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ESTABLISH READINESS FOR ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION
Introduction to Economics with Agrarian Reform and Taxation (Ateneo de Davao
University)
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ESTABLISH READINESS FOR ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION
Introduction to Economics with Agrarian Reform and Taxation (Ateneo de Davao
University)
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COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING MATERIAL
SECTOR : AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHERY
QUALIFICATION : ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION (LARGE RUMINANTS) NC II
UNIT OF COMPETENCY : ESTABLISH READINESS FOR ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION
MODULE TITLE : ESTABLISHING READINESS FOR ARTIFICIAL 
INSEMINATION
ORCHARD VALLEY INC.
Barangays Pagsangaan & Tigum, Pavia, Iloilo City
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HOW TO USE THIS COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIAL
The unit of competency, “Establish readiness for artificial insemination”,
is one of the competencies of Artificial Insemination (Large Ruminants) NC II, a
course which comprises the knowledge, skills, and attitudes required for a TVET
trainee to possess.
The module, Establishing readiness for artificial insemination, This unit
covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes required to establish animal readiness for
artificial insemination. It includes validation information on animal and assessing
animal condition.
In this module, you are required to go through a series of learning activities in
order to complete each learning outcome. In each learning outcome are Information
Sheets, Self-checks, Operation Sheets, Task Sheets, and Job Sheets. Follow and
perform the activities on your own. If you have questions, do not hesitate to ask for
assistance from your facilitator.
Remember to:
 Read information sheet and complete the self-checks.
 Perform the Task Sheets, Operation Sheets, and Job Sheets until you are
confident that your outputs conform to the Performance Criteria Checklists
that follow the said work sheets.
 Submit outputs of the Task Sheets, Operation Sheets, and Job Sheets to your
facilitator for evaluation and recording in the Achievement Chart. Outputs shall
serve as your portfolio during the Institutional Competency Evaluation. When
you feel confident that you have had sufficient practice, ask your trainer to
evaluate you. The results of your assessment will be recorded in your
Achievement Chart and Progress Chart.
You must pass the Institutional Competency Evaluation for this competency
before moving to another competency. A Certificate of Achievement will be awarded
to you after passing the evaluation.
QA System 
ARTIFICIAL
INSEMINATION
(LARGE RUMINANTS)
NC II
CBLM ON
ESTABLISHING
READINESS FOR
ARTIFICIAL
INSEMINATION
Date 
Developed:
February 2023
Document No. 
Issued by:
Orchard Valley
Inc.
Page 1 of 34
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Artificial Insemination (Large Ruminants) NC II
List of Core Unit of Competencies
No. Unit of Competency Module Title Code
1. Establish readiness for
artificial insemination
Establishing readiness for
artificial insemination
AGR621205
2. Prepare for artificial
insemination (AI)
operation
Preparing for artificial
insemination (AI) operation
AGR621206
3. Perform artificial
insemination (AI)
Performing artificial
insemination (AI)
AGR621207
4. Prepare artificial
insemination (AI)
documentations and
reports
Preparing artificial
insemination (AI)
documentations and reports
AGR621208
List of Elective Unit of Competencies
No. Unit of Competency Module Title Code
5. Conduct artificial
insemination awareness
for clientele
Conducting artificial
insemination awareness for
clientele
AGR621209
QA System 
ARTIFICIAL
INSEMINATION
(LARGE RUMINANTS)
NC II
CBLM ON
ESTABLISHING
READINESS FOR
ARTIFICIAL
INSEMINATION
Date 
Developed:
February 2023
Document No. 
Issued by:
Orchard Valley
Inc.
Page 2 of 34
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Valley Inc. 
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MODULE CONTENT
UNIT OF COMPETENCY : Establish readiness for artificial insemination
MODULE TITLE : Establishing readiness for artificial insemination
MODULE DESCRIPTOR : This unit covers the knowledge, skills and
attitudes required to establish animal readiness
for artificial insemination. It includes validation
information on animal and assessing animal
condition.
NOMINAL DURATION :
LEARNING OUTCOME
Upon completion of this module, the trainees must be able to:
LO1 - Validate gathered information on clientele and animal condition
LO2 - Assess animal Readiness
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
LO1 - Validate gathered information on clientele and animal condition
 Client’s and animal’s profile are recorded using the prescribed forms and
accordance to standard operating procedures.
 Transactions and coordination is made in accordance to communication
etiquette…
 Accurate interpretation and decision is made based on the gathered
information
LO2 - Assess animal Readiness
 Physical condition of the animal is evaluated based on recommended
standards.
 Signs of estrus are monitored.
 Animal is restrained using the prescribed chute.
 Examination through rectal palpation is conducted to determine the animal’s
reproductive condition.
 Task is performed without causing injuries to the animal, technician and
others.
 Accurate interpretation and decision is made based on the result of the
actual examination.
QA System 
ARTIFICIAL
INSEMINATION
(LARGE RUMINANTS)
NC II
CBLM ON
ESTABLISHING
READINESS FOR
ARTIFICIAL
INSEMINATION
Date 
Developed:
February 2023
Document No. 
