋃ 𝐴 𝐴∈𝐹 = ⋂(𝐵 − 𝐴) 𝐴∈𝐹 𝐵 − ⋂ 𝐴 𝐴∈𝐹 = ⋃(𝐵 − 𝐴) 𝐴∈𝐹 𝐵 − ⋃ 𝐴 𝐴∈𝐹 ⊆ ⋂(𝐵 − 𝐴) 𝐴∈𝐹 𝐵 − ⋃ 𝐴 𝐴∈𝐹 ⊇ ⋂(𝐵 − 𝐴) 𝐴∈𝐹 𝐵 − ⋃ 𝐴𝐴∈𝐹 ⊆ ⋂ (𝐵 − 𝐴)𝐴∈𝐹 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 − ⋃ 𝐴 𝐴∈𝐹 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 𝑥 ∉ ⋃ 𝐴 𝐴∈𝐹 ⇒ ∀𝐴 ∈ 𝐹, 𝑥 ∉ 𝐴 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ (𝐵 − 𝐴) ∀𝐴 ∈ 𝐹 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ ⋂(𝐵 − 𝐴) . 𝐴∈𝐹 𝑥 ∈ ⋂(𝐵 − 𝐴) 𝐴∈𝐹 ⇒ ∀𝐴 ∈ 𝐹 𝑥 ∈ (𝐵 − 𝐴) ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 𝑥 ∉ 𝐴 ∀𝐴 ∈ 𝐹 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 𝑥 ∉ ⋃ 𝐴 𝐴∈𝐹 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 − ⋃ 𝐴 𝐴∈𝐹 ℓ𝓆𝒹 ∩ ∅ 𝐹 = {𝐴1, 𝐴2, 𝐴3 … } 𝐴𝑛 𝐴𝑖 ∩ 𝐴𝑗 = ∅ 𝐴𝑛 𝐴1 = {𝑎11, 𝑎21, 𝑎31, … 𝐴2 = {𝑎12, 𝑎22, 𝑎32, … 𝐴𝑛 = {𝑎1𝑛, 𝑎2𝑛, 𝑎3𝑛, … 𝑥 ∈ ⋃ 𝐴𝑛 ∞ 𝑛=1 . 𝐴𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑚𝑛 ⋃ 𝐴𝑛 ∞ 𝑛=1 ℕ ℕ ⋃ 𝐴𝑛 ∞ 𝑛=1 ℓ𝓆𝒹 𝐹 = {𝐴1, 𝐴2, 𝐴3 … } 𝐻 = {𝐵1, 𝐵2, 𝐵3 … } 𝐵1 = 𝐴1 𝐵𝑛 = 𝐴𝑛 − ⋃ 𝐴𝑘 𝑛−1 𝑘=1 𝐻 ⋃ 𝐴𝑛 = ∞ 𝑛=1 ⋃ 𝐵𝑛 ∞ 𝑛=1 𝐻 𝐵𝑛 𝐵1, 𝐵2, 𝐵3 … 𝐵𝑛−1 𝐻 ⋃ 𝐴𝑛 ⊆ ∞ 𝑛=1 ⋃ 𝐵𝑛 ∞ 𝑛=1 ⋃ 𝐴𝑛 ⊇ ∞ 𝑛=1 ⋃ 𝐵𝑛 ∞ 𝑛=1 𝑥 ∈ ⋃ 𝐴𝑛 ∞ 𝑛=1 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴𝑚 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴𝑛 𝑥 𝐴𝑘 𝑥 ∉ ⋃ 𝐴𝑘 𝑛−1 𝑘=1 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵𝑛 = 𝐴𝑛 − ⋃ 𝐴𝑘 𝑛−1 𝑘=1 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ ⋃ 𝐵𝑛 ∞ 𝑛=1 ⇒ ⋃ 𝐴𝑛 ⊆ ∞ 𝑛=1 ⋃ 𝐵𝑛 ∞ 𝑛=1 𝑥 ∈ ⋃ 𝐵𝑛 ∞ 𝑛=1 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵𝑚 𝑚 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴𝑚 𝑚 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ ⋃ 𝐴𝑛 ∞ 𝑛=1 ⇒ ⋃ 𝐵𝑛 ∞ 𝑛=1 ⊆ ⋃ 𝐴𝑛 ∞ 𝑛=1 ℓ𝓆𝒹 𝐴1 = { 1 1 , 2 1 , 3 1 , 4 1 , … } , 𝐴2 = { 1 2 , 2 2 , 3 2 , 4 2 , … } , 𝐴3 = { 1 3 , 2 3 , 3 3 , 4 3 , … } 𝐴𝑛 = { 1 𝑛 , 2 𝑛 , 3 𝑛 , 4 𝑛 , … } {𝑟 ∈ ℚ|𝑟 > 0} = ⋃ 𝐴𝑛 ∞ 𝑛=1 . ∅ ∀ ∈ ∈ ∀ ∈ ∀ ∈ ∈ ∀ ∈ ∀ ∈ ∈ ∀ ∈ ∀ ∈ ∈ ∀ ∈ ∀ ∈ ∈ ∀ ∈ ∀ ∈ ∀ ∈ ∀ ∈ ∀ ∈ ℝ ℝ ℝ 0̅ = (0, 0, 0, … , 0) ℝ �̅� = (𝑣1, 𝑣2, 𝑣3, … , 𝑣𝑛) ∈ ℝ −�̅� = (−𝑣1, − 𝑣2, − 𝑣3, … , −𝑣𝑛) ℝ ( 0 ⋯ 0 ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ 0 ⋯ 0 ) 𝑀𝑛𝑚 = ( 𝑎11 ⋯ 𝑎1𝑚 ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ 𝑎𝑛1 ⋯ 𝑎𝑛𝑚 ) −𝑀𝑛𝑚 = ( −𝑎11 ⋯ −𝑎1𝑚 ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ −𝑎𝑛1 ⋯ −𝑎𝑛𝑚 ) 𝐶𝑓 = {𝑓: [𝑎, 𝑏] → ℝ|𝑓 [𝑎, 𝑏]} 𝐼𝑓 = {𝑓: [𝑎, 𝑏] → ℝ|𝑓 [𝑎, 𝑏]} ∀ ∈ α ∈ ℝ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑔(𝑥) + 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑏 𝑎 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 ∫ 𝛼𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑏 𝑎 = 𝛼 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 . 𝑏 𝑎 ℝ ∈ ⊆ ∅ ⊆ ∅ ⇔ { ∀𝑣, 𝑢 ∈ 𝑆, 𝑎 ∈ 𝐾 𝑖) 𝑢 + 𝑣 ∈ 𝑆 𝑖𝑖) 𝑎𝑢 ∈ 𝑆 ℝ ∈ ∈ ⊂ ∈ ⊂ ∈ ⊂ 𝐿(𝑅) = {∑ 𝑎𝑖𝑣𝑖 𝑛 𝑖=1 |𝑎𝑖 ∈ 𝐾} ℝ φ → ∀ ∈ φ φ ⇔ ∀ ∈ φ φ ∀ ∈ ∀ ∈ φ φ ∀ ∈ φ φ φ φ(𝑢, 𝑣) = 〈𝑢, 𝑣〉 φ(𝑢, 𝑣) = 𝑢 ∙ 𝑣 ℝ ℝ 〈�̅�, �̅�〉 = 2 ∑ 𝑥𝑖𝑦𝑖 𝑛 𝑖=1 �̅� = (𝑥1, … , 𝑥𝑛), �̅� = (𝑦1, … , 𝑦𝑛) �̅�, ≠ 0̅ 〈�̅�, �̅�〉 = 2 ∑ 𝑥𝑖𝑥𝑖 𝑛 𝑖=1 = 2 (𝑥1𝑥1 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑘𝑥𝑘⏟ 0̌ + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑛𝑥𝑛) = 2𝑥1𝑥1 + ⋯ + 2 𝑥𝑘𝑥𝑘⏟ 0̌ + ⋯ + 2𝑥𝑛𝑥𝑛 > 0 . �̅� = 0̅ ℝ 〈�̅�, �̅�〉 = 2 ∑ 𝑥𝑖𝑦𝑖 𝑛 𝑖=1 = 2(𝑥1𝑦1 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑛𝑦𝑛) = 2(𝑦1𝑥1 + ⋯ + 𝑦𝑛𝑥𝑛) = 2 ∑ 𝑦𝑖𝑥𝑖 = 〈 �̅�, �̅�〉 𝑛 𝑖=1 ∈ ℝ 𝑎�̅� = 𝑎(𝑥1, … , 𝑥𝑛) = (𝑎𝑥1, … , 𝑎𝑥𝑛) 〈𝑎�̅�, �̅�〉 = 2 ∑(𝑎𝑥𝑖)𝑦𝑖 𝑛 𝑖=1 = 𝑎2 ∑ 𝑥𝑖𝑦𝑖 𝑛 𝑖=1 = 𝑎〈�̅�, �̅�〉 �̅� + �̅� = (𝑥1, … , 𝑥𝑛) + (𝑦1, … , 𝑦𝑛) = (𝑥1 + 𝑦1, … , 𝑥𝑛 + 𝑦𝑛) 〈�̅� + �̅�, 𝑧̅〉 = 2 ∑(𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑖)𝑧𝑖 𝑛 𝑖=1 = 2 ∑ 𝑥𝑖𝑧𝑖 + 𝑦𝑖𝑧𝑖 𝑛 𝑖=1 = 2 ∑ 𝑥𝑖𝑧𝑖 + 2 ∑ 𝑦𝑖𝑧𝑖 𝑛 𝑖=1 𝑛 𝑖=1 = 〈�̅�, 𝑧̅〉 + 〈�̅�, 𝑧̅〉 ℝ ℝ φ 〈�̅�, �̅�〉 = ∑ 𝑥𝑖𝑦𝑖 𝑛 𝑖=1 ℝ 〈𝑓, 𝑔〉 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑏 𝑎 ∈ 〈𝑓, 𝑓〉 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑏 𝑎 = ∫[𝑓(𝑥)]2𝑑𝑥 𝑏 𝑎 > 0 . ∈ 〈𝑓, 𝑔〉 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑏 𝑎 = ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑏 𝑎 = 〈𝑔, 𝑓〉 〈𝑎𝑓, 𝑔〉 = ∫ 𝑎𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑏 𝑎 = 𝑎〈𝑓, 𝑔〉 𝑏 𝑎 〈𝑓 + 𝑔, ℎ〉 = ∫(𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥))ℎ(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑏 𝑎 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)ℎ(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)ℎ(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑏 𝑎 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)ℎ(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑏 𝑎 + ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)ℎ(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑏 𝑎 = 〈𝑓, ℎ〉 + 〈𝑔, ℎ〉 ℝ ρ → ℝ ρ ρ ∀ ∈ ∈ ρ ρ ∀ ∈ ρ ρ ρ 𝜌(𝑢) = ‖𝑢‖ ρ ℝ ‖𝑓‖∞ = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 {|𝑓(𝑥)| | 𝑥 ∈ [𝑎, 𝑏]} ξ |𝑓(ξ)| = 𝑚𝑎 𝑥{|𝑓(𝑥)| | 𝑥 ∈ [𝑎, 𝑏]} = ‖𝑓‖∞ ‖𝑓‖∞ > 0 ∀𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ 0 𝑥 ∈ [𝑎, 𝑏] ‖𝑓‖∞ = 0 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 ∀𝑥 ∈ [𝑎, 𝑏] ∈ ℝ ‖𝑎�̅�‖∞ = 𝑚𝑎 𝑥{|𝑎𝑓(𝑥)| | 𝑥 ∈ [𝑎, 𝑏]} = |𝑎𝑓(ξ)| = |𝑎||𝑓(ξ)| = |𝑎|‖𝑓‖∞ ξ γ ∈ |𝑓(ξ)| = 𝑚𝑎 𝑥{|𝑓(𝑥)| | 𝑥 ∈ [𝑎, 𝑏]} = ‖𝑓‖∞ |𝑔(γ)| = 𝑚𝑎 𝑥{|𝑔(𝑥)| | 𝑥 ∈ [𝑎, 𝑏]} = ‖𝑔‖∞ ζ ∈ |𝑓(ζ) + 𝑔(𝜁)| = 𝑚𝑎𝑥{|𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)| | 𝑥 ∈ [𝑎, 𝑏]} = ‖𝑓 + 𝑔‖∞ ξ γ ξ γ ⇒ ξ γ ξ γ ζ ζ ζ ξ γ ‖𝑓 + 𝑔‖∞ = ‖𝑓‖∞ + ‖𝑔‖∞ . ℝ �̅� = (𝒙𝒏, … , 𝒙𝒏) ‖�̅�‖1 = ∑|𝑥𝑖| 𝑛 𝑖=1 = |𝑥1| + ⋯ + |𝑥𝑛| ‖�̅�‖∞ = 𝑚𝑎𝑥{|𝑥𝑖| | 𝑖 = 1, … 𝑛} {|𝑥𝑖| | 𝑖 = 1, … 𝑛} ‖�̅�‖𝑝 = (∑|𝑥𝑖| 𝑝 𝑛 𝑖=1 ) 1 𝑝 1 𝑝 + 1 𝑞 = 1 �̅� = (𝑥1, … , 𝑥𝑛), �̅� = (𝑦1, … , 𝑦𝑛) ∑|𝑥𝑖𝑦𝑖| 𝑛 𝑖=1 ≤ (∑|𝑥𝑖| 𝑝 𝑛 𝑖=1 ) 1 𝑝 (∑|𝑦𝑖| 𝑞 𝑛 𝑖=1 ) 1 𝑞 (∑|𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑖| 𝑛 𝑖=1 ) 1 𝑝 ≤ (∑|𝑥𝑖| 𝑝 𝑛 𝑖=1 ) 1 𝑝 + (∑|𝑦𝑖| 𝑝 𝑛 𝑖=1 ) 1 𝑝 𝑢 = ∑ 𝑎𝑖𝑏𝑖 𝑛 𝑖=1 ∈ ∀ ‖𝑢‖+ = ∑|𝑎𝑖| 𝑛 𝑖=1 ‖𝑢‖∞ = max {|𝑎𝑖| |𝑖 = 1, … 𝑛} √𝑥2 + 𝑦2 φ(𝑢, 𝑣) = 𝑢 ∙ 𝑣 𝑢 ∙ 𝑣 ‖𝑢‖𝑖 = √𝑢 ∙ 𝑢 ‖𝑢‖𝑖 = 0 ‖𝑢‖𝑖 2 = |𝑢 ∙ 𝑢| |𝑢 ∙ 𝑣| ≤ ‖𝑢‖𝑖‖𝑣‖𝑖 ‖𝑢 + 𝑣‖𝑖 2 = 2(‖𝑢‖𝑖 2 + ‖𝑣‖𝑖 2 ) ρ ρ ρ 𝜌(𝑢) = ‖𝑢‖𝑖 ⇔ 𝜌 2(𝑢 + 𝑣) = 2(𝜌2(𝑢) + 𝜌2(𝑣)) ℝ ‖�̅�‖𝑝 ρ ρ ρ ρ ∈ ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ → ℝ ∈ ⇔ 𝑑𝐷(𝑢, 𝑣) = { 1, 𝑢 ≠ 𝑣0, 𝑢 = 𝑣 ℝ 𝑑𝑝(�̅�, �̅�) = (∑|𝑥𝑖 − 𝑦𝑖| 𝑝 𝑛 𝑖=1 ) 1 𝑝 = ‖�̅� − �̅�‖𝑝 𝑑1(�̅�, �̅�) = ∑|𝑥𝑖 − 𝑦𝑖| 𝑛 𝑖=1 = ‖�̅� − �̅�‖1 𝑑2(�̅�, �̅�) = (∑|𝑥𝑖 − 𝑦𝑖| 2 𝑛 𝑖=1 ) 1 2 = ‖�̅� − �̅�‖2 𝑑∞(�̅�, �̅�) = 𝑚𝑎𝑥{|𝑥𝑖 − 𝑦𝑖| | 𝑖 = 1, … 𝑛} = ‖�̅�‖∞ Figura 10. Norma infinito 𝑈 = 𝐴𝑓 = {𝑓: [𝑎, 𝑏] → ℝ | |𝑓(𝑥)| ≤ 𝑀 𝑀 > 0} 𝑑∞(𝑓, 𝑔) = sup{|𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥) | 𝑥 ∈ [𝑎, 𝑏]} = ‖𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)‖∞ Figura 11. Distancia supremo 𝑑𝐴(𝑓, 𝑔) = ∫|𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)| 𝑏 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 Figura 12.Funciones continuas en un intervalo cerrado |𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)| ≥ 0 ⇒ ∫ |𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)| 𝑏 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 ≥ 0 |𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)| = 0 ⇔ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) ∫ |𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)| 𝑏 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 = 0 ⇔ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) |𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)| = |𝑔(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)| ⇒ ∫ |𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)| 𝑏 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ |𝑔(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)| 𝑏 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 |𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)| ≤ |𝑓(𝑥) − ℎ(𝑥)| + |ℎ(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)| 𝑑𝐴(𝑓, 𝑔) = ∫|𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)| 𝑏 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 ≤ ∫|𝑓(𝑥) − ℎ(𝑥)| + |ℎ(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)| 𝑏 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 = ∫|𝑓(𝑥) − ℎ(𝑥)| 𝑏 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 + ∫|ℎ(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)| 𝑏 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝐴(𝑓, ℎ) + 𝑑𝐴(ℎ, 𝑔) 𝑺𝑨 = {{𝒂𝒏} | {𝒂𝒏} } 𝑑({𝑎𝑛}, {𝑏𝑛}) = 𝑠𝑢𝑝{|𝑎𝑛 − 𝑏𝑛| |𝑛 ∈ ℕ} = ‖𝑎𝑛 − 𝑏𝑛‖∞ 𝑆𝐶 = {{𝑎𝑛} | {𝑎𝑛} } 𝑆𝑝 = {{𝑎𝑛}| ∑ |𝑎𝑛| 𝑝∞ 𝑛=1 < ∞} 𝑑𝑝({𝑎𝑛}, {𝑏𝑛}) = (∑|𝑎𝑛 − 𝑏𝑛| 𝑝 ∞ 𝑛=1 ) 1 𝑝 = ‖𝑎𝑛 − 𝑏𝑛‖𝑝 ‖ ‖ 𝑑(𝑢, 𝑣) = ‖𝑢 − 𝑣‖ 𝑑(𝑢, 𝑣) = ‖𝑢 − 𝑣‖ = ‖𝑢 − 𝑤 + 𝑤 − 𝑣‖ ≤ ‖𝑢 − 𝑤‖ + ‖𝑤 − 𝑣‖ = 𝑑(𝑢, 𝑤) + 𝑑(𝑤, 𝑣) ∈ ∈ ∈ ∈ ∩ ∅ ℝ 𝐴 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) | 0 < 𝑥 < 1 0 < 𝑦 < 1} ℝ 𝑑((0,0), 𝐴) = 𝛼 𝛼 = 0 𝛼 > 0 𝛼 < 1 (𝛼/3, 𝛼/3) ∈ 𝐴 α ≤ 𝑑((0,0), (𝛼/3, 𝛼/3) = √2 𝛼 3 3 ≤ √2 𝑑((0,0), 𝐴) = 0 ℝ 𝐵 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)| 1 < 𝑥 < 2, 0 < 𝑦 < 1} 𝑑(𝐴, 𝐵) = 𝛼 > 0 𝛼 < 1 (1 − 𝛼 2 , 1 − 𝛼 2 ) ∈ 𝐴 𝑦 (1 + 𝛼 2 , 1 − 𝛼 2 ) ∈ 𝐵 𝛼 ≤ 𝑑 ((1 − 𝛼 2 , 1 − 𝛼 2 ) , (1 + 𝛼 2 , 1 − 𝛼 2 )) = 𝛼 2 𝑑(𝐴, 𝐵) = 0 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = ∅ 𝑢0 ∈ 𝑈 𝑉 ⊂ 𝑈 𝑢0 𝑉 𝑢0 ∈ 𝑉, 𝑑(𝑢0, 𝑢0) = 0 𝑑(𝑢0, 𝑉) = 0 𝑢0 ∉ 𝑉 𝑢0 ≠ 𝑣, ∀𝑣 ∈ 𝑉 𝑑(𝑢0, 𝑣) = 1 𝑑(𝑢0, 𝑉) = 1 ℝ 𝑣0 ∈ 𝑈 𝑟 ∈ ℝ, 𝑟 > 0 𝑟 𝑢0 𝐵𝑟(𝑣0) = {𝑢 ∈ 𝑈 | 𝑑(𝑣0, 𝑢) < 𝑟} 𝐵𝑟 o(𝑣0) = 𝐵𝑟(𝑣0) − {𝑣0} = {𝑢 ∈ 𝑈 | 0 < 𝑑(𝑣0, 𝑢) < 𝑟} 𝑟 𝑢0 𝐵𝑟̅̅ ̅(𝑣0) = {𝑢 ∈ 𝑈 | 𝑑(𝑣0, 𝑢) ≤ 𝑟} ℝ 𝐵𝑟((a, b)) = {(x, y)|√𝑥2 + 𝑦2 < 𝑟} {(𝑥, 𝑦)| 𝑚𝑎𝑥{|𝑥|, |𝑦|} < 1} Figura 13. bola de métricas 𝐵𝑟(𝑓0) = {𝑓 ∈ 𝐶𝑓 | sup {|𝑓0(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)| < 𝑟, ∀𝑥 ∈ [𝑎, 𝑏]}} Figura 14. bola métrica en funciones continuas 𝐵𝑟(𝑢0) = { {𝑢0}, 𝑟 ≤ 1 𝑈, 𝑟 > 1 ∈ 𝑝 𝑉 ⇔ ∃𝑟 > 0 𝐵𝑟(𝑝) ⊂ 𝑉 ∈ 𝐵𝑟(𝑢0) 𝑣 ∈ 𝐵𝑟(𝑢0) 𝛿 = 𝑟 − 𝑑(𝑢0, 𝑣) > 0 𝐵𝛿(𝑣) ⊂ 𝐵𝑟(𝑢0) Figura 15. Bola abierta como conjunto abierto 𝑤 𝐵𝛿(𝑣) 𝑑(𝑣, 𝑤) < 𝛿 𝑑(𝑢0, 𝑤) ≤ 𝑑(𝑢0, 𝑣) + 𝑑(𝑣, 𝑤) 𝑑(𝑢0, 𝑤) ≤ 