<div id="pf1" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="1"><div class="pc pc1 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/f1cbe07e-c063-4d89-a655-bcb089addbd5/bg1.png"><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Benemérita<span class="blank"> </span>Univ<span class="blank _0"></span>ersidad<span class="blank"> </span>Autónoma<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>Puebla</div><div class="t m0 x2 h3 y2 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">F<span class="blank _1"></span>a<span class="blank _0"></span>cul<span class="blank _2"></span>t<span class="blank _2"></span>ad<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>Ciencias<span class="blank"> </span>Físico<span class="blank"> </span>Ma<span class="blank _1"></span>temá<span class="blank _2"></span>ticas</div><div class="t m0 x3 h3 y3 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2"><span class="fc1 sc0">Dra.</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc1 sc0">R</span><span class="blank _0"></span><span class="fc1 sc0">osibel</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc1 sc0">Carrad</span><span class="blank _3"></span><span class="fc1 sc0">a</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc1 sc0">Legaria</span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h4 y4 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">Difra<span class="blank _0"></span>cción<span class="blank"> </span>.</div><div class="t m0 x5 h5 y5 ff4 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4"><span class="fc1 sc0">Hernández</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc1 sc0">Mendoza</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc1 sc0">Carolina</span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h5 y6 ff4 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4"><span class="fc1 sc0">Oliv</span><span class="blank _0"></span><span class="fc1 sc0">era</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc1 sc0">Prieto</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc1 sc0">José</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc1 sc0">Guadalup</span><span class="blank _4"> </span><span class="fc1 sc0">e</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 h5 y7 ff4 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4"><span class="fc1 sc0">Sánc</span><span class="blank _0"></span><span class="fc1 sc0">hez</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc1 sc0">Ro</span><span class="blank _4"> </span><span class="fc1 sc0">dríguez</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc1 sc0">Ricardo</span><span class="blank"> </span><span class="fc1 sc0">Eduardo</span></div><div class="t m0 x8 h6 y8 ff5 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws5"><span class="fc1 sc0">Dr. </span><span class="fc1 sc0">Marcela </span><span class="fc1 sc0">Maribel </span><span class="fc1 sc0">Mendez</span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h7 y9 ff6 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws5"><span class="fc1 sc0">Isaac </span><span class="fc1 sc0">Castillo </span><span class="fc1 sc0">Soto</span></div><div class="t m0 xa h7 ya ff6 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws5"><span class="fc1 sc0">Sebastian </span><span class="fc1 sc0">Zepeda </span><span class="fc1 sc0">Ramirez</span></div><div class="t m0 xb h7 yb ff6 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws5"><span class="fc1 sc0">Carlos </span><span class="fc1 sc0">Eduardo </span><span class="fc1 sc0">Zapata </span><span class="fc1 sc0">Torres</span></div><div class="t m0 xc h7 yc ff6 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws5"><span class="fc1 sc0">Jessica </span><span class="fc1 sc0">Botello </span><span class="fc1 sc0">Santiago</span></div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf2" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="2"><div class="pc pc2 w0 h0"><img class="bi xd yd w2 h8" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/f1cbe07e-c063-4d89-a655-bcb089addbd5/bg2.png"><div class="t m0 xe h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws6">Ob<span class="blank"> </span>jetiv<span class="blank _0"></span>os</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 ye ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">-Determinar<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>anc<span class="blank _0"></span>ho<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>una<span class="blank _5"> </span>rendija<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>difracción<span class="blank"> </span>median<span class="blank _0"></span>te<span class="blank"> </span>su<span class="blank"> </span>patrón<span class="blank _5"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>difracción.</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 yf ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">-Determinar<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>diámetro<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>una<span class="blank"> </span>ab<span class="blank _4"> </span>ertura<span class="blank"> </span>circular<span class="blank"> </span>utilizando<span class="blank"> </span>su<span class="blank"> </span>patrón<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>difracción.</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y10 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws8">-Generar<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>patrón<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>difracción<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>cab<span class="blank _4"> </span>ello<span class="blank"> </span>h<span class="blank _0"></span>umano<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>hacer<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>medición<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>separación<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank _0"></span>tre</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y11 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">órdenes<span class="blank"> </span>para<span class="blank"> </span>determinar<span class="blank"> </span>su<span class="blank"> </span>grosor.</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y12 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws9">-Relacionar<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>patrón<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>difracción<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>cab<span class="blank _4"> </span>ello<span class="blank"> </span>con<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>patrón<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>rendija<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>tra<span class="blank _0"></span>v<span class="blank _0"></span>és<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>principio<span class="blank"> </span>de</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y13 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0">Babinet.</div><div class="t m0 xe h2 y14 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0">Resumen</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y15 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsa">Al<span class="blank"> </span>analizar<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>haz<span class="blank"> </span>transmitido<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>tra<span class="blank _0"></span>vés<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>alguna<span class="blank"> </span>abertura<span class="blank"> </span>u<span class="blank"> </span>obstrucción<span class="blank"> </span>donde<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>tamaño<span class="blank"> </span>d<span class="blank _6"> </span>e</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y16 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsb">los<span class="blank"> </span>ori\ufb01cios<span class="blank"> </span>u<span class="blank"> </span>obstáculos<span class="blank"> </span>son<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>tamaños<span class="blank"> </span>bastante<span class="blank"> </span>pequeños<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>obtienen<span class="blank"> </span>resultados<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>óptica</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y17 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsc">geométrica<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank _0"></span>a<span class="blank"> </span>no<span class="blank"> </span>puede<span class="blank"> </span>explicar,<span class="blank"> </span>este<span class="blank"> </span>fenómeno<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>denomina<span class="blank"> </span>difracción.<span class="blank"> </span>El<span class="blank"> </span>patrón<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>observ<span class="blank _0"></span>a</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y18 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsd">v<span class="blank _0"></span>aría<span class="blank"> </span>dependiendo<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>qué<span class="blank _5"> </span>distancia<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>observe,<span class="blank"> </span>para<span class="blank"> </span>distancias<span class="blank"> </span>cercanas<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>denomina<span class="blank"> </span>difracción</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y19 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 wse">de<span class="blank"> </span>F<span class="blank _2"></span>resnel<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>distancias<span class="blank"> </span>grandes<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>denominada<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>F<span class="blank _0"></span>raunhofer.<span class="blank"> </span>P<span class="blank _0"></span>ara<span class="blank"> </span>explicar<span class="blank"> </span>este<span class="blank"> </span>fenómeno<span class="blank"> </span>se</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y1a ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsf">desarrolló<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>principio<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>Huygens,<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>considera<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>cada<span class="blank"> </span>pun<span class="blank _0"></span>to<span class="blank _7"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>fren<span class="blank _0"></span>te<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>onda<span class="blank"> </span>como<span class="blank"> </span>una</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y1b ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws10">fuen<span class="blank _0"></span>te<span class="blank"> </span>puntual<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>ondas<span class="blank"> </span>secundarias.<span class="blank"> </span>En<span class="blank"> </span>esta<span class="blank"> </span>práctica<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>laboratorio<span class="blank"> </span>nos<span class="blank"> </span>centraremos<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>estudio</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y1c ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws11">de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>difracción<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>F<span class="blank _2"></span>raunhofer<span class="blank"> </span>cuando<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>camino<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>luz<span class="blank"> </span>ro<span class="blank _8"> </span>ja<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>láser<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>HeNe<span class="blank"> </span>(<span class="ff8 ws12">633<span class="ff9 ws13">nm</span></span>)<span class="blank"> </span>se</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y1d ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws14">colo<span class="blank _6"> </span>ca<span class="blank"> </span>una<span class="blank"> </span>rendija<span class="blank"> </span>rectangular<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>anc<span class="blank _3"></span>ho<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff9 ls1">\u03c9</span>,<span class="blank"> </span>para<span class="blank"> </span>300<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>150<span class="blank"> </span>micras,<span class="blank"> </span>cuando<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>colo<span class="blank _6"> </span>ca<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>ori\ufb01cio</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y1e ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws15">circular<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>diámetro<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff9 ls2">D</span>,<span class="blank"> </span>para<span class="blank"> </span>200<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>300<span class="blank"> </span>micras.<span class="blank"> </span>Y<span class="blank"> </span>cuando<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>colo<span class="blank _6"> </span>ca<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>colo<span class="blank _6"> </span>ca<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>cab<span class="blank _6"> </span>ello<span class="blank"> </span>humano,</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y1f ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">donde<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>anc<span class="blank _0"></span>ho<span class="blank"> </span>promedio<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank _5"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>cab<span class="blank _6"> </span>ello<span class="blank"> </span>h<span class="blank _3"></span>umano<span class="blank"> </span>es<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>apro<span class="blank _3"></span>ximadamen<span class="blank _0"></span>te<span class="blank"> </span>100<span class="blank"> </span>micras.</div><div class="t m0 xe h2 y20 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws16">In<span class="blank _0"></span>tro<span class="blank"> </span>ducción</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y21 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws17">La<span class="blank"> </span>difracción<span class="blank"> </span>es<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>fenómeno<span class="blank"> </span>óptico<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>o<span class="blank _6"> </span>curre<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>momento<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>luz<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>via<span class="blank _6"> </span>ja<span class="blank"> </span>encuen-</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y22 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws18">tra<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>su<span class="blank"> </span>camino<span class="blank"> </span>ab<span class="blank _6"> </span>erturas<span class="blank"> </span>u<span class="blank"> </span>obstrucciones<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>tamaños<span class="blank"> </span>comparables<span class="blank"> </span>al<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>su<span class="blank"> </span>longitud<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>onda,</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y23 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws19">desviándose<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>las<span class="blank"> </span>tra<span class="blank _0"></span>yectorias<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>predice<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>óptica<span class="blank"> </span>geométrica<span class="blank"> </span>(que<span class="blank"> </span>había<span class="blank"> </span>tratado<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>luz<span class="blank"> </span>como</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y24 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">ra<span class="blank _0"></span>yos<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>no<span class="blank"> </span>como<span class="blank"> </span>ondas).</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y25 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1a">P<span class="blank _0"></span>or<span class="blank"> </span>ap<span class="blank _6"> </span>ertura<span class="blank"> </span>u<span class="blank"> </span>ori\ufb01cio<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>entiende<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>espacio<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff9 ws1b">hueco<span class="blank"> </span></span><span class="ws1c">en<span class="blank"> </span>alguna<span class="blank"> </span>región<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>v<span class="blank _0"></span>olumen<span class="blank"> </span>o<span class="blank"> </span>sup<span class="blank _6"> </span>er\ufb01cie</span></div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y26 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws19">que<span class="blank"> </span>p<span class="blank _6"> </span>ermite<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>paso.