Issued by:
Orchard Valley
Inc.
Page 3 of 34
Developed by:
Orchard
Valley Inc. 
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QASystem 
ARTIFICIAL
INSEMINATION
(LARGE RUMINANTS)
NC II
CBLM ON
ESTABLISHING
READINESS FOR
ARTIFICIAL
INSEMINATION
Date 
Developed:
February 2023
Document No. 
Issued by:
Orchard Valley
Inc.
Page 4 of 34
Developed by:
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Valley Inc. 
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LEARNING OUTCOME # 1 Validate gathered information on clientele
and animal condition
 
 CONTENTS:
1. Artificial Insemination
2. Animal Profiling 
 ASSESMENT CRITERIA:
 Client’s and animal’s profile are recorded using the prescribed forms
and accordance to standard operating procedures.
 Transactions and coordination is made in accordance to
communication etiquette…
 Accurate interpretation and decision is made based on the gathered
information
 CONDITIONS:
The students/ trainees must be provided with the following:
 Practice animals
 Farm facilities
 Rubber boots and scrub suits
 Communication equipment
 Forms
METHODOLOGIES:
 Lectures
 Role playing
 Hands- on
 Lectures/Discussion
 Videos/Illustrations
 Demonstration
ASSESSMENT METHODS:
Competency in this unit may be assessed through:
 Written examination
 Demonstration
QA System 
ARTIFICIAL
INSEMINATION
(LARGE RUMINANTS)
NC II
CBLM ON
ESTABLISHING
READINESS FOR
ARTIFICIAL
INSEMINATION
Date 
Developed:
February 2023
Document No. 
Issued by:
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Inc.
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Learning Experiences
Learning Outcome # 1 - Validate information on animals for artificial 
insemination
Learning Activities Special Instructions
Read Information Sheet 1.1-1 on 
Artificial Insemination
Read and understand the information sheet
and check yourself by answering the self-
check. You must answer all the questions
correctly before proceedings to the next
activity
Refer to Task sheets, it will help you practice
your skills.
The performance criteria checklist will guide
and help you evaluate your work as you are
practicing your skills.
Evaluate your own performance using the
performance criteria checklist. When you are
ready, present your work to your trainer for
final evaluation and recording.
If you have questions and clarification fell free
to ask your trainer.
Answer Self-Check 1.1-1
(Trainee checks answers against 
the answer key)
Read Information Sheet 1.1-2 on 
Animal Profiling
Answer Self-Check 1.1-2
(Trainee checks answers against 
the answer key)
QA System 
ARTIFICIAL
INSEMINATION
(LARGE RUMINANTS)
NC II
CBLM ON
ESTABLISHING
READINESS FOR
ARTIFICIAL
INSEMINATION
Date 
Developed:
February 2023
Document No. 
Issued by:
Orchard Valley
Inc.
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Information Sheet 1.1-1
Artificial Insemination 
Introduction
Artificial insemination is the technique in which semen with living sperms is collected
from the male and introduced into female reproductive tract at proper time with the
help of instruments. This has been found to result in a normal offspring. In this
process, the semen is inseminated into the female by placing a portion of it either in
a collected or diluted form into the cervix or uterus by mechanical methods at the
proper time and under most hygienic conditions. The first scientific research in
artificial insemination of domestic animals was performed on dogs in 1780 by the
Italian scientist, Lazanno Spalbanzani. His experiments proved that the fertilizing
power reside in the spermatozoa and not in the liquid portion of semen. Few further
studies under research station conditions helped this technique to be used
commercially allover the world including India.
Artificial insemination is not merely a novel method of bringing about impregnation in
females. Instead, it is a powerful tool mostly employed for livestock improvement. In
artificial insemination the germplasm of the bulls of superior quality can be effectively
utilized with the least regard for their location in far away places. By adoption of
artificial insemination, there would be considerable reduction in both genital and non-
genital diseases in the farm stock.
Benefits of artificial insemination in livestock
Artificial insemination can reduce many of the risks involved with breeding. Natural
mating is a stressful process that has a much higher tendency to result in injuries or
accidents of both the animals and producer. Particularly in cattle, males tend to be
very large and sometimes aggressive. Artificial insemination removes all risks
involved with keeping a male on the premise. Furthermore, artificial insemination
reduces the risk of transmitting diseases. The entire artificial insemination procedure
is much more hygienic than natural mating. All the tools and equipment are sterilized
QA System 
ARTIFICIAL
INSEMINATION
(LARGE RUMINANTS)
NC II
CBLM ON
ESTABLISHING
READINESS FOR
ARTIFICIAL
INSEMINATION
Date 
Developed:
February 2023
Document No. 
Issued by:
Orchard Valley
Inc.
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both before and after. The entire procedure is altogether a much cleaner and
sanitary process.
Artificial insemination also increases efficiency. Most males usually produce enough
sperm in a single ejaculate to be diluted and extended enough to create over one
hundred doses. For some species, diluted semen is then packaged into “straws” and
frozen. These straws of frozen semen are typically stored in a nitrogen tank where
they will last for years and can be used as needed. The semen can also be shipped
to various livestock producers around the United States, allowing them to artificially
inseminate their herds. This gives many producers the opportunity to avoid keeping
a male on the farm or potentially having to take their breeding animals to a male.