𝑑(𝑢0, 𝑣) + 𝑑(𝑣, 𝑤) < 𝑑(𝑢0, 𝑣) + 𝛿 = 𝑑(𝑢0, 𝑣) + 𝑟 − 𝑑(𝑢0, 𝑣) = 𝑟 𝑤 ∈ 𝐵𝑟(𝑢0) Figura 16. Puntos métricos en dos puntos distintos ∈ ( )∩ ( ) = ∅ ∈ ∩ δ δ ⊂ ∩ Figura 17. bolas métricas ⊂ ℝ 𝒯 ∅ ∈ 𝒯 𝛼 ∈ 𝐼, 𝐴𝛼 ∈ 𝒯 ⇒ ⋃ 𝐴𝛼 𝛼∈𝐼 ∈ 𝒯 𝐴1, 𝐴2, … , 𝐴𝑛 ∈ 𝒯 ⇒ ⋂ 𝐴𝑖 𝑛 𝑖=1 ∈ 𝒯 𝒯 𝒯 ⊂ 𝑉 𝑣 ∈ V 𝑟𝑣 > 0 𝐵𝑟𝑣(𝑣) ⊂ V ⋃ 𝐵𝑟𝑣(𝑣) ⊂ V 𝑣∈𝑉 . 𝑣 ∈ 𝑉 V ⊂ ⋃ 𝐵𝑟𝑣(𝑣)𝑣∈𝑉 V = ⋃ 𝐵𝑟𝑣(𝑣). 𝑣∈𝑉 V V V 𝑉 V ⊂ ⊂ ⊂ ⇔ 𝐵𝑟̅̅ ̅(𝑣0) = {𝑢 ∈ 𝑈 | 𝑑(𝑣0, 𝑢) ≤ 𝑟} (𝐵𝑟̅̅ ̅(𝑣0)) 𝑐 = {𝑢 ∈ 𝑈 | 𝑑(𝑣0, 𝑢) > 𝑟} 𝑠 = 𝑑(𝑢, 𝐵𝑟̅̅ ̅̅ (𝑣0)) 2 𝑢 ∈ (𝐵𝑟̅̅ ̅(𝑣0)) 𝑐 𝐵𝑠(𝑢) ⊂ (𝐵𝑟̅̅ ̅(𝑣0)) 𝑐 Figura 18. Bola cerrada ⊂ ∈ 𝑝 𝑉 ⇔ ∀𝑟 > 0, 𝐵𝑟(𝑝) ∩ 𝑉 ≠ ∅ 𝐵𝑟(𝑝) ∩ 𝑉 𝑐 ≠ ∅ ∈ �̅� = 𝑉 ∪ 𝜕𝑉 ∈ 𝑞 𝑉 ⇔ ∀𝑟 > 0, 𝐵𝑟 𝑜(𝑞) ∩ 𝑉 ≠ ∅ ∈ ⇔ 𝑉 = �̅� ⇔ 𝑉′ ⊂ 𝑉 ⇔ 𝜕𝑉 ⊂ 𝑉 ℝ 𝒯 𝒯 ℝ 𝑑 𝑑′ 𝑑 𝑑′ ⟺ ∀𝑢 ∈ 𝑈 ∀𝑟 > 0, 𝛿 > 0 𝛿′ > 0 𝐵𝑑𝛿(𝑢) ⊂ 𝐵𝑑′𝑟(𝑢) 𝐵𝑑′𝛿′(𝑢) ⊂ 𝐵𝑑𝑟(𝑢) file:///C:/Users/Denys/Documents/UNAdM/UnadToño/MarcoPerez/MAMT1/U1/DESCARGABLE/MAMT1U1A4.docx file:///C:/Users/Denys/Documents/UNAdM/UnadToño/MarcoPerez/MAMT1/U1/DESCARGABLE/MAMT1U1A4.docx file:///C:/Users/Denys/Documents/UNAdM/UnadToño/MarcoPerez/MAMT1/U1/DESCARGABLE/MAMT1U1A4.docx file:///C:/Users/Denys/Documents/UNAdM/UnadToño/MarcoPerez/MAMT1/U1/DESCARGABLE/MAMT1U1Evidencia.docx file:///C:/Users/Denys/Documents/UNAdM/UnadToño/MarcoPerez/MAMT1/U1/DESCARGABLE/MAMT1U1Evidencia.docx http://www.youtube.com/playlist?annotation_id=annotation_473177&feature=iv&list=PL91053E26803C7E65&src_vid=Vqkgz5kf5IM http://www.youtube.com/playlist?annotation_id=annotation_473177&feature=iv&list=PL91053E26803C7E65&src_vid=Vqkgz5kf5IM http://www.dmae.upct.es/~juan/videosfund/ev.htm
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