<span class="blank"> </span>Obstrucción<span class="blank"> </span>p<span class="blank _6"> </span>or<span class="blank"> </span>ende<span class="blank"> </span>es<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>región<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>algún<span class="blank"> </span>volumen<span class="blank"> </span>o<span class="blank"> </span>super\ufb01cie<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff9 ws1d">r<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>l<span class="blank"> </span>ena<span class="blank _5"> </span></span>que</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y27 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">blo<span class="blank _6"> </span>quea<span class="blank"> </span>o<span class="blank"> </span>impide<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>paso,<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>este<span class="blank"> </span>caso,<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>luz.</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y28 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1e">El<span class="blank"> </span>patrón<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>fenómeno<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>difracción<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>puede<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank _0"></span>tender<span class="blank"> </span>p<span class="blank _6"> </span>or<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>principio<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>Huygens,<span class="blank"> </span>donde<span class="blank"> </span>el</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y29 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1f">fren<span class="blank _0"></span>te<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>onda<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>haz<span class="blank"> </span>incidente<span class="blank"> </span>al<span class="blank"> </span>pasar<span class="blank"> </span>por<span class="blank"> </span>esta<span class="blank"> </span>región,<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>convierte<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>n<span class="blank _0"></span>úmero<span class="blank"> </span>in\ufb01nito<span class="blank"> </span>de</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y2a ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws20">fuen<span class="blank _0"></span>tes<span class="blank"> </span>puntuales<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>generan<span class="blank"> </span>ondas<span class="blank"> </span>secundarias<span class="blank"> </span>con<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>misma<span class="blank"> </span>dirección<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>propagación,<span class="blank"> </span>v<span class="blank _0"></span>elo<span class="blank _6"> </span>cidad</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y2b ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws21">y<span class="blank"> </span>frecuencia<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>onda<span class="blank"> </span>original.<span class="blank"> </span>Esto<span class="blank"> </span>pro<span class="blank _0"></span>voca<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>hay<span class="blank _0"></span>a<span class="blank"> </span>interferencia<span class="blank"> </span>constructiv<span class="blank _0"></span>a<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>destructiv<span class="blank _0"></span>a</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y2c ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">en<span class="blank _0"></span>tre<span class="blank"> </span>ellas,<span class="blank"> </span>dando<span class="blank"> </span>como<span class="blank"> </span>resul<span class="blank _6"> </span>tado<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>patrón<span class="blank"> </span>con<span class="blank"> </span>zonas<span class="blank"> </span>oscuras<span class="blank"> </span>e<span class="blank"> </span>iluminadas.</div><div class="t m0 xf h9 y2d ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">Figura<span class="blank"> </span>1:<span class="blank"> </span>Ab<span class="blank _6"> </span>ertura,<span class="blank"> </span>obstrucción<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>principio<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>Huygens</div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf3" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="3"><div class="pc pc3 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x8 y2e w3 ha" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/f1cbe07e-c063-4d89-a655-bcb089addbd5/bg3.png"><div class="t m0 xe h9 y2f ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws22">La<span class="blank"> </span>sup<span class="blank _6"> </span>er\ufb01cie<span class="blank"> </span>tangente<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>todas<span class="blank"> </span>las<span class="blank"> </span>ondas<span class="blank"> </span>secundarias<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>instante<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>tiempo<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff9 ls3">t</span>determinará<span class="blank"> </span>el</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y30 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws23">siguien<span class="blank _0"></span>te<span class="blank"> </span>frente<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>onda<span class="blank"> </span>para<span class="blank"> </span>ese<span class="blank"> </span>tiemp<span class="blank _6"> </span>o<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff9 ls4">t</span>y<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>cono<span class="blank _6"> </span>ce<span class="blank"> </span>como<span class="blank"> </span>env<span class="blank _0"></span>olv<span class="blank _3"></span>en<span class="blank _0"></span>te.<span class="blank _7"> </span>Además,<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>forma<span class="blank"> </span>del</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y31 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws24">patrón<span class="blank"> </span>resultan<span class="blank _0"></span>te<span class="blank"> </span>observ<span class="blank _0"></span>ado<span class="blank"> </span>dep<span class="blank _6"> </span>ende<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>tamaño<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>ab<span class="blank _6"> </span>ertura<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank _9"> </span>longitud<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>onda,<span class="blank"> </span>lo<span class="blank"> </span>cual</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y32 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">se<span class="blank"> </span>puede<span class="blank"> </span>observ<span class="blank _0"></span>ar<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>\ufb01gura<span class="blank"> </span>1,<span class="blank"> </span>viéndose<span class="blank"> </span>así<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>patrón<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>difracción.</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y33 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws25">En<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>momen<span class="blank _0"></span>to<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>observ<span class="blank _0"></span>a<span class="blank"> </span>lo<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>sucede<span class="blank"> </span>cerca<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>ab<span class="blank _6"> </span>ertura<span class="blank"> </span>u<span class="blank"> </span>obstrucción,<span class="blank"> </span>donde<span class="blank"> </span>la</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y34 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws26">difracción<span class="blank"> </span>o<span class="blank _6"> </span>curre,<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>puede<span class="blank"> </span>visualizar<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>patrón<span class="blank"> </span>formado<span class="blank"> </span>man<span class="blank _3"></span>tiene<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>forma<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>dic<span class="blank _0"></span>ho<span class="blank"> </span>ori\ufb01-</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y35 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws27">cio<span class="blank"> </span>o<span class="blank"> </span>som<span class="blank _0"></span>bra<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>ob<span class="blank _8"> </span>jeto<span class="blank"> </span>obstructiv<span class="blank _3"></span>o<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>luz<span class="blank"> </span>encon<span class="blank _0"></span>tró<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>su<span class="blank"> </span>camino,<span class="blank"> </span>p<span class="blank _4"> </span>ero<span class="blank"> </span>este<span class="blank"> </span>presen<span class="blank _0"></span>ta<span class="blank _9"> </span>ligeras</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y36 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws28">v<span class="blank _0"></span>ariaciones.<span class="blank"> </span>Este<span class="blank"> </span>tip<span class="blank _6"> </span>o<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>difracción<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>llamamos<span class="blank"> </span>difracción<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>camp<span class="blank _6"> </span>o<span class="blank"> </span>cercano<span class="blank"> </span>o<span class="blank"> </span>difracción<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>F<span class="blank _0"></span>resnel.</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y37 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws29">P<span class="blank _0"></span>ero<span class="blank"> </span>cuando<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>llega<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>cierta<span class="blank"> </span>distancia<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>difracción<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>convierte<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>una<span class="blank"> </span>difracción<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>campo<span class="blank"> </span>lejano</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y38 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2a">o<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>F<span class="blank _2"></span>raunhofer.<span class="blank"> </span>Esta<span class="blank"> </span>última<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank _5"> </span>puede<span class="blank"> </span>obtener<span class="blank"> </span>c<span class="blank _6"> </span>olo<span class="blank _6"> </span>cando<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>camino<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>luz<span class="blank"> </span>una<span class="blank"> </span>rendija,<span class="blank"> </span>que</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y39 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2b">no<span class="blank"> </span>es<span class="blank"> </span>más<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>una<span class="blank"> </span>ab<span class="blank _6"> </span>ertura<span class="blank"> </span>larga<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>estrec<span class="blank _0"></span>ha;<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>este<span class="blank"> </span>caso<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>una<span class="blank"> </span>sup<span class="blank _6"> </span>e<span class="blank _6"> </span>r\ufb01cie<span class="blank"> </span>plana<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>p<span class="blank _6"> </span>erp<span class="blank _6"> </span>endicular</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y3a ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2c">a<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>dirección<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>propagación<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>haz.<span class="blank"> </span>Esto<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>puede<span class="blank"> </span>apreciar<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>\ufb01gura<span class="blank"> </span>2.<span class="blank"> </span>Este<span class="blank"> </span>patrón<span class="blank"> </span>consta<span class="blank"> </span>de</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y3b ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2d">máximos<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>mínimos<span class="blank"> </span>(debido<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>interferencia<span class="blank"> </span>constructiv<span class="blank _a"></span>a<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>destructiv<span class="blank _0"></span>a<span class="blank"> </span>resp<span class="blank _6"> </span>ectiv<span class="blank _a"></span>amente),<span class="blank"> </span>teniendo</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y3c ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws25">el<span class="blank"> </span>ma<span class="blank _0"></span>yor<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>máximos<span class="blank"> </span>justo<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>cen<span class="blank _0"></span>tro<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>observ<span class="blank _0"></span>a<span class="blank"> </span>como<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>gran<span class="blank"> </span>punto<span class="blank"> </span>luminoso<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>que</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y3d ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2e">denominaremos<span class="blank"> </span>máximo<span class="blank"> </span>cen<span class="blank _0"></span>tral;<span class="blank"> </span>mientras<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>mínimos<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>observ<span class="blank _a"></span>aran<span class="blank"> </span>como<span class="blank"> </span>zonas<span class="blank"> </span>oscuras<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>los</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y3e ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2f">máximos<span class="blank"> </span>parciales<span class="blank"> </span>(en<span class="blank"> </span>donde<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>v<span class="blank _0"></span>en<span class="blank"> </span>nuev<span class="blank _a"></span>amente<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>ra<span class="blank _0"></span>yos<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>luz)<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>observ<span class="blank _a"></span>arán<span class="blank"> </span>cada<span class="blank"> </span>vez<span class="blank"> </span>con<span class="blank"> </span>menor</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y3f ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws30">in<span class="blank _0"></span>tensidad.</div><div class="t m0 x10 h9 y40 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">Figura<span class="blank"> </span>2:<span class="blank"> </span>Difracción<span class="blank"> </span>o<span class="blank _6"> </span>casionada<span class="blank"> </span>p<span class="blank _6"> </span>or<span class="blank"> </span>una<span class="blank"> </span>rendija</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y41 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws31">Cada<span class="blank"> </span>uno<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>estos<span class="blank"> </span>máximos<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>mínimos<span class="blank"> </span>igualmen<span class="blank _0"></span>te<span class="blank"> </span>espaciados<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>denominarán<span class="blank"> </span>órdenes<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>difracción</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y42 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsc">del<span class="blank"> </span>patrón.<span class="blank"> </span>El<span class="blank"> </span>orden<span class="blank"> </span>1<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>mínimos<span class="blank"> </span>lo<span class="blank _6"> </span>cales<span class="blank"> </span>corresp<span class="blank _6"> </span>onde<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>primera<span class="blank"> </span>franja<span class="blank"> </span>oscura<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>derec<span class="blank _3"></span>ha</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y43 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws32">del<span class="blank"> </span>máximo<span class="blank"> </span>cen<span class="blank _0"></span>tral<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>orden<span class="blank"> </span>-1<span class="blank"> </span>corresp<span class="blank _4"> </span>onde<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>primera<span class="blank"> </span>franja<span class="blank"> </span>oscura<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>izquierda<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>máximo</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y44 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws33">cen<span class="blank _0"></span>tral.