Lastly, artificial insemination can drastically improve the genetics of your herd. With
artificial insemination becoming increasingly popular, many producers collect semen
from their herd sires and make it available to other producers for purchase. This
gives producers the opportunity to select what they want to breed their animals to.
Proven and better genetics are becoming readily more available across the nation,
and the quality of livestock in the Unites States continues to increase.
Advantages & Disadvantages of Artificial Insemination
What are the advantages of AI?
1. Disease control. This is accomplished by preventing skin contact such as in
natural service. The most important diseases it protects against are
transmission of the herpes virus- equine coital exthanema - and contagious
equine metritis, which is caused by a bacteria. In addition antibiotics can be
added to the semen at the time of insemination or collection and reduce or
totally eliminate breeding the mare with any bacteria at all.
2. Decreases chances of injury. Semen is generally only collected every other
day in an AI programme, so there is much less chance for injury. In addition
semen can be collected on a phantom and a mare in heat may not even be
needed. Not only does this almost eliminate injury to the mare (if she didn’t
QA System 
ARTIFICIAL
INSEMINATION
(LARGE RUMINANTS)
NC II
CBLM ON
ESTABLISHING
READINESS FOR
ARTIFICIAL
INSEMINATIONDate 
Developed:
February 2023
Document No. 
Issued by:
Orchard Valley
Inc.
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Valley Inc. 
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want to get served) and stallion but also it dramatically reduces the chances
of injury to those staff involved in the breeding shed. It may be in future that
farms could be in legal trouble when staff are hurt and AI could have been
used.
3. Semen can be collected from stallions with problems. Each year stallions are
either injured or have trouble breeding due to inherent libido (sexual
behaviour) problems. Because semen only needs to be collected every other
day it reduces the effects of breeding pressure and injuries.
4. Semen is evaluated each time it is collected. With natural service we are
flying a bit blind because it is not until pregnancy rates are established can we
assume that the semen was OK at the time of breeding. With AI we can look
and measure parameters related to fertility every time we collect. One way to
look at reproduction is to say that when we feel the testicles we are "feeling
the future" and when looking at semen we are "looking at history" as one
represents potential and the other the recent event of semen production.
5. Prevents stallion overuse.
6. Allows more mares to be bred. AI lets us divide the semen up into as many
doses as he is capable of giving in an ejaculate. Typically that is around 10-15
doses on an every other day collection schedule.
7. Permits breeding of mares with problems. Each year mares are presented for
natural service that may not be psychologically ready for service. Sometimes
this is due to the mare’s own agitation and sometimes it may be because she
has a ‘foal at foot’ and becomes worried about her foal (foal proud).
8. Permits use of older valuable stallions. As stallions get older their sperm
numbers decrease. This typically begins at around 13 years old. Many
stallions are already exhibiting quite obvious sperm reduction by the time they
are 16 - 17 and many are almost infertile by the time they are 19 - 20 years
QA System 
ARTIFICIAL
INSEMINATION
(LARGE RUMINANTS)
NC II
CBLM ON
ESTABLISHING
READINESS FOR
ARTIFICIAL
INSEMINATION
Date 
Developed:
February 2023
Document No. 
Issued by:
Orchard Valley
Inc.
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old. AI allows deposition of the correct number of sperm to be made for each
mare and removes the guesswork.
9. Allows mares to be bred at the best time for conception. Because we can
store semen either cooled or frozen mares can be bred when they are most
suited for conception. In a natural service programme this would necessitate
breeding the stallion as many as 5-6 times per day. Most stallions would not
handle a breeding schedule like that for very long.
What are the disadvantages of AI?
1. Specialized equipment is needed. An artificial vagina (AV), thermometers,
warmed containers and equipment non-spermicidal gel and equipment to
measure motility (warmed stage microscope) and sperm concentration are all
necessary for AI to be practised properly. This is expensive and a well-
equipped laboratory may cost in vicinity of $40 000 just for the equipment
(without the building and fittings).
2. Technical expertise is needed. Personnel need to know how to make the AV
so that it is right for the stallion and then how to collect and process the
semen properly.
3. Incorrectly practiced AI can cause problems. You would be surprised to learn
just how often the wrong lubricating gel is used in the AV and that there have
been weeks before anyone realised that the pregnancy rates were disastrous.
QA System 
ARTIFICIAL
INSEMINATION
(LARGE RUMINANTS)
NC II
CBLM ON
ESTABLISHING
READINESS FOR
ARTIFICIAL
INSEMINATION
Date 
Developed:
February 2023
Document No. 
Issued by:
Orchard Valley
Inc.
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Self-Check 1.1-1
Check your mastery in interpretation of plans and details by completing the tasks 
below.
FILL IN THE BLANK
1. ___________ is the technique in which semen with living sperms is collected
from the male and introduced into female reproductive tract at proper time
with the help of instruments.
