In the measure that the understanding of the causes of diseases has increased, these chapters have been expanded with descriptions of syndromes for which the underlying genetic defects have just been identified. These chapters, which describe the failures that prevent the immune system from maintaining health, are followed by another (chapter 15) dedicated to how the immune reaction can be manipulated through vaccinations and other means in an attempt to combat not only infectious diseases, but also transplant rejection and cancer. These four chapters were thoroughly revised and updated, especially regarding the new generation of 'biological' treatments that are beginning to enter medical practice. The book culminates with chapter 16, which is fully updated on the evolution of immune systems in animals. The analysis of genomic sequences of invertebrates and lower vertebrates has allowed for a new appreciation of the versatility of the immune defenses of invertebrates, and to discover that the adaptive immune system of humans based on antibodies and T cells is not the only means by which adaptive immunity can be generated. It includes a total of 47 clinical cases. A sidebar icon in Janeway's Immunobiology provides the reader with a link to the relevant case study, where science is applied in a clinical setting. The seventh edition of Janeway's Immunobiology includes a CD-ROM with original immunology animations based on the book's figures, and selected videos of visually appealing experiments. The animations were revised and updated for this edition, and five new ones are included that cover HIV infection, DTH response, viral evasins, innate pathogen recognition, and pathogen receptors. All animations and videos are accompanied by narration. The CD-ROM also contains the book's figures and tables, preloaded in PDF format. This edition has been renamed Janeway's Immunobiology in memory of Charles A. Janeway, the original author of this book and who was its continuous inspiration until his death in 2003. Andrey Shaw, from Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, completely revised and updated chapter 6 on signaling; Allan Mowatt, from the University of Glasgow, did the same with chapter 11 on mucosal immunity, and Claudia Mauri (chapters 12 and 14) and Michael Ehrenstein (chapters 13 and 15), from University College London, revised and updated the clinical chapters. Appendix III, cytokines and their receptors, was updated and reorganized by Robert Schreiber, from Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis. Joost Oppenheim, from the National Cancer Institute, Washington, D.C., updated appendix IV, chemokines and their receptors. The authors of this work are deeply grateful to them for pouring their particular experience into the book and for the care and effort they put into these revisions. The reviewers, illustrators, and editors are the essential links that give cohesion to this book. Benefits were obtained from the editorial skills of Eleanor Lawrence, the book's developmental editor from its inception, and from the creativity and artistic talent of Matt McClements, the illustrator since the second edition. Their 'institutional memory' provides the overall coherence of this thoroughly updated edition. At Garland, Mike Morales directed the creation of engaging animations that bring important concepts to life. None of these efforts would have borne fruit without the skillful (but patient) coordination of Sigrid Masson and the insightful suggestions and continuous support of the editor, Denise Schanck. Kenneth Murphy thanks Th eresa Murphy and Paul, Mike, Mark, and Jason for their encouragement and support. Paul Travers