<span class="blank"> </span>El<span class="blank"> </span>orden<span class="blank"> </span>2<span class="blank"> </span>corresp<span class="blank _4"> </span>onde<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>segunda<span class="blank"> </span>franja<span class="blank"> </span>oscura<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>derec<span class="blank _0"></span>ha<span class="blank _9"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>máximo<span class="blank"> </span>central<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>el</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y45 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws34">orden<span class="blank"> </span>-2<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>segunda<span class="blank"> </span>franja<span class="blank"> </span>oscura<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>izquierda<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>máximo<span class="blank"> </span>cen<span class="blank _0"></span>tral,<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>así<span class="blank"> </span>sucesiv<span class="blank _0"></span>amente.<span class="blank"> </span>Lo</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y46 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">mismo<span class="blank"> </span>aplica<span class="blank"> </span>para<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>máximos<span class="blank"> </span>parciales</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y47 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws35">En<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>caso<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>rendija,<span class="blank"> </span>para<span class="blank"> </span>estudiar<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>in<span class="blank _3"></span>tensidad<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>cada<span class="blank"> </span>uno<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>órdenes<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>difracción<span class="blank"> </span>para</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y48 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws36">los<span class="blank"> </span>máximos<span class="blank"> </span>parciales<span class="blank"> </span>o<span class="blank"> </span>para<span class="blank"> </span>encon<span class="blank _0"></span>trar<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>p<span class="blank _4"> </span>osición<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>cada<span class="blank"> </span>uno<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>mínimos<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>cada<span class="blank"> </span>orden<span class="blank"> </span>de</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y49 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws37">difracción,<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>deb<span class="blank _6"> </span>erá<span class="blank"> </span>o<span class="blank _6"> </span>cupar<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>ecuación<span class="blank"> </span>seno<span class="blank"> </span>cardinal<span class="blank"> </span>elev<span class="blank _0"></span>ada<span class="blank"> </span>al<span class="blank"> </span>cuadrado,<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>cual<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>de\ufb01ne<span class="blank"> </span>como:</div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf4" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="4"><div class="pc pc4 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x11 y4a w4 hb" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/f1cbe07e-c063-4d89-a655-bcb089addbd5/bg4.png"><div class="t m0 x12 hc y4b ff9 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws13">sinc<span class="ffa fs5 ls5 v1">2</span><span class="ff8 ws12">(</span><span class="ls6">x</span><span class="ff8 ws38">)<span class="blank"> </span>=<span class="blank _9"> </span><span class="ws12 v2">sin</span><span class="ffa fs5 ls7 v3">2</span><span class="ws12 v2">(</span></span><span class="ls6 v2">x</span><span class="ff8 v2">)</span></div><div class="t m0 x13 hd y4c ff9 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls6">x<span class="ffa fs5 ls0 v4">2</span></div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y4d ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws39">Donde<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>ceros<span class="blank"> </span>o<span class="blank"> </span>mínimos<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>función<span class="blank"> </span>seno<span class="blank"> </span>cardinal<span class="blank"> </span>elev<span class="blank _0"></span>ada<span class="blank"> </span>al<span class="blank"> </span>cuadrado<span class="blank"> </span>serán<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>mismos<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>la</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y4e ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3a">función<span class="blank"> </span>sin<span class="blank"> </span>elev<span class="blank _a"></span>ar<span class="blank _9"> </span>al<span class="blank"> </span>cuadrado,<span class="blank"> </span>por<span class="blank"> </span>lo<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>estos<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>encontrarán<span class="blank"> </span>cuando<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>argumen<span class="blank _0"></span>to<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>seno<span class="blank"> </span>sea</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y4f ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">un<span class="blank"> </span>m<span class="blank _0"></span>últiplo<span class="blank"> </span>entero<span class="blank"> </span>(positivo<span class="blank"> </span>o<span class="blank"> </span>negativ<span class="blank _0"></span>o)<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff9 ls8">\u03c0</span>,<span class="blank"> </span>es<span class="blank"> </span>decir:</div><div class="t m0 x14 he y50 ff8 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3b">sin<span class="blank"> </span>(<span class="ff9 ls6">x</span><span class="ls9 ws3c">)=0</span><span class="ffb ws3d">\u21d0<span class="blank _1"></span>\u21d2<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff9 lsa">x<span class="ff8 lsb">=</span><span class="ls0 ws3e">k\u03c0<span class="blank _5"> </span><span class="ff8 ws12">=<span class="blank _b"></span><span class="ffb ws3f">\u21d2|<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff9 lsc">k</span><span class="lsd">|</span><span class="ff8 ws38">=<span class="blank"> </span>1<span class="ff9 lse">,</span><span class="ws12">2<span class="ff9 ws40">,<span class="blank"> </span>...,<span class="blank"> </span>n.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y51 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws41">En<span class="blank"> </span>n<span class="blank _0"></span>uestro<span class="blank"> </span>caso,<span class="blank"> </span>dado<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>patrón<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>difracción<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>F<span class="blank _a"></span>raunhofer<span class="blank"> </span>dep<span class="blank _6"> </span>ende<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>ancho<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>rendija<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff9 ls1">\u03c9</span>,</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y52 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws42">de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>longitud<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>onda<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>láser<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>HeNe<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff9 lsf">\u03bb</span><span class="ff8 ws38">=<span class="blank"> </span>633<span class="ff9 ws13">nm</span></span>,<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>distancia<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank _0"></span>tre<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>pantalla<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>observ<span class="blank _a"></span>ación</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y53 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws43">del<span class="blank"> </span>patrón<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>rendija<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff9 ls10">z</span>,<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>p<span class="blank _6"> </span>osición<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>mínimo<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>orden<span class="blank"> </span>k-ésimo<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>difracción<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>estudia,</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y54 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">en<span class="blank _0"></span>tonces<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>argumento<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>función<span class="blank"> </span>seno<span class="blank"> </span>cardinal<span class="blank"> </span>tendrá<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>dic<span class="blank _0"></span>hos<span class="blank"> </span>parámetros<span class="blank"> </span>incluidos,<span class="blank"> </span>es<span class="blank"> </span>decir:</div><div class="t m0 x15 hf y55 ff9 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws13">sinc<span class="ffa fs5 ls11 v1">2</span><span class="ff8 ls12">(</span><span class="ws44 v2">\u03c9<span class="blank"> </span>x</span><span class="ffc fs5 v5">k</span></div><div class="t m0 x16 h10 y56 ff9 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws45">\u03bbz<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff8 ws38 v2">)<span class="blank"> </span>=<span class="blank _9"> </span><span class="ws12 v6">sin</span></span><span class="ffa fs5 ls7 v7">2</span><span class="ff8 ls12 v8">(</span><span class="ffc fs5 ws46 v7">\u03c9<span class="blank"> </span>x</span><span class="ffd fs6 v9">k</span></div><div class="t m0 x17 h11 y57 ffc fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws47">\u03bbz<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff8 fs4 va">)</span></div><div class="t m0 x18 h12 y56 ff8 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls13">(<span class="ffc fs5 ls0 ws46 v1">\u03c9<span class="blank"> </span>x<span class="ffd fs6 vb">k</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x19 h13 y58 ffc fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws48">\u03bbz<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff8 fs4 ws12 va">)</span><span class="ffa vc">2</span></div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y59 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws49">Al<span class="blank"> </span>hallar<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>ceros<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>función<span class="blank"> </span>seno<span class="blank"> </span>cardinal,<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>este<span class="blank"> </span>caso,<span class="blank"> </span>es<span class="blank"> </span>conv<span class="blank _0"></span>enien<span class="blank _0"></span>te<span class="blank"> </span>utilizar<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>versión</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y5a ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4a">normalizada<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>función<span class="blank"> </span>seno<span class="blank"> </span>cardinal,<span class="blank"> </span>donde<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>argumen<span class="blank _0"></span>to<span class="blank"> </span>deb<span class="blank _4"> </span>erá<span class="blank"> </span>m<span class="blank _0"></span>ultiplicarse<span class="blank"> </span>p<span class="blank _4"> </span>or<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff9 ls14">\u03c0</span>,<span class="blank"> </span>al<span class="blank"> </span>igualar</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y5b ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4b">dic<span class="blank _0"></span>ho<span class="blank"> </span>argumento<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff9 ws3e">k<span class="blank"> </span>\u03c0<span class="blank _5"> </span></span>obtendremos<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>ubicación<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>ceros<span class="blank"> </span>o<span class="blank"> </span>mínimos<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>función<span class="blank"> </span>seno<span class="blank"> </span>cardinal</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y5c ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">normalizada<span class="blank"> </span>elev<span class="blank _a"></span>ada<span class="blank"> </span>al<span class="blank"> </span>cuadrado,<span class="blank"> </span>p<span class="blank _4"> </span>or<span class="blank"> </span>lo<span class="blank"> </span>tan<span class="blank _3"></span>to:</div><div class="t m0 x16 h14 y5d ff9 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls15 ws4c">\u03c0\u03c9x<span class="blank _0"></span><span class="ffc fs5 ls0 vd">k</span></div><div class="t m0 x1a h15 y5e ff9 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4d">\u03bbz<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff8 lsb v2">=</span><span class="ws4e v2">k<span class="blank"> </span>\u03c0</span></div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y5f ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws4f">Si<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>considera<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>separación<span class="blank"> </span>angular<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank _0"></span>tre<span class="blank"> </span>máximos<span class="blank"> </span>parciales<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>mínimos<span class="blank"> </span>es<span class="blank"> </span>muy<span class="blank"> </span>pequeña,</div><div class="t m0 xe h12 y60 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws50">lo<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>signi\ufb01ca<span class="blank"> </span>hacer<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>apro<span class="blank _0"></span>ximación:<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff9 ls16">\u03b8<span class="ffb ls17">\u2248</span></span><span class="ff8 ws51">sin<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff9 ls18">\u03b8<span class="ffb ls17">\u2248</span></span><span class="ws52">tan<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff9 ls16">\u03b8</span><span class="ls19">=<span class="ffc fs5 ls1a v1">x</span></span><span class="ffd fs6 v4">k</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1b h16 y61 ffc fs5 fc0 sc0 ls1b">z<span class="ff7 fs4 ls0 ws50 va">,<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank _0"></span>tonces<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>expresión<span class="blank"> </span>anterior<span class="blank"> </span>se</span></div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y62 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">con<span class="blank _0"></span>vertirá<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>lo<span class="blank"> </span>siguien<span class="blank _0"></span>te:</div><div class="t m0 x1c hf y63 ff8 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws51">sin<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff9 ls1c">\u03b8</span><span class="ls1d">=</span><span class="ff9 ws3e v2">k<span class="blank"> </span>\u03bb</span></div><div class="t m0 x1a h17 y64 ff9 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1e">\u03c9<span class="ff8 ls0 ws12 v2">=<span class="blank _b"></span><span class="ffb ls1f">\u21d2<span class="ff9 ls20">\u03c9<span class="ff8 ls21">=</span><span class="ls0 ws4e v2">k<span class="blank"> </span>\u03bbz</span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1d h14 y64 ff9 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls6">x<span class="ffc fs5 ls0 vd">k</span></div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y65 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws53">Donde<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff9 ls22">\u03c9</span><span class="ws54">es<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>anc<span class="blank _0"></span>ho<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank _c"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>rendija,<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff8 ws55">sin<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff9 ls23">\u03b8</span></span>represen<span class="blank _0"></span>ta<span class="blank _c"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>separación<span class="blank"> </span>angular<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>ha<span class="blank _0"></span>y<span class="blank _c"> </span>en<span class="blank _0"></span>tre<span class="blank"> </span>las<span class="blank"> </span>franjas</span></div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y66 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2e">(que<span class="blank"> </span>escribimos<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>términos<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>separación<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>ha<span class="blank _0"></span>y<span class="blank"> </span>entre<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>mínimos<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff9 ls6">x<span class="ffc fs5 ls24 vd">k</span></span>y<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>distancia<span class="blank"> </span>pan<span class="blank _0"></span>talla-</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y67 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws56">rendija<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff9 ls10">z</span><span class="ws57">),<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff9 ls25">\u03bb</span><span class="ws58">es<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>tamaño<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>longitud<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>onda<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>luz<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>pasa<span class="blank"> </span>por<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>rendija<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff9 ls26">k</span><span class="ws4b">es<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>número</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y68 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">corresp<span class="blank _6"> </span>ondien<span class="blank _3"></span>te<span class="blank"> </span>al<span class="blank"> </span>orden<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>difracción<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>p<span class="blank _6"> </span>osición<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff9 ls6">x</span><span class="ffc fs5 vd">k</span></div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y69 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws59">En<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>caso<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>tengamos<span class="blank"> </span>una<span class="blank"> </span>ab<span class="blank _6"> </span>ertura<span class="blank"> </span>circular<span class="blank"> </span>(pinhole)<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>diámetro<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff9 ls2">D</span>,<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>patrón<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank _0"></span>a<span class="blank"> </span>no<span class="blank"> </span>estará</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y6a ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws9">compuesto<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>líneas<span class="blank"> </span>rectas<span class="blank"> </span>sino<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>aros<span class="blank"> </span>concén<span class="blank _3"></span>tricos,<span class="blank"> </span>así<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>para<span class="blank"> </span>estudiar<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>in<span class="blank _0"></span>tensidad<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>deb<span class="blank _4"> </span>erá</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y6b ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws5a">o<span class="blank _6"> </span>cupar<span class="blank"> </span>una<span class="blank"> </span>ecuación<span class="blank"> </span>más<span class="blank"> </span>compleja<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>seno<span class="blank"> </span>cardinal,<span class="blank"> </span>dicha<span class="blank"> </span>ecuación<span class="blank"> </span>con<span class="blank _0"></span>tendría<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>su<span class="blank"> </span>argumen<span class="blank _0"></span>to</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y6c ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws5b">a<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>in<span class="blank _0"></span>tensidad<span class="blank"> </span>registrada<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>máximo<span class="blank"> </span>central<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff9 ls27">I</span><span class="ff8 ws12">(0)</span>,<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>función<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>Bessel<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>orden<span class="blank"> </span>1<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff9 ls28">J<span class="ffa fs5 ls11 vd">1</span></span><span class="ff8 ws12">(<span class="ff9 ls29">\u03b1</span><span class="ls2a">)</span></span>,<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>la</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y6d ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws5c">longitud<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>onda<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>láser<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff9 ws13">\u03bb</span>,<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>diámetro<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff9 ls2b">D</span><span class="ff8 ws5d">=<span class="blank"> </span>2<span class="ff9 ls2c">R<span class="ffc fs5 ls2d vd">r</span></span></span><span class="wsc">del<span class="blank"> </span>pinhole<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>separación<span class="blank"> </span>angular<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff9 ls2e">\u03b8</span>en<span class="blank _3"></span>tre<span class="blank"> </span>los</span></div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y6e ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">mínimos<span class="blank"> </span>lo<span class="blank _6"> </span>cales<span class="blank"> </span>o<span class="blank"> </span>máximos<span class="blank"> </span>parciales,<span class="blank"> </span>es<span class="blank"> </span>decir,<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>aros<span class="blank"> </span>oscuros<span class="blank"> </span>o<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>aros<span class="blank"> </span>iluminados.</div><div class="t m0 x1e h18 y6f ff9 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls27">I<span class="ff8 ls2a">(</span><span class="ls0 ws5e">x,<span class="blank _d"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff8 ws5f">)<span class="blank"> </span>=<span class="blank"> </span></span></span>I<span class="ff8 ls0 ws60">(0)(<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ws12 v2">2</span></span><span class="ls28 v2">J</span><span class="ffa fs5 ls11 v5">1</span><span class="ff8 ls2a v2">(</span><span class="ls29 v2">\u03b1<span class="ff8 ls0">)</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1f h19 y70 ff9 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls2f">\u03b1<span class="ff8 ls0 ws12 v2">)</span><span class="ffa fs5 ls11 v3">2</span><span class="ff8 lse v2">;</span><span class="ls30 v2">\u03b1<span class="ff8 ls1d">=<span class="ls0 ws12 v2">2</span></span></span><span class="ls0 ws44 ve">\u03c0<span class="blank"> </span>R</span><span class="ffc fs5 ls31 vf">r</span><span class="ff8 ls0 ws55 ve">sin<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff9">\u03b8</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x20 h14 y70 ff9 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0">\u03bb</div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf5" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="5"><div class="pc pc5 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x21 y71 w5 h1a" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/f1cbe07e-c063-4d89-a655-bcb089addbd5/bg5.png"><div class="t m0 xe h9 y2f ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws61">Donde<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>hará<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>tratamien<span class="blank _0"></span>to<span class="blank"> </span>bastante<span class="blank"> </span>similar<span class="blank"> </span>al<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>hizo<span class="blank"> </span>con<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>función<span class="blank"> </span>seno<span class="blank"> </span>cardinal.<span class="blank"> </span>Ini-</div><div class="t m0 xe h1b y30 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsd">cialmen<span class="blank _0"></span>te,<span class="blank"> </span>también<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>hará<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>apro<span class="blank _0"></span>ximación<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff9 ls32">\u03b8<span class="ffb ls33">\u2248</span></span><span class="ff8 ws51">sin<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff9 ls34">\u03b8<span class="ffb ls35">\u2248</span></span><span class="ws52">tan<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff9 ls34">\u03b8</span><span class="ls36">=<span class="ffc fs5 ls1a v1">x</span></span><span class="ffd fs6 v4">k</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x22 h1c y72 ffc fs5 fc0 sc0 ls37">z<span class="ff7 fs4 ls0 wsd va">.<span class="blank"> </span>Se<span class="blank"> </span>hará<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>sustitución</span></div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y31 ff8 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws12">2<span class="ff9 ws13">R<span class="ffc fs5 ls38 vd">r</span></span><span class="ls39">=<span class="ff9 ls3a">D</span></span><span class="ff7 ws62">y<span class="blank"> </span>al<span class="blank"> </span>\ufb01nal<span class="blank"> </span>únicamen<span class="blank _0"></span>te<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>deb<span class="blank _4"> </span>erá<span class="blank"> </span>igualar<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>argumen<span class="blank _0"></span>to<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>función<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>Bessel<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>orden<span class="blank"> </span>1</span></div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y32 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws27">a<span class="blank"> </span>sus<span class="blank"> </span>resp<span class="blank _6"> </span>ectiv<span class="blank _0"></span>as<span class="blank"> </span>raíces<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff9 ws13">R<span class="ffa fs5 ls11 vd">1</span><span class="ws63">,<span class="blank"> </span>R<span class="ffa fs5 ls11 vd">2</span><span class="ws40">,<span class="blank"> </span>...,<span class="blank"> </span>R<span class="ffc fs5 ls3b vd">n</span></span></span></span><span class="ws64">obtenidas<span class="blank"> </span>median<span class="blank _3"></span>te<span class="blank"> </span>méto<span class="blank _6"> </span>dos<span class="blank"> </span>n<span class="blank _0"></span>uméricos.<span class="blank"> </span>A<span class="blank"> </span>contin<span class="blank _0"></span>uación<span class="blank"> </span>se</span></div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y73 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">m<span class="blank _0"></span>uestra<span class="blank"> </span>una<span class="blank"> </span>tabla<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>las<span class="blank _5"> </span>raíces<span class="blank"> </span>o<span class="blank"> </span>ceros<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>algunas<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>las<span class="blank"> </span>funciones<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>Bessel.</div><div class="t m0 x23 h9 y74 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">Figura<span class="blank"> </span>3:<span class="blank"> </span>Raíces<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>algunas<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>las<span class="blank"> </span>funciones<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>Bessel<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff9 ls28">J<span class="ffc fs5 ls3c vd">n</span></span><span class="ff8 ws12">(<span class="ff9 ls29">\u03b1</span><span class="ls3d">)</span></span><span class="ws65">con<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff9 ls3e">n</span><span class="ff8 ws38">=<span class="blank"> </span>0<span class="ff9 ls3f">,</span><span class="ls40">1<span class="ff9 lse">,</span></span>2</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y75 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">En<span class="blank _0"></span>tonces,<span class="blank"> </span>para<span class="blank"> </span>obtener<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>ceros<span class="blank _5"> </span>tendremos<span class="blank"> </span>lo<span class="blank"> </span>siguien<span class="blank _0"></span>te:</div><div class="t m0 x21 he y76 ff8 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls40">2<span class="ff9 ls0 ws44">\u03c0<span class="blank"> </span>R<span class="ffc fs5 ls41 vd">r</span></span><span class="ls0 ws51">sin<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff9">\u03b8</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x24 h1d y77 ff9 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls42">\u03bb<span class="ff8 ls1d v2">=</span><span class="ls0 ws66 ve">D<span class="blank"> </span>\u03c0<span class="blank"> </span>x<span class="ffc fs5 vd">k</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x15 h1d y77 ff9 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws67">\u03bbz<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff8 lsb v2">=</span><span class="ls2c v2">R</span><span class="ffc fs5 ls43 v5">k</span><span class="ws63 v2">,<span class="blank"> </span>k<span class="blank _c"> </span><span class="ff8 ws38">=<span class="blank"> </span>1<span class="ff9 lse">,</span><span class="ws12">2<span class="ff9 ws40">,<span class="blank"> </span>...,<span class="blank"> </span>n<span class="blank _c"> </span></span>=<span class="blank _b"></span><span class="ffb ls1f">\u21d2<span class="ff9 ls44">D<span class="ff8 ls1d">=</span><span class="ls0 ws13 v2">R</span><span class="ffc fs5 ls45 v5">k</span><span class="ls0 v2">\u03bbz</span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x25 h14 y77 ff9 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws44">\u03c0<span class="blank"> </span>x<span class="ffc fs5 vd">k</span></div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y78 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws17">Finalmen<span class="blank _0"></span>te,<span class="blank"> </span>para<span class="blank"> </span>explicar<span class="blank"> </span>p<span class="blank _4"> </span>or<span class="blank"> </span>qué<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>patrón<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>difracción<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>una<span class="blank"> </span>rendija<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>cab<span class="blank _6"> </span>ello<span class="blank"> </span>humano</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y79 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws68">son<span class="blank"> </span>considerablemen<span class="blank _0"></span>te<span class="blank"> </span>parecidos<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>emplea<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>principio<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>Babinet,<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>cual<span class="blank"> </span>nos<span class="blank"> </span>dice<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>difracción</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y7a ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws35">relativ<span class="blank _a"></span>a<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>indica<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>patrón<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>difracción<span class="blank"> </span>creado<span class="blank"> </span>p<span class="blank _4"> </span>or<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>cuerp<span class="blank _6"> </span>o<span class="blank"> </span>opaco<span class="blank"> </span>(obstáculo<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>no<span class="blank"> </span>deja</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y7b ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws69">pasar<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>luz),<span class="blank"> </span>es<span class="blank"> </span>idén<span class="blank _3"></span>tica<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>agujero<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>mismo<span class="blank"> </span>tamaño<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>forma,<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>excep<span class="blank _6"> </span>ción<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>intensidad</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y7c ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws6a">global<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>haz<span class="blank"> </span>hacia<span class="blank"> </span>adelan<span class="blank _0"></span>te.