2. Artificial insemination is not merely a ___________ of bringing about
impregnation in females. Instead, it is a powerful tool mostly employed for
livestock improvement. 
3. Artificial insemination can reduce many of the risks involved with _________. 
4. Most males usually produce enough _________ in a single ejaculate to be
diluted and extended enough to create over one hundred doses.
5. _______ is generally only collected every other day in an AI programme, so
there is much less chance for injury. 
QA System 
ARTIFICIAL
INSEMINATION
(LARGE RUMINANTS)
NC II
CBLM ON
ESTABLISHING
READINESS FOR
ARTIFICIAL
INSEMINATION
Date 
Developed:
February 2023
Document No. 
Issued by:
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Inc.
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Answer key 1.1-1
Check your answer with the answer key below. if you fail to get it right, refer back to 
corresponding resources until you make it perfect.
1. Artificial insemination 
2. novel method 
3. breeding
4. sperm 
5. Semen 
QA System 
ARTIFICIAL
INSEMINATION
(LARGE RUMINANTS)
NC II
CBLM ON
ESTABLISHING
READINESS FOR
ARTIFICIAL
INSEMINATION
Date 
Developed:
February 2023
Document No. 
Issued by:
Orchard Valley
Inc.
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Information Sheet 1.1-2
Animal Profiling
Introduction
The subject of breeds intrigues most beef cattle producers. However, breeds are
only part of a genetic strategy, which should include:
 Matching applicable performance or functional levels to environmental,
management, and marketing conditions 
 Choosing a breeding system, either continuous (in which replacement
females are produced within the herd) or terminal (in which replacements are
introduced externally) 
 Selecting functional types, breeds within types, and individuals within breeds
that are compatible with the performance levels needed and breeding system
chosen
Genetic classifications and breeds
Cattle have been divided into two basic classifications, Bos taurus (non-humped) or
Bos indicus (humped, also called Zebu). Because these two types readily interbreed,
some authorities now classify them as Bos taurus, subspecies taurus, and Bos
taurus, subspecies indicus, or simply call them taurine and indicine.
Cattle are not native to the western hemisphere; the Bos taurus in the United States
originally came from the British Isles and western continental Europe. Although the
Bos indicus originated in south central Asia, most in the United States came by way
of Brazil.
Although it has no strict biological definition, a breed can be described as a group of
animals of common origin with certain distinguishing characteristics that are passed
from parent to ofspring.Breed characteristics result from both natural selection and
from that imposed by people.
QA System 
ARTIFICIAL
INSEMINATION
(LARGE RUMINANTS)
NC II
CBLM ON
ESTABLISHING
READINESS FOR
ARTIFICIAL
INSEMINATION
Date 
Developed:
February 2023
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Issued by:
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Inc.
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Most breeds have registry associations that record ancestry, define and document
characteristics, and promote the breed. About 75 breeds have registry associations
in the United States
Functional traits or characteristics
The major functional traits that are important in beef production in Texas are body
size and growth, milking potential, age at puberty, hot climate adaptability, fleshing
ability, muscle expression, cutability, and marbling. The estimates of functional trait
levels listed below are based on breed averages; individuals can vary considerably
within breeds.
Body size and growth
Inherent body size is best evaluated as weight at the same level of body condition or
fatness. However, growth or rate of gain is often evaluated over time-constant
periods or to the same age; this type of comparison can produce differences in
fatness among individuals of different functional types or breeds within types.
As a result, evaluations of rate of gain and feed efficiency over time- or age-constant
periods ofen differ from evaluations of cattle at the same level of fatness. Genetically
larger, later-maturing animals generally gain faster and more efficiently than do
smaller, earlier maturing animals over time- or age-constant periods but often not
when fed to the same level of fatness. Weight also correlates closely with nutritional
requirements for body maintenance.
Although there are individual exceptions, cattle that are heavier at birth tend to be
heavier throughout life. An important exception is in Bos indicus. Calves of Bos
indicus dams, even by Bos taurus sires, tend to be relatively smaller at birth than
later in life, usually resulting in fewer difficulties in calving. However, calves by Bos
indicus sires out of Bos taurus dams often are relatively large at birth, so calving may
be more difficult 
Milking potential
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ARTIFICIAL
INSEMINATION
(LARGE RUMINANTS)
NC II
CBLM ON
ESTABLISHING
READINESS FOR
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INSEMINATION
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Milking potential is the genetic capability to produce milk. It is not the actual volume
of milk produced, which is also influenced by the cow’s nutrition and the calf’s
nursing pressure.
Estimate milking potential in relation to body size. Higher-milking females need more
nutrients for body maintenance and require higher-quality diets, even when not
lactating
Age at puberty
Age at puberty relates to body size, milking potential, and genetic classification.
Smaller individuals and higher milking types usually mature earlier; Bos indicus
mature relatively late. Although higher milking females, even large ones, often reach
puberty and conceive when relatively young, their subsequent reproductive
performance can suffer because they may become thin after beginning lactation and
therefore be slow to start cycling. While Bos indicus types reach puberty relatively
late, their productive life is usually longer.
Heat tolerance
The cattle best adapted hot climates are those with Bos indicus inheritance.
