What are the signs, lesions, and transmission of histomoniasis in turkeys?

The histomoniasis is very important mainly in turkeys, causing high mortality, delay in development, and elimination of birds due to unproductivity.
The biological cycle of Hm is direct, but its transmission is often favored by the intervention of the nematode Heterakis gallinae, which parasitizes the ceca of susceptible birds.
The transmission of histomoniasis is mainly through the consumption of contaminated material with free Hm, Heterakis eggs, or earthworms.
The signs of histomoniasis in turkeys include diarrhea, apathy, drooping wings, rigid gait, somnolence, anorexia, and cyanosis of the head.
The liver has extensive areas of circular necrosis with a depressed center, surrounded by a whitish inflammatory halo that rises on the surface of the organ.