<span class="blank"> </span>Es<span class="blank"> </span>decir,<span class="blank _7"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>difracción<span class="blank"> </span>e<span class="blank"> </span>in<span class="blank _0"></span>terferencia<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>obstáculos<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>ob<span class="blank _4"> </span>jetos</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y7d ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws21">complemen<span class="blank _0"></span>tarios,<span class="blank"> </span>como<span class="blank"> </span>lo<span class="blank _9"> </span>es<span class="blank"> </span>una<span class="blank"> </span>rendija<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>cab<span class="blank _6"> </span>ello,<span class="blank"> </span>prov<span class="blank _0"></span>o<span class="blank _6"> </span>carán<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>patrón<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>misma<span class="blank"> </span>forma</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y7e ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">alrededor<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>imagen<span class="blank"> </span>cen<span class="blank _0"></span>tral.</div><div class="t m0 x26 h9 y7f ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">Figura<span class="blank"> </span>4:<span class="blank"> </span>Esquema<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>principio<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>Babinet</div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf6" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="6"><div class="pc pc6 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x27 y80 w6 h1e" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/f1cbe07e-c063-4d89-a655-bcb089addbd5/bg6.png"><div class="t m0 xe h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws16">Materiales<span class="blank _e"> </span>y<span class="blank _e"> </span>pro<span class="blank"> </span>cedimien<span class="blank _0"></span>tos</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 yf ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws6b">P<span class="blank _0"></span>ara<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>monta<span class="blank _6"> </span>je<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>5<span class="blank"> </span>ob<span class="blank _8"> </span>jetos<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>utilizaremos<span class="blank"> </span>para<span class="blank"> </span>estudiar<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>fenómeno<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>difracción<span class="blank"> </span>se</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y10 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws6a">necesitará<span class="blank"> </span>armar<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>arreglo<span class="blank"> </span>exp<span class="blank _6"> </span>erimen<span class="blank _0"></span>tal<span class="blank"> </span>semejante<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>cada<span class="blank"> </span>caso<span class="blank"> </span>(la<span class="blank"> </span>única<span class="blank"> </span>diferencia<span class="blank"> </span>será<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>la</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y11 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws31">colo<span class="blank _6"> </span>cación<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>mon<span class="blank _0"></span>tura<span class="blank"> </span>corresp<span class="blank _4"> </span>ondien<span class="blank _0"></span>te<span class="blank"> </span>para<span class="blank"> </span>las<span class="blank"> </span>rendijas<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>para<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>pinholes).<span class="blank"> </span>Es<span class="blank"> </span>decir,<span class="blank"> </span>tendremos</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y12 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsa">un<span class="blank"> </span>tronco<span class="blank"> </span>com<span class="blank _0"></span>ún<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>materiales<span class="blank"> </span>necesarios<span class="blank"> </span>para<span class="blank"> </span>cada<span class="blank"> </span>essambla<span class="blank _4"> </span>je.<span class="blank"> </span>A<span class="blank _3"></span>demás,<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>láser<span class="blank"> </span>deb<span class="blank _6"> </span>erá<span class="blank"> </span>estar</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y13 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws6c">previamen<span class="blank _0"></span>te<span class="blank"> </span>alineado<span class="blank"> </span>horizontalmen<span class="blank _0"></span>te<span class="blank"> </span>(paralelo<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>mesa),<span class="blank"> </span>p<span class="blank _4"> </span>or<span class="blank"> </span>lo<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>requerirá<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>kit<span class="blank"> </span>básico<span class="blank"> </span>de</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y81 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws6d">materiales<span class="blank"> </span>para<span class="blank"> </span>su<span class="blank"> </span>alineación.<span class="blank"> </span>Los<span class="blank"> </span>cuales<span class="blank"> </span>son:<span class="blank"> </span>1<span class="blank"> </span>riel,<span class="blank"> </span>1<span class="blank"> </span>p<span class="blank _6"> </span>orta<span class="blank _0"></span>v<span class="blank _0"></span>ástagos,<span class="blank"> </span>1<span class="blank"> </span>v<span class="blank _0"></span>ástago,<span class="blank"> </span>1<span class="blank"> </span>carrito,<span class="blank"> </span>1<span class="blank"> </span>montura</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y82 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">para<span class="blank"> </span>\ufb01ltro,<span class="blank"> </span>1<span class="blank"> </span>pap<span class="blank _6"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>con<span class="blank"> </span>agujero<span class="blank"> </span>hecho<span class="blank"> </span>por<span class="blank"> </span>una<span class="blank"> </span>tach<span class="blank _0"></span>uela,<span class="blank"> </span>tornillos,<span class="blank"> </span>lla<span class="blank _0"></span>ves<span class="blank"> </span>allen,<span class="blank"> </span>desarmadores.</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y83 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">Después<span class="blank"> </span>necesitaremos<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>siguien<span class="blank _3"></span>tes<span class="blank"> </span>materiales<span class="blank"> </span>extra:</div><div class="t m0 x1 h9 y84 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">1<span class="blank"> </span>Arreglo<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>láser<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>HeNe<span class="blank"> </span>previamen<span class="blank _3"></span>te<span class="blank"> </span>alineado</div><div class="t m0 x1 h9 y85 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">1<span class="blank"> </span>Base<span class="blank"> </span>plana</div><div class="t m0 x1 h9 y86 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">1<span class="blank"> </span>P<span class="blank _0"></span>ortav<span class="blank _a"></span>ástagos<span class="blank"> </span>*</div><div class="t m0 x1 h9 y87 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">1<span class="blank"> </span>Vástago<span class="blank"> </span>*</div><div class="t m0 x1 h9 y88 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">1<span class="blank"> </span>Mon<span class="blank _0"></span>tura<span class="blank"> </span>universal<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>forma<span class="blank"> </span>circular</div><div class="t m0 x1 h9 y89 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">1<span class="blank"> </span>Mon<span class="blank _0"></span>tura<span class="blank"> </span>universal<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>forma<span class="blank"> </span>cuadrada</div><div class="t m0 x1 h9 y8a ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">1<span class="blank"> </span>Rendija<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>difracción<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>300<span class="blank"> </span>micrómetros<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>ancho</div><div class="t m0 x1 h9 y8b ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">1<span class="blank"> </span>Rendija<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>difracción<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>150<span class="blank"> </span>micrómetros<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>ancho</div><div class="t m0 x1 h9 y8c ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">1<span class="blank"> </span>Pinhole<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>difracción<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>300<span class="blank"> </span>micrómetros<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>diámetro</div><div class="t m0 x1 h9 y8d ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">1<span class="blank"> </span>Pinhole<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>difracción<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>200<span class="blank"> </span>micrómetros<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>diámetro</div><div class="t m0 x1 h9 y8e ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">1<span class="blank"> </span>Cab<span class="blank _6"> </span>ello<span class="blank"> </span>humano</div><div class="t m0 x1 h9 y8f ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">1<span class="blank"> </span>P<span class="blank _0"></span>antalla<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>observ<span class="blank _a"></span>ación</div><div class="t m0 x1 h9 y90 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws6e">1<span class="blank _f"> </span>Ho<span class="blank"> </span>ja</div><div class="t m0 x1 h9 y91 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">1<span class="blank"> </span>Cin<span class="blank _0"></span>ta<span class="blank"> </span>Adhesiv<span class="blank _a"></span>a</div><div class="t m0 x1 h9 y92 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">T<span class="blank _2"></span>ornillos<span class="blank"> </span>*</div><div class="t m0 x1 h9 y93 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">Desarmadores<span class="blank"> </span>*</div><div class="t m0 x1 h9 y94 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">Lla<span class="blank _0"></span>ves<span class="blank"> </span>tipo<span class="blank"> </span>Allen<span class="blank"> </span>*</div><div class="t m0 x1 h9 y95 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">Flexómetro<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>regla</div><div class="t m0 x27 h9 y96 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">Donde<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>materiales<span class="blank"> </span>con<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>asterisco<span class="blank"> </span>son<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>reutilizaremos<span class="blank"> </span>luego<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>alinear<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>láser.</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y97 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws37">Una<span class="blank"> </span>v<span class="blank _0"></span>ez<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>alineó<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>láser,<span class="blank"> </span>comenzaremos<span class="blank"> </span>\ufb01jando<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>base<span class="blank"> </span>plana<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>mesa<span class="blank"> </span>enfrente<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>láser,<span class="blank"> </span>de</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y98 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws6f">tal<span class="blank"> </span>manera<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>p<span class="blank _6"> </span>orta<span class="blank _0"></span>v<span class="blank _0"></span>ástagos<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>le<span class="blank"> </span>colo<span class="blank _6"> </span>quemos<span class="blank"> </span>quede<span class="blank"> </span>enfrente<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>láser<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>alineado,<span class="blank"> </span>le<span class="blank"> </span>pondrémos</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y99 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws29">su<span class="blank"> </span>resp<span class="blank _6"> </span>ectiv<span class="blank _3"></span>o<span class="blank"> </span>v<span class="blank _a"></span>ástago<span class="blank"> </span>donde<span class="blank"> </span>encima<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>él<span class="blank"> </span>irá<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>montura<span class="blank"> </span>correspondiente<span class="blank"> </span>según<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>experimento<span class="blank"> </span>que</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y9a ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws2c">queramos<span class="blank"> </span>realizar.<span class="blank"> </span>La<span class="blank"> </span>mon<span class="blank _0"></span>tura<span class="blank"> </span>universal<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>forma<span class="blank"> </span>circular<span class="blank"> </span>será<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>mon<span class="blank _0"></span>tará<span class="blank"> </span>sobre<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>v<span class="blank _0"></span>ástago</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y9b ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws70">para<span class="blank"> </span>colo<span class="blank _6"> </span>car<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>pinholes,<span class="blank"> </span>mien<span class="blank _0"></span>tras<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>montura<span class="blank"> </span>univ<span class="blank _0"></span>ersal<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>forma<span class="blank"> </span>rectangular<span class="blank"> </span>será<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>se</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y9c ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">mon<span class="blank _0"></span>tará<span class="blank"> </span>sobre<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>v<span class="blank _0"></span>ástago<span class="blank"> </span>para<span class="blank"> </span>colo<span class="blank _6"> </span>car<span class="blank"> </span>las<span class="blank"> </span>rendijas.</div><div class="t m0 x27 h9 y9d ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws71">La<span class="blank"> </span>rendija<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>pinholes<span class="blank"> </span>deb<span class="blank _6"> </span>erán<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>estar<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>forma<span class="blank"> </span>p<span class="blank _6"> </span>erp<span class="blank _6"> </span>endicular<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>mesa,<span class="blank"> </span>totalmente<span class="blank"> </span>\ufb01jos</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y9e ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws15">en<span class="blank"> </span>su<span class="blank"> </span>mon<span class="blank _0"></span>tura<span class="blank"> </span>para<span class="blank"> </span>evitar<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>inc<span class="blank _6"> </span>linen<span class="blank"> </span>hacia<span class="blank"> </span>alguna<span class="blank"> </span>dirección.