However, to a lesser degree, some Bos taurus animals do have heat tolerance,
especially those with dark skin and lighter-colored short hair coats.
High humidity intensifies the effects of heat because it decreases the ability of
respiration to reduce heat load. Also, hot, humid climates often add the stresses of
parasites and low-quality forage. Heat with high humidity will stress cattle that fail to
shed long, thick hair coats, particularly those that are dark colored.
As might be expected, animals tolerant to hot climates are relatively less adapted to
cold.
Fleshing ability fatness
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Fleshing ability, or inherent fatness, is the body’s capacity to fatten and retain fat.
Fleshing ability tends to decrease with rises in maintenance requirements relative to
body size, milking level, or muscularity. Also, larger animals may be unable to
consume enough forage when it is sparse, thus reducing fatness. Animals poorly
adapted to their environment generally are less able to maintain and increase flesh.
Compared to Bos taurus, Bos indicus often flesh more easily on low-quality forage
and roughage. Easy fleshing cattle may better tolerate periods of nutritional energy
deficiency and, therefore, may reproduce more consistently. However, they may also
over-fatten more readily in the feed yard unless they are fed for a shorter period than
is typical.
Muscle expression
Muscle expression is inherent muscularity relative to body size. Muscling is the
second most important factor in cutability, or leanness. Some heavy-muscled types
may also have less fleshing ability, which reduces their reproductive efficiency.
Cutability
Cutability is usually evaluated in beef carcasses as USDA Yield Grade. Cutability
depends on the relative proportions of fat (which varies most), muscle, and bone
(which varies least).
Cutability is most evaluated over time constant feeding periods; in this type of
evaluation, the animals that grow faster and mature later tend to be higher in
cutability. However, producers can manipulate fatness, and therefore cutability, by
varying nutrition and length of feeding.
Marbling
Marbling, or intramuscular fat, is the primary factor determining USDA Quality Grade,
an indicator of the palatability factors of tenderness, juiciness, and favor. Marbling
increases with age up to physiological maturity and generally is higher in earlier-
maturing types.
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Marbling can generally be increased by feeding high energy rations for extended
periods starting early in life.
Bos indicus and most heavy-muscled, later-maturing types tend to have relatively
low marbling. Because marbling tends to increase with overall body fatness,
comparing types or breeds usually involves a tradeoff between Yield Grade and
Quality Grade. As one improves, the other tends to decline. Also, as with cutability,
marbling can be affected by nutrition and length of feeding.
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Self-Check 1.1-2
Check your mastery in interpretation of plans and details by completing the tasks 
below.
FILL IN THE BLANK
1. __________ is best evaluated as weight at the same level of body condition 
or fatness. 
2. __________ is the genetic capability to produce milk. It is not the actual
volume of milk produced, which is also influenced by the cow’s nutrition and
the calf’s nursing pressure.
3. _________ relates to body size, milking potential, and genetic classification.
4. The cattle best adapted hot climates are those with ________ inheritance. 
5. __________ tends to decrease with rises in maintenance requirements 
relative to body size, milking level, or muscularity. 
6. __________ is the second most important factor in cutability, or leanness.
7. _________ is usually evaluated in beef carcasses as USDA Yield Grade.
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Answer key 1.1-2
Check your answer with the answer key below. if you fail to get it right, refer back to 
corresponding resources until you make it perfect.
1. Inherent body size 
2. Milking potential 
3. Age at puberty 
4. Bos indicus 
5. Fleshing ability 
6. Muscling 
7. Cutability 
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LEARNING OUTCOME # 2 Assess animal Readiness
 
 CONTENTS:
1. Assess animal Readiness
2. Heat Detection Critical to Success 
 ASSESMENT CRITERIA:
 Physical condition of the animal is evaluated based on recommended
standards.
 Signs of estrus are monitored.
 Animal is restrained using the prescribed chute.
 Examination through rectal palpation is conducted to determine the
animal’s reproductive condition.
 Task is performed without causing injuries to the animal, technician and
others.
 Accurate interpretation and decision is made based on the result of the
actual examination.
 CONDITIONS:
The students/ trainees must be provided with the following:
 Practice animals
 Farm facilities
 Rubber boots and scrub suits
 Communication equipment
 Forms
METHODOLOGIES:
 Lectures
 Role playing
 Hands- on
 Lectures/Discussion
 Videos/Illustrations
 Demonstration
ASSESSMENT METHODS:
Competency in this unit may be assessed through:
 Oral interview
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 Demonstration with questioning
 Observation with questioning
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Learning Experiences
Learning Outcome # 2- Assess animal Readiness
Learning Activities Special Instructions
Read Information Sheet 1.2-1 on 
Assess animal Readiness
Read and understand the information sheet
and check yourself by answering the self-
check. You must answer all the questions
correctly before proceedings to the next
activity
Refer to Task sheets, it will help you practice
your skills.
The performance criteria checklist will guide
and help you evaluate your work as you are
practicing your skills.
Evaluate your own performance using the
performance criteria checklist. When you are
ready, present your work to your trainer for
final evaluation and recording.
If you have questions and clarification fell free
to ask your trainer.
Answer Self-Check 1.2-1
(Trainee checks answers against 
the answer key)
Read Information Sheet 1.2-2 on 
Heat Detection Critical to Success
Answer Self-Check 1.2-2
(Trainee checks answers against 
the answer key)
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Information Sheet 1.2-1
Assess animal Readiness
Introduction
You have decided to use artificial
insemination (AI) to breed your cows this
spring. You have planned your heat
synchronization protocol, selected the AI
sire and ordered the semen. Now what? 
First, we address the signs of standing
heat in cows and heifers. These include:
1. Standing to be mounted by herd mates. This is the “silver bullet” sign of
standing heat. 
2. Mounting other cows
3. Clear mucus discharge from vulva
4. Swelling and reddening of the vulva
5. Bawling, trailing other cows and restlessness
6. Rubbed hair on tail head and dirty flanks (from being mounted by other cows)
7. Sniffing genitalia
8. Chin resting on other cows 
9. Head raised and lip curled
10.Decreased feed intake
11. Bloody discharge from vulva (usually occurs after standing heat has ended) 
The most limiting factor in AI programs is the proper detection in estrus or standing
heat. A sexually mature, non-pregnant heifer or cow will have a standing heat every
21 days (on average). Heat synchronization protocols are designed to manipulate
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this process to make females come into standing heat on a schedule. Standing heat
is the time in her estrous cycle when a cow/heifer is receptive mounting activity by a
bull or other herd mates. Standing heat is the only external sign that cows are
ovulating and should be bred (naturally or AI). Standing heat typically last 12 – 18
hours. Best heat detection practices include morning and evening (at 12 hour
intervals) visual observation of standing heat. In spring calving Oklahoma herds, the
morning heat detection is most effective in the very early daylight hours before high
daily temperatures may suppress mounting activity. Applying bright colored paint or
chalk to tail heads can be very helpful tool in heat detection. 
When to AI?
Male bovine sperm are typically fertile for 24-30 hours after insemination. The cow
typicallyovulates 24 – 32 hours after the onset of standing heat and the ova (egg
ovulated by cow) has a fertile life of eight – 10 hours. To get the needed overlap for
conception, the best rule of thumb for AI breeding is to inseminate 12 hours after first
observing the cow in standing heat. Furthermore, if/when cows are still standing
after the first AI breeding, follow up again with another AI service 12 hours later. If
using sexed semen and breeding off of observed standing heat, it is best to wait
another four – six hours to AI for best conception rates.
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Self-Check 1.2-1
Check your mastery in interpretation of plans and details by completing the tasks 
below.
FILL IN THE BLANK
1. The most limiting factor in AI programs is the proper detection in __________.
2. A sexually mature, non-pregnant heifer or cow will have a standing heat every
___________. 
3. ___________ protocols are designed to manipulate this process to make 
females come into standing heat on a schedule. 
4. __________ are typically fertile for 24-30 hours after insemination. 
5. To get the needed overlap for conception, the best rule of thumb for AI 
breeding is to inseminate ________hours after first observing the cow in 
standing heat. 
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Answer key 1.2-1
Check your answer with the answer key below. if you fail to get it right, refer back to 
corresponding resources until you make it perfect.
1. estrus or standing heat
2. 21 days (on average)
3. Heat synchronization 
4. Male bovine sperm 
5. 12
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Information Sheet 1.2-2
Heat Detection Critical to Success
Introduction
The most limiting factor in artificial insemination programs is the proper detection of
cows or heifers in estrus. Estrus, or “heat,” is that period of time that occurs every
18-24 days in sexually mature, nonpregnant female cattle when they are receptive to
mounting activity by bulls or other cows. In beef cattle operations where artificial
insemination is the means of breeding the females, the herdsman must recognize
and interpret a cow’s heat signals. Proper timing of the artificial insemination is
necessary to accomplish a high percentage of conceptions in the cows that are bred
artificially.
 Considerable amounts of research have been conducted on the various factors
contributing to the efficiency with which cows are detected in heat. When all is
considered, one of the key factors is the skill of the human performing the heat
detection. With an AI program, people assume the same responsibility as the bull for
accurately detecting heat and the proper timing of insemination. Thus, the dilemma
for the inseminator is determining which cows are in a “standing heat” and when that
heat occurs.
 A cow is fertile only when an egg has been released (or ovulated) from the ovary.
This occurs about 10-14 hours after the period called “standing heat” ends. Because
sperm need time in the cow’s reproductive tract before they are capable of fertilizing
the egg, insemination should be made several hours before ovulation. This means
that for the highest fertility, cows or heifers should be inseminated in the latter two-
thirds of heat or within a few hours after having gone out of heat. This represents
approximately 12-18 hours after the cow first comes in “standing heat.”
 Heat Detection Efficiency
Heat detection efficiency (rate) is defined as the percentage of eligible cows that are
actually seen or detected in heat. Several methods of calculating the efficiency with
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which heat is detected are available. A detection rate of 80-85 percent should be
achievable. The detection rate can be measured by the 24-Day Heat Detection Rate
Test, which is a test that the producer can implement to self-evaluate the heat
detection efficiency (or inefficiency).