<span class="blank"> </span>En<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>caso<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>cab<span class="blank _6"> </span>ello<span class="blank"> </span>humano,</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y9f ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws72">se<span class="blank"> </span>deb<span class="blank _6"> </span>erá<span class="blank"> </span>p<span class="blank _6"> </span>egar<span class="blank"> </span>paralelo<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>sup<span class="blank _6"> </span>er\ufb01cie<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>salida<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>láser<span class="blank"> </span>con<span class="blank"> </span>ayuda<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>cin<span class="blank _0"></span>ta<span class="blank"> </span>adhesiv<span class="blank _0"></span>a,<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>tal</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 ya0 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws73">forma<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>quede<span class="blank"> </span>lo<span class="blank"> </span>más<span class="blank"> </span>p<span class="blank _6"> </span>erp<span class="blank _6"> </span>endicular<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>alineado<span class="blank"> </span>p<span class="blank _6"> </span>osib<span class="blank _6"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>resp<span class="blank _6"> </span>ecto<span class="blank"> </span>al<span class="blank"> </span>haz,<span class="blank"> </span>hasta<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>observe<span class="blank"> </span>en</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 ya1 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">la<span class="blank"> </span>pan<span class="blank _0"></span>talla<span class="blank"> </span>claramente<span class="blank"> </span>su<span class="blank"> </span>patrón<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>difracción.</div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf7" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="7"><div class="pc pc7 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x28 ya2 w7 h1f" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/f1cbe07e-c063-4d89-a655-bcb089addbd5/bg7.png"><div class="t m0 x27 h9 y2f ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws74">Finalmen<span class="blank _0"></span>te,<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>nuestro<span class="blank"> </span>caso<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>pan<span class="blank _0"></span>talla<span class="blank"> </span>donde<span class="blank"> </span>observ<span class="blank _0"></span>aremos<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>patrón<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>difracción<span class="blank"> </span>resultante</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y30 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws75">será<span class="blank"> </span>una<span class="blank"> </span>placa<span class="blank"> </span>metálica<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>colo<span class="blank _6"> </span>cará<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>una<span class="blank"> </span>distancia<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff9 ls46">z</span>de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>rendija<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>forma<span class="blank"> </span>paralela<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>esta.</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y31 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws76">Dic<span class="blank _0"></span>ha<span class="blank"> </span>distancia<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff9 ls47">z</span><span class="ws77">nosotros<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>escogeremos<span class="blank"> </span>donde<span class="blank"> </span>mejor<span class="blank"> </span>p<span class="blank _6"> </span>o<span class="blank _4"> </span>damos<span class="blank"> </span>v<span class="blank _0"></span>er<span class="blank"> </span>las<span class="blank"> </span>franjas<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>patrón.<span class="blank"> </span>Luego,</span></div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y32 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws78">con<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank _0"></span>yuda<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>cinta<span class="blank"> </span>adhesiv<span class="blank _a"></span>a<span class="blank"> </span>p<span class="blank _6"> </span>egaremos<span class="blank"> </span>una<span class="blank"> </span>ho<span class="blank _8"> </span>ja<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>pantalla<span class="blank"> </span>donde<span class="blank"> </span>po<span class="blank _6"> </span>drémos<span class="blank"> </span>hacer<span class="blank"> </span>las</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y73 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">mediciones<span class="blank"> </span>con<span class="blank"> </span>1<span class="blank"> </span>lápiz<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>una<span class="blank"> </span>regla.</div><div class="t m0 xe h20 ya3 ffe fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws79">T<span class="blank _2"></span>oma<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>mediciones<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>las<span class="blank"> </span>rendijas</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 ya4 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7a">Una<span class="blank"> </span>v<span class="blank _0"></span>ez<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>sea<span class="blank"> </span>visible<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>pantalla<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>patrón<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>difracción<span class="blank"> </span>correspondiente<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>las<span class="blank"> </span>rendijas,<span class="blank"> </span>ubi-</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 ya5 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7b">caremos<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>máximo<span class="blank"> </span>cen<span class="blank _0"></span>tral<span class="blank _f"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>patrón.<span class="blank"> </span>Este<span class="blank"> </span>máximo<span class="blank"> </span>lucirá<span class="blank"> </span>como<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>punto<span class="blank"> </span>m<span class="blank _0"></span>uy<span class="blank"> </span>brillante.<span class="blank"> </span>Una<span class="blank"> </span>v<span class="blank _0"></span>ez</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 ya6 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7c">lo<span class="blank _6"> </span>calizado,<span class="blank"> </span>sobre<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>ho<span class="blank _4"> </span>ja<span class="blank"> </span>p<span class="blank _6"> </span>egada<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>pantalla<span class="blank"> </span>haremos<span class="blank"> </span>marcas<span class="blank"> </span>con<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>lápiz<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>ubicación<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>las</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 ya7 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7d">franjas<span class="blank"> </span>oscuras<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>v<span class="blank _0"></span>eamos<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>ambos<span class="blank"> </span>lados<span class="blank"> </span>(izquierda<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>derecha<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>máximo<span class="blank"> </span>cen<span class="blank _0"></span>tral),<span class="blank"> </span>es<span class="blank"> </span>decir,<span class="blank"> </span>mar-</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 ya8 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7e">caremos<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>mínimos<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>in<span class="blank _0"></span>tensidad<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>patrón.<span class="blank"> </span>Mientras<span class="blank"> </span>más<span class="blank"> </span>marcas<span class="blank"> </span>logremos<span class="blank"> </span>hacer<span class="blank"> </span>será<span class="blank"> </span>mejor.<span class="blank"> </span>Al</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 ya9 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws8">\ufb01nalizar,<span class="blank"> </span>desprenderemos<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>ho<span class="blank _4"> </span>ja<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>mediremos<span class="blank"> </span>con<span class="blank"> </span>una<span class="blank"> </span>regla,<span class="blank"> </span>o<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>ser<span class="blank"> </span>p<span class="blank _6"> </span>osible<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>instrumento<span class="blank"> </span>con</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 yaa ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws62">ma<span class="blank _0"></span>yor<span class="blank"> </span>precisión,<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>separación<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank _0"></span>tre<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>mínimos<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>etiquetaremos<span class="blank"> </span>según<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>orden<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>difracción</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 yab ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">que<span class="blank"> </span>represen<span class="blank _0"></span>tan<span class="blank"> </span>(-1,<span class="blank"> </span>1,<span class="blank"> </span>-2,<span class="blank"> </span>2,...<span class="blank _6"> </span>).</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 yac ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws19">El<span class="blank"> </span>arreglo<span class="blank"> </span>exp<span class="blank _6"> </span>erimen<span class="blank _3"></span>tal<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>las<span class="blank"> </span>rendijas<span class="blank"> </span>deb<span class="blank _6"> </span>erá<span class="blank"> </span>p<span class="blank _6"> </span>ermitirnos<span class="blank"> </span>analizar<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>exp<span class="blank _6"> </span>erimento<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>siguien<span class="blank _0"></span>te</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 yad ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0">manera:</div><div class="t m0 x29 h9 yae ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">Figura<span class="blank"> </span>5:<span class="blank"> </span>Esquema<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>arreglo<span class="blank"> </span>exp<span class="blank _6"> </span>erimental,<span class="blank"> </span>patrón<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>difracción<span class="blank"> </span>con<span class="blank"> </span>rendijas</div><div class="t m0 xe h20 yaf ffe fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws79">T<span class="blank _2"></span>oma<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>mediciones<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>pinholes</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 yb0 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws28">P<span class="blank _0"></span>or<span class="blank"> </span>otra<span class="blank"> </span>parte,<span class="blank"> </span>cuando<span class="blank"> </span>montemos<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>arreglo<span class="blank"> </span>experimental<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>pinholes<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>una<span class="blank"> </span>v<span class="blank _0"></span>ez<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>sea<span class="blank"> </span>visible<span class="blank"> </span>su</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 yb1 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws8">patrón<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>difracción,<span class="blank"> </span>tam<span class="blank _0"></span>bién<span class="blank"> </span>ubicaremos<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>máximo<span class="blank"> </span>central.<span class="blank"> </span>Este<span class="blank"> </span>máximo<span class="blank"> </span>lucirá<span class="blank"> </span>como<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>círculo</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 yb2 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7f">relleno<span class="blank"> </span>m<span class="blank _0"></span>uy<span class="blank"> </span>brillante.<span class="blank"> </span>Una<span class="blank"> </span>v<span class="blank _0"></span>ez<span class="blank"> </span>lo<span class="blank _6"> </span>calizado,<span class="blank"> </span>s<span class="blank _6"> </span>obre<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>ho<span class="blank _4"> </span>ja<span class="blank"> </span>p<span class="blank _6"> </span>egada<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>pantalla<span class="blank"> </span>haremos<span class="blank"> </span>marcas</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 yb3 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws80">con<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>lápiz<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>ubicación<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>las<span class="blank"> </span>franjas<span class="blank"> </span>oscuras<span class="blank"> </span>(en<span class="blank"> </span>este<span class="blank"> </span>caso<span class="blank"> </span>aros<span class="blank"> </span>oscuros,<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>represen<span class="blank _0"></span>tan</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 yb4 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws81">los<span class="blank"> </span>mínimos<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>in<span class="blank _0"></span>tensidad<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>patrón)<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>izquierda<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>derecha<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>máximo<span class="blank"> </span>cen<span class="blank _0"></span>tral<span class="blank"> </span>(o<span class="blank"> </span>arriba<span class="blank"> </span>y</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 yb5 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws82">aba<span class="blank _4"> </span>jo,<span class="blank"> </span>dado<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>simetría<span class="blank"> </span>radial<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>patrón).<span class="blank"> </span>Mientras<span class="blank"> </span>más<span class="blank"> </span>consigamos<span class="blank"> </span>distinguir<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>marcar,<span class="blank"> </span>mejor.</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 yb6 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws83">Al<span class="blank"> </span>\ufb01nalizar,<span class="blank"> </span>tam<span class="blank _0"></span>bién<span class="blank"> </span>desprenderemos<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>ho<span class="blank _8"> </span>ja<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>mediremos<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>separación<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank _3"></span>tre<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>mínimos<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>los</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 yb7 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">etiquetaremos<span class="blank"> </span>según<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>orden<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>difracción<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>representa<span class="blank _3"></span>n<span class="blank"> </span>(-1,<span class="blank"> </span>1,<span class="blank"> </span>-2,<span class="blank"> </span>2,...).