 In order for cows to be included in the test, they should be eligible to have heat
cycles, at least 50 days post-calving for beef cows; be free of reproductive disorders
such as cystic ovaries, pyometra, or other reproductive tract infections; and be
nonpregnant. In addition, cows must have adequate body condition to expect most of
them to be cycling. What producers are looking for is a group of cows that are most
likely to display estrus in the next 24 days. Some of these cows will in fact be
serviced during that interval, which will exclude them from the next 24-day list. At the
end of the 24-day period, the number of cows detected in heat is divided by the total
number of cows eligible to have estrous cycles. If the producer observed 50 cows
but only 15 were detected in heat in 24 days that is a 30% detection rate—not too
good. If the producer finds 40 or more cows in heat during the 24-day test period for
80% or better detection rate, then a good AI program is possible.
 A second method of self-evaluation of heat detection can be performed by keeping
an accurate record of heat dates. The average interval (in days) between detected
heats is divided into the “expected” interval or 21 days. For example, if the average
interval between detected heats for all eligible cows is 25 days, then the detection
efficiency would be computed at 21/25, or 84%. 
Heat Detection Requires Observation
The surest sign of estrus is that of a cow or heifer that permits other animals to
mount her while she remains standing. This is the best sign of a cow’s fertile period.
Therefore, the most productive means of determining which cows are in “standing
heat” is to observe the cattle carefully for about 30 minutes at least twice per day.
More frequent observations may also be beneficial whenever it is practical. Estrous
synchronization will aid in accurate heat detection and shorten the number of days
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https://www.studocu.com/co?utm_campaign=shared-document&utm_source=studocu-document&utm_medium=social_sharing&utm_content=establish-readiness-for-artificial-inseminationthat heat detection must be done. Learn more about estrous synchronization by
reading OSU Fact Sheet ANSI-3163, “Estrous Synchronization of Cattle.”
 
The best times of the day to observe cattle for heat detection are early in the
morning and at the last daylight in the evening. However, heat detection while cattle
are eating at feed-bunks or hayracks is difficult because hungry cattle are often more
interested in the feed than in each other. Table 1 from Cornell University researchers
describes the percentage of cows showing signs of heat at different times of the day.
 By far the largest percentage of cows exhibit signs of estrus at the least convenient
time of the day for accurate heat detection. This fact alone is considered a major
cause of heat detection inefficiency. Many of the cows that do have a “standing heat”
from midnight to 6 a.m. can be observed as having “secondary” signs of heat at the
time of normal heat-detection on the previous evening. The secondary signs of heat
include (1) a willingness to mount other cows, even though neither cow may be
willing to stand for the mount, (2) roughened tail head or mud on the rump, which is
evidence that other animals have tried to mount her, (3) restlessness, which may be
indicative of a cow about to exhibit heat (cows in pre-heat may bawl more than
usual, head-butt, pace the fence, sniff or lick other cattle) and (4) clear stringy mucus
discharge which may be hanging from the vulva or smeared on the pin-bones or
rump of a cow about to have estrus or one already in estrus. Bloody mucus often
appears 2-3 days after estrus has occurred and should be recorded in order to
closely watch for heat in 17-21 days.
 Table 1. When Cows Show Heat
Time
Percent cows showing
heat signs
6 a.m. - noon 22%
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Time
Percent cows showing
heat signs
noon - 6 p.m. 10%
6 p.m. - midnight 25%
midnight - 6 a.m. 43%
 
Aids to Heat Detection
Several aids to heat detection are available for producers with artificial insemination
programs. These aids include chin-ball markers placed on androgenized cows or
deviated “gomer” bulls. This is a device similar to a ball-point pen that is strapped on
the underneath side of the chin of an animal expected to mount cows or heifers in
heat. The ink in the chin-ball marker leaves colorful streaks on the back or rump of a
cow that has been mounted or was attempted to be mounted. Another commercially
available aid to heat detection is the “Kamar heatmount detector” (tradename). This
device is glued to the rump (just forward of the tailhead) of cows suspected to be in
heat in the near future. Prolonged pressure (at least 3 seconds) from the brisket or
chest of mounting animals will turn the originally white detector to red. Using the
heatmount detector will be more effective in those pastures with little or no low-
hanging tree limbs, brush, or backrubbing devices since false readings can occur.
 An economical heat detection aid is used at many U.S. dairies. This method is
called “tail-chalking” and involves only the small expense of an oil-based “sale-barn”
paint stick. The paint stick is available at many farm and livestock supply stores and
comes in a variety of colors. Orange is often the color of choice, especially with
producers who are color-blind.
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 The chalk (or livestock paint) is rubbed on the tail-head of cows to be heat detected.
The chalk should be placed from the imaginary line between the hook or hip bones
back to and including the corner where the tail begins its vertical descent.