</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 yb8 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">El<span class="blank"> </span>arreglo<span class="blank"> </span>exp<span class="blank _6"> </span>erimental<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>pinholes<span class="blank"> </span>deberá<span class="blank"> </span>p<span class="blank _6"> </span>ermitirnos<span class="blank"> </span>analizar<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>exp<span class="blank _6"> </span>erimento<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>siguien<span class="blank _0"></span>te</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 yb9 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0">manera:</div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf8" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="8"><div class="pc pc8 w0 h0"><img fetchpriority="low" loading="lazy" class="bi x28 yba w7 h21" alt="" src="https://files.passeidireto.com/f1cbe07e-c063-4d89-a655-bcb089addbd5/bg8.png"><div class="t m0 x29 h9 ybb ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">Figura<span class="blank"> </span>6:<span class="blank"> </span>Esquema<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>arreglo<span class="blank"> </span>exp<span class="blank _6"> </span>erimental,<span class="blank"> </span>patrón<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>difracción<span class="blank"> </span>con<span class="blank"> </span>pinholes</div><div class="t m0 xe h2 ybc ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Análisis<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>discución<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>datos</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 ybd ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws8">Después<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>realizaron<span class="blank"> </span>las<span class="blank"> </span>mediciones<span class="blank"> </span>directas<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>cálculos<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>las<span class="blank"> </span>v<span class="blank _0"></span>ariables<span class="blank"> </span>exp<span class="blank _6"> </span>erimen<span class="blank _0"></span>tales</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 ybe ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws84">in<span class="blank _0"></span>volucradas,<span class="blank"> </span>tam<span class="blank _0"></span>bién<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>hizo<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>análisis<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>propagación<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>errores<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>ancho<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff9 ls48">\u03c9</span>de<span class="blank"> </span>las<span class="blank"> </span>rendijas</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 ybf ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws85">utilizadas,<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>diámetro<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>pinholes<span class="blank"> </span>utilizados<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>calculó<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>anc<span class="blank _0"></span>ho<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff9 ls49">\u03c9</span>de<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>cab<span class="blank _4"> </span>ello<span class="blank"> </span>h<span class="blank _0"></span>umano</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 yc0 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws86">median<span class="blank _0"></span>te<span class="blank"> </span>las<span class="blank"> </span>mediciones<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>patrones<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>difracción<span class="blank"> </span>corresp<span class="blank _6"> </span>ondientes<span class="blank"> </span>para<span class="blank"> </span>cada<span class="blank"> </span>uno,<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>resultados</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 yc1 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">obtenidos<span class="blank"> </span>fueron<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>siguien<span class="blank _0"></span>tes.</div><div class="t m0 xe h20 yc2 ffe fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws79">Rendija<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>300<span class="blank"> </span>micras<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>anc<span class="blank _0"></span>ho</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 yc3 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws24">El<span class="blank"> </span>promedio<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>v<span class="blank _a"></span>alores<span class="blank"> </span>calculados<span class="blank"> </span>exp<span class="blank _6"> </span>erimentalmen<span class="blank _0"></span>te<span class="blank"> </span>para<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>ancho<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>primera<span class="blank"> </span>rendija,<span class="blank"> </span>de</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 yc4 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">anc<span class="blank _0"></span>ho<span class="blank"> </span>real<span class="blank"> </span>300<span class="blank"> </span>micras,<span class="blank"> </span>fue<span class="blank _5"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff9 ls4a">\u03c9<span class="ffc fs5 ls4b vd">P</span></span><span class="ff8 ws38">=<span class="blank"> </span>286<span class="ff9 ws13">,</span><span class="ws12">582<span class="ff9 ws87">µm<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffb ls4c">±</span></span>1<span class="ff9 lsd">,</span>336<span class="ff9 ws13">µm</span></span></span>,<span class="blank"> </span>dando<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>error<span class="blank"> </span>relativ<span class="blank _0"></span>o<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank _6"> </span>l<span class="blank"> </span>0.126<span class="blank _d"> </span>%</div><div class="t m0 xe h20 yc5 ffe fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws79">Rendija<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>150<span class="blank"> </span>micras<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>anc<span class="blank _0"></span>ho</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 yc6 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1a">El<span class="blank"> </span>promedio<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>v<span class="blank _a"></span>alores<span class="blank"> </span>calculados<span class="blank"> </span>exp<span class="blank _4"> </span>erimen<span class="blank _0"></span>talmente<span class="blank"> </span>para<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>anc<span class="blank _0"></span>ho<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>segunda<span class="blank"> </span>rendija,<span class="blank"> </span>de</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 yc7 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">anc<span class="blank _0"></span>ho<span class="blank"> </span>real<span class="blank"> </span>150<span class="blank"> </span>micras,<span class="blank"> </span>fue<span class="blank _5"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff9 ls4a">\u03c9<span class="ffc fs5 ls4b vd">P</span></span><span class="ff8 ws38">=<span class="blank"> </span>144<span class="ff9 ws13">,</span><span class="ws12">648<span class="ff9 ws87">µm<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffb ls4c">±</span></span>0<span class="ff9 lsd">,</span>325<span class="ff9 ws13">µm</span></span></span>,<span class="blank"> </span>dando<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>error<span class="blank"> </span>relativ<span class="blank _0"></span>o<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank _6"> </span>l<span class="blank"> </span>2.784<span class="blank _d"> </span>%</div><div class="t m0 xe h20 yc8 ffe fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws88">Cab<span class="blank"> </span>ello<span class="blank _5"> </span>humano</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 yc9 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws89">El<span class="blank"> </span>promedio<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>v<span class="blank _a"></span>alores<span class="blank"> </span>calculados<span class="blank"> </span>exp<span class="blank _4"> </span>erimen<span class="blank _0"></span>talmente<span class="blank"> </span>para<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>grosor<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>cabello,<span class="blank"> </span>donde<span class="blank"> </span>según</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 yca ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws8a">fuen<span class="blank _0"></span>tes<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>internet<span class="blank"> </span>es<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>100<span class="blank"> </span>micras<span class="blank"> </span>o<span class="blank"> </span>0.1mm,<span class="blank"> </span>fue<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff9 ws13">\u03c9<span class="ffc fs5 ls4d vd">P</span><span class="ff8 ws8b">=<span class="blank"> </span>100</span><span class="lsd">,</span><span class="ff8 ws12">191</span><span class="ws8c">µm<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffb ls4e">±</span><span class="ff8 ws12">0</span></span>,<span class="ff8 ws12">117</span>µm</span>,<span class="blank"> </span>dando<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>error</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 ycb ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws8d">relativ<span class="blank _0"></span>o<span class="blank _f"> </span>del<span class="blank _f"> </span>0.529<span class="blank"> </span>%</div><div class="t m0 xe h20 ycc ffe fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws79">Pinhole<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>300<span class="blank"> </span>micras<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>diámetro</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 ycd ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws8e">El<span class="blank"> </span>promedio<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>v<span class="blank _0"></span>alores<span class="blank"> </span>calculados<span class="blank"> </span>exp<span class="blank _6"> </span>erimen<span class="blank _3"></span>talmen<span class="blank _0"></span>te<span class="blank"> </span>para<span class="blank _9"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>diámetro<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>primer<span class="blank"> </span>pinhole,<span class="blank"> </span>de</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 yce ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">anc<span class="blank _0"></span>ho<span class="blank"> </span>real<span class="blank"> </span>300<span class="blank"> </span>micras,<span class="blank"> </span>fue<span class="blank _5"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff9 ls4f">D<span class="ffc fs5 ls4b vd">P</span></span><span class="ff8 ws38">=<span class="blank"> </span>307<span class="ff9 ws13">,</span><span class="ws12">900<span class="ff9 ws87">µm<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffb ls4c">±</span></span>0<span class="ff9 lsd">,</span>558<span class="ff9 ws8f">µm<span class="blank"> </span></span></span></span>,<span class="blank"> </span>dando<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>error<span class="blank"> </span>relativ<span class="blank _0"></span>o<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank _6"> </span>l<span class="blank"> </span>1.198<span class="blank _d"> </span>%</div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pf9" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="9"><div class="pc pc9 w0 h0"><div class="t m0 xe h20 y2f ffe fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws79">Pinhole<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>200<span class="blank"> </span>micras<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>diámetro</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y31 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws90">El<span class="blank"> </span>promedio<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>v<span class="blank _0"></span>alores<span class="blank"> </span>calculados<span class="blank"> </span>exp<span class="blank _6"> </span>erimen<span class="blank _3"></span>talmen<span class="blank _0"></span>te<span class="blank"> </span>para<span class="blank _f"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>diámetro<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>segundo<span class="blank"> </span>pinhole,<span class="blank"> </span>de</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 y32 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">anc<span class="blank _0"></span>ho<span class="blank"> </span>real<span class="blank"> </span>200<span class="blank"> </span>micras,<span class="blank"> </span>fue<span class="blank _5"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff9 ls4f">D<span class="ffc fs5 ls4b vd">P</span></span><span class="ff8 ws38">=<span class="blank"> </span>214<span class="ff9 ws13">,</span><span class="ws12">883<span class="ff9 ws87">µm<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffb ls4c">±</span></span>0<span class="ff9 lsd">,</span>753<span class="ff9 ws13">µm</span></span></span>,<span class="blank"> </span>dando<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>error<span class="blank"> </span>relativ<span class="blank _0"></span>o<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank _6"> </span>l<span class="blank"> </span>0.635<span class="blank _d"> </span>%</div><div class="t m0 xe h2 ycf ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0">Conclusion</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 yd0 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws91">Aunque<span class="blank"> </span>no<span class="blank"> </span>estamos<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>to<span class="blank _6"> </span>do<span class="blank"> </span>seguros<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>análisis<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>propagación<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>errores<span class="blank"> </span>esté<span class="blank"> </span>completo,</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 yd1 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws92">p<span class="blank _6"> </span>o<span class="blank _6"> </span>demos<span class="blank"> </span>observ<span class="blank _0"></span>ar<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>promedios<span class="blank"> </span>calculados<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>anc<span class="blank _0"></span>ho<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>cada<span class="blank"> </span>rendija,<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>diámetro<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>cada</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 yd2 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws93">pinhole<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>grsosor<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>cab<span class="blank _6"> </span>ello<span class="blank"> </span>humano<span class="blank"> </span>no<span class="blank"> </span>distan<span class="blank"> </span>exageradamen<span class="blank _0"></span>te<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>v<span class="blank _a"></span>alor<span class="blank"> </span>real.<span class="blank"> </span>Creemos<span class="blank"> </span>que</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 yd3 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws94">un<span class="blank"> </span>mejor<span class="blank"> </span>análisis<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>errores<span class="blank"> </span>explicaría<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>hecho<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>por<span class="blank"> </span>qué<span class="blank"> </span>aunque<span class="blank"> </span>algunas<span class="blank"> </span>diferencias<span class="blank"> </span>entre<span class="blank"> </span>el</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 yd4 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws95">promedio<span class="blank"> </span>exp<span class="blank _6"> </span>erimen<span class="blank _3"></span>tal<span class="blank"> </span>calculado<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>v<span class="blank _a"></span>alor<span class="blank"> </span>real<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>algunos<span class="blank"> </span>ob<span class="blank _8"> </span>jetos<span class="blank"> </span>es<span class="blank"> </span>menor<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>otros,<span class="blank"> </span>su</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 yd5 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">error<span class="blank"> </span>relativ<span class="blank _0"></span>o<span class="blank"> </span>es<span class="blank"> </span>may<span class="blank _0"></span>or.</div><div class="t m0 x27 h9 yd6 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws96">P<span class="blank _0"></span>or<span class="blank"> </span>ejemplo,<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>diferencia<span class="blank"> </span>entre<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>promedio<span class="blank"> </span>exp<span class="blank _6"> </span>erimen<span class="blank _0"></span>tal<span class="blank"> </span>del<span class="blank"> </span>grosor<span class="blank"> </span>cab<span class="blank _4"> </span>ello<span class="blank"> </span>h<span class="blank _3"></span>umano<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>su<span class="blank"> </span>v<span class="blank _a"></span>alor</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 yd7 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7c">tomado<span class="blank"> </span>como<span class="blank"> </span>real<span class="blank"> </span>es<span class="blank"> </span>casi<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>dos<span class="blank"> </span>décimas<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>micrómetros<span class="blank"> </span>(<span class="ff8 ws12">100<span class="ff9 ws13">,</span>1907<span class="ff9 ws97">µm<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffb ls50">\u2212</span></span>100<span class="ff9 ws98">µm<span class="blank"> </span></span><span class="ws38">=<span class="blank"> </span>0<span class="ff9 ws13">,</span></span>1907<span class="ff9 ws13">µm</span></span>)<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>el</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 yd8 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws8">error<span class="blank"> </span>relativ<span class="blank _0"></span>o<span class="blank"> </span>obtenido<span class="blank _5"> </span>es<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff8 ws12">0<span class="ff9 ws13">,</span><span class="ws3b">529<span class="blank"> </span>%</span></span><span class="ws73">,<span class="blank"> </span>mien<span class="blank _3"></span>tras<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>caso<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>rendija<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>300<span class="blank"> </span>micras<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>v<span class="blank _a"></span>alor</span></div><div class="t m0 xe h9 yd9 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws99">real<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>tiene<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>diferencia<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank _3"></span>tre<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>promedio<span class="blank"> </span>exp<span class="blank _6"> </span>erimental<span class="blank"> </span>calculado<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>v<span class="blank _a"></span>alor<span class="blank"> </span>real<span class="blank"> </span>es<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>casi<span class="blank"> </span>14</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 yda ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">micrómetros<span class="blank"> </span>(<span class="ff8 ws12">300<span class="ff9 ws87">µm<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ffb ls4c">\u2212</span></span>286<span class="ff9 ws13">,</span>5821<span class="ff9 ws98">µm<span class="blank"> </span></span><span class="ws38">=<span class="blank"> </span>13<span class="ff9 lsd">,</span></span>4179<span class="ff9 ws13">µm</span></span>)<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>error<span class="blank"> </span>relativ<span class="blank _0"></span>o<span class="blank"> </span>es<span class="blank _5"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff8 ls40">0</span><span class="ff9 ws13">,<span class="ff8 ws3b">126<span class="blank"> </span>%</span></span>.</div><div class="t m0 x27 h9 ydb ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws9a">P<span class="blank _0"></span>or<span class="blank"> </span>lo<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>mejor<span class="blank"> </span>análisis<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>propagación<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>errores<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>las<span class="blank"> </span>mediciones<span class="blank"> </span>directas<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>se</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 ydc ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws9b">hicieron<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>lab<span class="blank _6"> </span>oratorio<span class="blank"> </span>(<span class="ff9 ls6">x<span class="ffc fs5 ls45 vd">k</span><span class="ls0 ws9c">,<span class="blank _d"> </span>z<span class="blank"> </span></span></span><span class="ws35">)<span class="blank"> </span>h<span class="blank _0"></span>ubiera<span class="blank"> </span>arro<span class="blank _8"> </span>jado<span class="blank"> </span>mejores<span class="blank"> </span>resultados.<span class="blank"> </span>T<span class="blank _a"></span>am<span class="blank _0"></span>bién<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>deb<span class="blank _4"> </span>e<span class="blank"> </span>considerar</span></div><div class="t m0 xe h9 ydd ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws9d">que<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>propagación<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>errores<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>realizó<span class="blank"> </span>únicamen<span class="blank _0"></span>te<span class="blank"> </span>para<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>v<span class="blank _0"></span>ariable<span class="blank"> </span>medida<span class="blank"> </span>directamente<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff9 ls6">x<span class="ffc fs5 ls45 vd">k</span></span>,</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 yde ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws9e">es<span class="blank"> </span>decir,<span class="blank"> </span>hemos<span class="blank"> </span>despreaciado<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>error<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff9 ls51">\u03b4<span class="ffc fs5 ls52 vd">z</span></span>debido<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>v<span class="blank _0"></span>ariable<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff9 ls53">z</span>tiene<span class="blank"> </span>v<span class="blank _0"></span>alores<span class="blank"> </span>ma<span class="blank _0"></span>yores<span class="blank"> </span>que</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 ydf ff8 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws12">1<span class="ff9 ws13">,</span><span class="ls40">0<span class="ff9 ls54">m</span></span><span class="ws9f">=<span class="blank"> </span>1000<span class="ff9 wsa0">mm<span class="blank"> </span></span>=<span class="blank"> </span>1000000<span class="ff9 wsa1">µm<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff7 wsa2">y<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>error<span class="blank"> </span></span><span class="ls51">\u03b4<span class="ffc fs5 ls55 vd">z</span></span></span>=<span class="blank"> </span>0<span class="ff9 lsd">,</span></span>05<span class="ff9 wsa3">mm<span class="blank"> </span></span><span class="ws9f">=<span class="blank"> </span>50<span class="ff9 ws13">µm<span class="ff7 wsa2">,<span class="blank"> </span>aunque<span class="blank"> </span>para<span class="blank"> </span>ser<span class="blank"> </span>completamente</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xe h9 ye0 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">precisos<span class="blank"> </span>tam<span class="blank _0"></span>bién<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>deb<span class="blank _4"> </span>ería<span class="blank"> </span>realizar<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>análisis<span class="blank"> </span>resp<span class="blank _6"> </span>ecto<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>v<span class="blank _0"></span>ariable<span class="blank"> </span>medida<span class="blank"> </span>directamen<span class="blank _3"></span>te<span class="blank"> </span><span class="ff9 ls10">z</span>.</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 ye1 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws6c">De<span class="blank"> </span>cualquier<span class="blank"> </span>manera<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>puede<span class="blank"> </span>observ<span class="blank _a"></span>ar<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>may<span class="blank _0"></span>oría<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>promedios<span class="blank"> </span>son<span class="blank"> </span>relativ<span class="blank _0"></span>amente<span class="blank"> </span>cercanos</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 ye2 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws6c">al<span class="blank"> </span>v<span class="blank _a"></span>alor<span class="blank"> </span>real,<span class="blank"> </span>p<span class="blank _4"> </span>ero<span class="blank"> </span>para<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>pinhole<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>200<span class="blank"> </span>micras<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>rendija<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>300<span class="blank"> </span>micras<span class="blank"> </span>el<span class="blank"> </span>error<span class="blank"> </span>relativo<span class="blank"> </span>obtenido</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 ye3 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws94">no<span class="blank"> </span>concuerda<span class="blank"> </span>con<span class="blank"> </span>lo<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>esp<span class="blank _6"> </span>eraría<span class="blank"> </span>debido<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>diferencia<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank _0"></span>tre<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>promedios<span class="blank"> </span>calculados<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>el</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 ye4 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws59">v<span class="blank _a"></span>alor<span class="blank"> </span>real,<span class="blank"> </span>quizás<span class="blank"> </span>también<span class="blank"> </span>debido<span class="blank"> </span>a<span class="blank"> </span>error<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>parala<span class="blank _4"> </span>je,<span class="blank"> </span>errores<span class="blank"> </span>sistemáticos<span class="blank"> </span>u<span class="blank"> </span>aleatorios.<span class="blank"> </span>Igualmente</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 ye5 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws96">se<span class="blank"> </span>puede<span class="blank"> </span>decir<span class="blank"> </span>que<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>teoría<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>difracción<span class="blank"> </span>es<span class="blank"> </span>considerablemen<span class="blank _0"></span>te<span class="blank"> </span>ú<span class="blank _6"> </span>til<span class="blank"> </span>para<span class="blank"> </span>obtener<span class="blank"> </span>cálculos<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>forma</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 ye6 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws70">exp<span class="blank _6"> </span>erimen<span class="blank _3"></span>tal,<span class="blank"> </span>dic<span class="blank _0"></span>hos<span class="blank"> </span>cálculos<span class="blank"> </span>serán<span class="blank"> </span>precisos<span class="blank"> </span>si<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>tienen<span class="blank"> </span>los<span class="blank"> </span>cuidados<span class="blank"> </span>necesarios<span class="blank"> </span>y<span class="blank"> </span>si<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>realiza<span class="blank"> </span>de</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 ye7 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsa4">manera<span class="blank"> </span>correcta<span class="blank"> </span>la<span class="blank"> </span>propagación<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>errores,<span class="blank"> </span>tam<span class="blank _0"></span>bién<span class="blank"> </span>quizás<span class="blank"> </span>si<span class="blank"> </span>se<span class="blank"> </span>hace<span class="blank"> </span>un<span class="blank"> </span>gran<span class="blank"> </span>número<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>mediciones.</div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div> <div id="pfa" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="a"><div class="pc pca w0 h0"><div class="t m0 xe h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0">Bibliogra\ufb01a</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 yf ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">1.<span class="blank"> </span>Circular<span class="blank"> </span>Ap<span class="blank _6"> </span>erture<span class="blank"> </span>Di\ufb00raction.<span class="blank"> </span>(s.<span class="blank"> </span>f.).</div><div class="t m0 x27 h9 y10 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsa5">h<span class="blank _0"></span>ttp://hyperphysics.ph<span class="blank _0"></span>y-astr.gsu.edu/hbasees/ph<span class="blank _0"></span>yopt/cirapp2.h<span class="blank _0"></span>tml</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 ye8 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">2.<span class="blank"> </span>Difracción<span class="blank"> </span>F<span class="blank _2"></span>raunhofer<span class="blank"> </span>pro<span class="blank _4"> </span>ducida<span class="blank"> </span>p<span class="blank _6"> </span>or<span class="blank"> </span>una<span class="blank"> </span>ab<span class="blank _6"> </span>ertura<span class="blank"> </span>circular.<span class="blank"> </span>(s.<span class="blank"> </span>f.).</div><div class="t m0 x27 h9 ye9 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws30">h<span class="blank _0"></span>ttp://www.sc.ehu.es/sb<span class="blank _0"></span>web/\ufb01sica3/ondas/rectangular_circular/circular.h<span class="blank _0"></span>tml</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 yea ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">3.<span class="blank"> </span>F<span class="blank _2"></span>unciones<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>Bessel.<span class="blank"> </span>(s.<span class="blank"> </span>f.).</div><div class="t m0 x27 h9 yeb ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsa5">h<span class="blank _0"></span>ttp://www.sc.ehu.es/sb<span class="blank _0"></span>web/\ufb01sica3/especial/b<span class="blank"> </span>essel/b<span class="blank"> </span>essel.html</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 yec ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws11">4.<span class="blank"> </span>KhanA<span class="blank _0"></span>cademyEspañol.<span class="blank"> </span>(2016,<span class="blank"> </span>18<span class="blank"> </span>enero).<span class="blank"> </span>In<span class="blank _0"></span>terferencia<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>una<span class="blank"> </span>ranura<span class="blank"> </span>|<span class="blank"> </span>Ondas<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>luz<span class="blank"> </span>|<span class="blank"> </span>Física<span class="blank"> </span>|</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 yed ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">Khan<span class="blank"> </span>A<span class="blank _0"></span>cademy<span class="blank"> </span>en<span class="blank"> </span>Español<span class="blank"> </span>[Vídeo].<span class="blank"> </span>Y<span class="blank _2"></span>ouT<span class="blank _a"></span>ub<span class="blank _6"> </span>e.</div><div class="t m0 x27 h9 yee ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsa6">h<span class="blank _0"></span>ttps://www.youtube.com/watc<span class="blank _0"></span>h?v=9Fk<span class="blank _a"></span>WqbAlN3k</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 yef ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">5.<span class="blank"> </span>Wikizero<span class="blank"> </span>-<span class="blank"> </span>Principio<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>Babinet.<span class="blank"> </span>(s.<span class="blank"> </span>f.).</div><div class="t m0 x27 h9 yf0 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws30">h<span class="blank _0"></span>ttps://www.wikizero.com/es/Principio_de_Babinet</div><div class="t m0 xe h9 yf1 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws7">6.<span class="blank"> </span>Willy<span class="blank"> </span>Gerb<span class="blank _6"> </span>er.<span class="blank"> </span>(2020,<span class="blank"> </span>27<span class="blank"> </span>o<span class="blank _6"> </span>ctubre).<span class="blank"> </span>Difracción<span class="blank"> </span>de<span class="blank"> </span>F<span class="blank _a"></span>raunhofer<span class="blank"> </span>[Vídeo].<span class="blank"> </span>Y<span class="blank _a"></span>ouT<span class="blank _2"></span>ub<span class="blank _6"> </span>e.</div><div class="t m0 x27 h9 yf2 ff7 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 wsa6">h<span class="blank _0"></span>ttps://www.youtube.com/watc<span class="blank _0"></span>h?v=xQhJdBEeWx8</div></div><div class="pi" data-data="{"ctm":[1.000000,0.000000,0.000000,1.000000,0.000000,0.000000]}"></div></div>
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