 
Some producers choose to chalk in a narrow strip in summer months (after shedding
has occurred) and wider bands on winter hair coats. Most tail-chalking veterans put
the chalk in a strip two to three inches wide. The length is important because of the
different contact points possible when the cow is mounted. In the spring, when cows
are shedding, it is just about imperative that the area be curry-combed so the
applicator will deposit chalk instead of just rub off winter hair.
 Beef cattle producers can tail-chalk cows, at about 50 days after calving, while the
cows are crowded in a long working chute or alley. Replacement beef heifers could
be expected to have a high percentage of cycling animals when they are about 13-
14 months of age and weigh approximately 65% of their expected mature body
weight.
 Reading the chalk strip is not hard but does require close observation and some
practice. When a cow is just coming into heat and is being ridden but will not stand,
the chalk will be slightly smeared. Also, it will often have some of the riding animal’s
hair in it and both the hair and chalk will be ruffled forward, with a feathered
appearance. When those conditions are spotted, write down the cow’s number and
watch her more closely.
 When she is in “standing heat” and being ridden repeatedly, the chalk will be mostly
rubbed off. This cow may have been in “standing heat” during the previous night. The
cow should be watched to see if she does in fact allow other animals to mount her. If
she does, then she is in “standing heat.” If you do not observe the cow in “standing
heat” but your barn records indicate that it is 18-24 days since she was last observed
in heat or bred, then it is time for the cow to be bred. The rubbed off chalk indicates
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that she has been in “standing heat” since you last observed her and still would be a
good bet to inseminate.
 The oil-based chalk is relatively rain-resistant and unlikely to be rubbed off in brush.
After seven to ten days, it will take on a flaky, crusted appearance as it dries. Some
AI technicians choose to re-chalk cows when the chalk becomes weathered and
dried, but no signs of riding have been apparent. Occasionally, a cow will lick off the
chalk. Usually, the obvious lick marks on the hair of the tail-head indicate that she
had not been ridden.
 Tail-chalking and other heat detection aids are tools to aid good heat detection.
However, these “tools” should not be expected to replace the trusted method of
spending a half-hour in the morning and a half-hour in the evening each day carefully
observing the cattle. See OSU Fact Sheet ANSI-4154, “Heat Detection Aids for Beef
and Dairy AI.”
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Orchard Valley
Inc.
Page 32 of
34
Developed by:
Orchard
Valley Inc. 
Revision # 00
Descargado por Juan Mendoza (juande031294@gmail.com)
lOMoARcPSD|15824368
https://www.studocu.com/co?utm_campaign=shared-document&utm_source=studocu-document&utm_medium=social_sharing&utm_content=establish-readiness-for-artificial-inseminationSelf-Check 1.2-2
Check your mastery in interpretation of plans and details by completing the tasks 
below.
FILL IN THE BLANK
1. __________ is that period of time that occurs every 18-24 days in sexually 
mature, nonpregnant female cattle when they are receptive to mounting 
activity by bulls or other cows. 
2. A cow is fertile only when an egg has been released (or ovulated) from the 
__________. 
3. ___________ (rate) is defined as the percentage of eligible cows that are 
actually seen or detected in heat.
4. A second method of self-evaluation of heat detection can be performed by 
keeping an accurate record of _________.
5. The surest sign of estrus is that of a __________ that permits other animals to
mount her while she remains standing. 
6. These aids include ____________ placed on androgenized cows or deviated 
“gomer” bulls. 
7. An economical heat detection aid is used at many U.S. dairies. This method is
called ___________ and involves only the small expense of an oil-based 
“sale-barn” paint stick. 
QA System 
ARTIFICIAL
INSEMINATION
(LARGE RUMINANTS)
NC II
CBLM ON
ESTABLISHING
READINESS FOR
ARTIFICIAL
INSEMINATION
Date 
Developed:
February 2023
Document No. 
Issued by:
Orchard Valley
Inc.
Page 33 of
34
Developed by:
Orchard
Valley Inc. 
Revision # 00
Descargado por Juan Mendoza (juande031294@gmail.com)
lOMoARcPSD|15824368
Answer key 1.2-2
Check your answer with the answer key below. if you fail to get it right, refer back to 
corresponding resources until you make it perfect.
1. Estrus, or “heat,” 
2. ovary
3. Heat detection efficiency 
4. heat dates
5. cow or heifer 
6. chin-ball markers 
7. “tail-chalking” 
QA System 
ARTIFICIAL
INSEMINATION
(LARGE RUMINANTS)
NC II
CBLM ON
ESTABLISHING
READINESS FOR
ARTIFICIAL
INSEMINATION
Date 
Developed:
February 2023
Document No. 
Issued by:
Orchard Valley
Inc.
Page 34 of
34
Developed by:
Orchard
Valley Inc. 
Revision # 00
Descargado por Juan Mendoza (juande031294@gmail.com)
lOMoARcPSD|15824368
https://www.studocu.com/co?utm_campaign=shared-document&utm_source=studocu-document&utm_medium=social_sharing&utm_content=establish-readiness-for-artificial-insemination
	Advantages & Disadvantages of Artificial Insemination
	What are the advantages of AI?
	What are the disadvantages of AI?
	Heat Detection Requires Observation
	Aids to Heat Detection